BIBLIOGRAPHIES

HISTORICAL SOURCES

A. Unpublished Mat erial

1. Official documents. (a) International.

International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Proceedings, Exhibits and Judgement. (Imperial War Museum, London.)

League of Nations Archives, files P33-4, R 1862-76; 3309-10, 3606, 3609-12, 3624--6, 3631' 5680-5, 5706-7' 5713-17' 6228; S 29-50. (Palais des Nations, Geneva.)

League of Nations: Directors' Meetings: Papers and Confidential Circulars (U.N. Library, Geneva.)

(b) France. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives. (Quai d'Orsay, Paris.)*

(c) Germany. Foreign Ministry photostat records:

Bliro des Reichsministers, Serial 3088H. Bliro Staatssekretar von Bulow, Serial 4619. Bliro des Staatssekretars, Serial K4620. Handakten Ministerial-Direktor Trautmann, Serial 5551H. Abteilung IV China, Serials K2049, K2088, K2264, L 1780. Bliro Reichsministers Volkerbund, Serial 3147. (Foreign Office Library, London.)

(d) Great Britain. Prime Minister's Office files, PM 1. Committee of Imperial Defence, minutes, CAB 2. C.I.D. sub-committees, CAB 16. Disarmament Committee and Defence Review, CAB 21. Cabinet Conclusions, CAB 23. Cabinet documents, CAB 24. Cabinet Committees on Far East, Reparations and Debts,

Disarmament, War Debts, Arms Industry, India, Indian Cotton, Japanese Trade, CAB 27.

Imperial Conference, 1930, CAB 32, with Singapore Base Committee in CAB 27.

Admiralty, General Correspondence, Far East, ADM 125. Board of Admiralty, Minutes and Memoranda, ADM 167.

* See relevant note in the Preface

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Foreign Office files, FO 371 series. Dominions Office files, DO 3, DO 35. Treasury files, T 160. (All Public Record Office, London.)

(e) Netherlands.

423

Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colonial Ministry and Council of Ministers (The Hague.)*

(d) United States. Department of State: decimal files 500 A15A4; 793.94; 793.94

Commission; 793.94 P.C.; 811.113; 841.00; 851.00. Various documents from 033.5111; 500 A4; 500C; 693.001; 711.94; 851.20; 893.113; 894.00. (National Archives, Washington, D.C.).

United States Navy Department: General Records, Office of the Secretary, General Correspondence. (National Archives).

United States Navy General Board: War Plans, Hearings, Studies, Arms Limitation. (U.S. Navy Operational Archives, Washington Dockyard).

Joint Army-Navy Board, Record Group 225 (National Archives).

2. Private papers (names as in 1931-33). (a) Great Britain.

Stanley Baldwin (Cambridge University Library). Alexander Cadogan (FO 800/293, Public Record Office). Viscount Cecil (Cecil of Chelwood Papers, British Museum). Sir Austen Chamberlain (Birmingham University). Neville Chamberlain (Mrs. Dorothy Lloyd). Admiral Sir Ernie Chatfield (Southampton University). China Association (China Association, London). King George V (Royal Archives, Windsor Castle). Sir Maurice Hankey (Churchill College, Cambridge). Arthur Henderson (FO 800/283-4, Public Record Office). Sir Samuel Hoare (Templewood Papers, Cambridge University

Library). Admiral Sir Howard Kelly (National Maritime Museum, Green­

wich). Ramsay MacDonald (David Marquand, M.P., and Public Record

Office). Kingsley Martin (University of Sussex). Gilbert Murray (Bodleian Library, Oxford). Lord Reading (FO 800/226, Public Record Office). Sir John Simon (FO 800/285-88, Public Record Office). Sir John Simon (private collection, Institute of Historical

Research, University of London). Sir Robert Vansittart (Churchill College, Cambridge). Lord Weir (Churchill College, Cambridge).

(b) United States. Jane Addams (Swarthmore College, Peace Collection).

* See relevant note in the Preface

424 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Newton D. Baker (Library of Congress). Emily Greene Balch (Swarthmore College, Peace Collection). William E. Borah (Library of Congress). William R. Castle (Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa.)* Norman H. Davis (Library of Congress). Charles G. Dawes (Northwestern University, Evanston). Dorothy Detzer (Swarthmore College Peace Collection). W. Cameron Forbes (Library of Congress). Joseph C. Grew (Houghton Library, Harvard University). Herbert Hoover (Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa). Stanley K. Hornbeck (Hoover Institute, Stanford University). Cordell Hull (Library of Congress). Nelson T. Johnson (Library of Congress). General Frank R. McCoy (Library of Congress). Ogden Mills (Library of Congress). J. Pierrepont Moffat (Houghton Library, Harvard University). William Phillips (Houghton Library). Admiral William V. Pratt (U.S. Navy Operational Archives,

Washington). Elihu Root (Library of Congress). Henry L. Stimson (Stirling Memorial Library, Yale University). Arthur Sweetser (Library of Congress). Admiral Montgomery M. Taylor (Library of Congress). Ray Lyman Wilbur (Hoover Memorial Library, West Branch). Hugh R. Wilson (Hoover Memorial Library, West Branch). Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, U.S.

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112, 115 (Geneva, 1931-1933). Disarmament: Preparation For the General Conference (Geneva,

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* Since his death, Castle's diary has been closed until 1980. I have therefore had to cite passages referred to by those few historians who had already been permitted to see it. The West Branch collection consists of correspondence only.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES 425

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D. Press.

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INDEX*

Abyssinia, 366, 377-8, 382-3, 388, 405, 410

Adachi Kenzo, 132 Adams, Charles Francis, 72, 83, 156-7, 268 Adams, Vyvyan, 342 Aga Khan, 42, 213, 232, 294 Aghnides, Thanassis, 112n. Aldrovandi, Count Luigi, 278, 282 Aloisi, Baron Pompeo, 332 'Amau Doctrine' (1934), 375, 401 American Boycott Association, 222, 285 Amery, L. S., 108, 140, J42-3 Amoy, 202,275 Angelino, de Kat, 279, 359 Angell, Norman, 106 Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-21), 21-2,

25-7, 123, 396 Anti-Comintern Pact (1916), 374 Antung, 3, 153 Araki Sadao, General, 171, 203, 204, 275,

330-1 Arms trade and embargoes, 215, 244, 337-

340,345,364-6,388-9 Astor, William, 279, 280 Atherton, Ray, 87, 122, 256, 258, 261-2,

298, 320, 346 Attlee, Clement, 342, 383 Augustine, Saint, 418 Australia, 17, 24, 28, 42-3, 59, 67, 217,

265,298,374,394,398 Avenol, Joseph, 112, 183, 377

Baker, Newton D., 222-4, 344 Balch, Emily, 222 Baldwin, Stanley, character and position

of, 47, 54, 89-93, 108, 310 and defence and disarmament, 13, 314-

316, 319-20, 324, 409, 415 and debts, 316 and Far Eastern crisis, 211, 241, 247,

249-51, 264-5, 295, 337, 364-6, 401, 411

Balfour, Earl, 44, 109 Barthou, Louis, 104 Bassett, R., 89n. Beatty, Admiral of the Fleet, Lord, 402 Belgium, 174n., 231, 334 Benes, -e.douard, 332-3, 337 Berthelot, Admiral, 297 Berthelot, Philippe, 78, 192, 297 Betterton, Sir Henry, 365 ~veridge, Albert J., 20n. Biddle, Lt. William, 279

• Names, titles, etc. as in 1931-33.

Bingham, Hiram, 346 Birdwood, Field Marshal Sir William, 177 Blakeslee, George, 225n., 279-80, 282n. Blockland, Beerlaerts van, 213 Blum, Leon, 78, 343 Boal, Pierre, 268 Bolivia, 109, 213, 378 Bonin islands, 21, 28 Borah, William E., 54, 87, 114-15, 121,

139, 140, 158, 211, 224, 226, 263, 298, 299, 307, 308, 317, 319, 343, 345

Borchard, Edwin, 345 Bowyer, Sir George, 45n. Braadland, Burger, 213 Brenan, J. F., 228-9, 235, 253 Briand, Aristide, position and beliefs of,

41, 78, 112, 213, 231, 319 and Far Eastern crisis, 136, 146-7

151n., 155, 171, 173-4, 182, 192 Bridgeman, Lord, 358 Bruce, S. M., 333, 394 BrUning, Heinrich, 309, 406 Bryan, William Jennings, 197, 211 Billow, Bernhard von, 182, 280 Burma, 17, 58, 374 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 114n., 285

Cadogan, Alexander, 99, 151-2, 182, 188, 257, 360, 362, 363, 392

Cahan, C. H., 333, 358 Canada (see also 'Cahan'), 28, 69n., 110,

233,298-9,346,398 Canton,49,51, 169,202,275,329,371-2 Cappe~Arthur,222 Caroline islands, 22, 28 Carr, E. H., 361n., 382, 384 Carter, J. F., 56n. Castle, William R., position and general

Far Eastern views of, 53, 86, 88, 118 and Far Eastern crisis, 155, 157-60, 186,

194-7,236ff.,277,298-301,346,349 Castlereagh, Viscount, 243 Cecil, Viscount, character and political

beliefs of, 98, 102-3, 106-7, 116, 381, 384,410

at League Council and Assembly, 1931-2,4,135,145-6,151,174-5,293

and problems ot Far Eastern policy, 139, 141, 178-82, 217-21, 230-1, 286-7, 339-41

and disarmament, 119, 219, 287, 304-5, 322,409

and crisis in retrospect, 7-8, 134, 206, 380,404

INDEX 435

Chamberlain, Sir Austen, political posi­tion of, 91, 120

and League of Nations Union, 108, 220, 286--7, 340

and Far East, 43, 48n., 71, 220, 287, 339-41

and U.S.A., 317 Chamberlain, Neville, character, position

and domestic policies of, 89n., 90, 93-4, 233, 310

and Far Eastern crisis, 250, 258-9, 262, 267, 365-7, 392

and U.S.A., debts and disarmament, 123, 314n., 316--17, 346, 354

and foreign policy, 1933 onwards, 108, 240, 379, 395-402

Chang Hai-peng, 168 Chang Hsueh-liang, 31, 38, 133, 274-5,

328-9, 372 Chang Tso-lin, 5n., 37, 283, 328 Changchun, 3, 22,203 Chapei, see 'Shanghai, 1932 fighting at' Chatfield, Admiral Sir Ernie, 48, 71,

396--8,402-3 Chen Chi-tang, 329 Chen, Eugene, 142, 202 Chiang Kai-shek, 30-1, 134,202,205, 208,

275, 28ln., 329, 372, 387 China, and international politics before

1931, 17ff., 27ff., 48ff. extraterritoriality in, 17, 30, 45-6, 48-9,

51, 59, 236 internal politics and conditions of, 26,

29ff.,202,275,329-30,371-2,419-20 general Western attitudes towards, 15ff.,

27ff., 39ff. government policies of, 1931-33, 8,

133-4,153-4,169,172-3,186,202-3, 212-13, 274-5, 288-9, 329, 335-6, 359-60, 366, 371

Western views of, 1931-33, 150, 153-4, 156--8, 227, 229n., 234, 235, 294-5, 344, 355-6, 389-90, 392

and Soviet Union, 1931-33, 277, 298, 329

Long March of Communists in, 372 and war with Japan, 1937 onwards, 372,

374-5, 377, 402 China Association, 45-6, 216 Chinchow, 131, 133, 169-70, 193,203,227,

238, 242 Chinese Eastern Railway, 20, 30, 33, 168,

203, 372 Chlapowski, M. de, 173 Chu Teh, 31, 420 Churchill, W. S., 25, 43, 46--7, 343n., 395,

404 Claude!, General Henri, 278, 282, 290, 297 Claude!, Paul, 155, 193, 232, 352 Clynes, J. R., 106 Cocks, Seymour, 217, 342 Colban, Erik, 145-6

Collective security, see 'League of Nations, collective security and'

Colombia, 213, 214n., 353 Committee of Imperial Defence, see

'Great Britain, strategic plans of' and 'Far Eastern policy of'

Communism, in East and South-East Asia, 30-1, 202, 329-30

views on in West, 7, 48, 53, 81, 126, 229n., 236, 283, 299, 349, 358-9

Coolidge, Calvin, 52, 118 Corfu incident (1923), 111, 240, 368,

408 Council on Foreign Relations, 114, 277 Cuba, 85, 117, 195, 353 Cunliffe-Lister, Sir Philip, 316, 365 Cunningham, Edwin S., 228-9,253,255 Curtius, Julius, 135 Curzon, Lord, 24, 97 Czechoslovakia, 214n., 332, 334, 337

Daladier, Edouard, 137, 215, 336 Dalai Lama, the, 275, 294 Dan, Baron, 204 Davies, Lord, 339, 341-2 Davis, Norman, and Far Eastern crisis,

155, 159, 163, 223, 265, 346--7 354

and Disarmament Conference, 1932-3, 113, 122, 305, 315, 321-2, 325

and U.S. policy, 1933 onwards, 380, 388,402

Dawes, Charles G., 87, 115, 121, 122, 172, 185, 191-2, 197, 198n.

De Valera, Eamonn, 284, 331 Debts, international, 13, 79, 101, 118-21,

123, 293n., 307-8, 310ff., 354, 412 Debuchi Katsuji, 154, 276 Denmark, 213 Dennett, Tyler, 7n., 408 Detzer, Dorothy, 224, 345, 385 Dewey, John, 19,175 Dill, Senator, 224 Disarmament Conference (1932-4), 119-

124, 230, 298, 304-7, 310ff., 336, 377-8,388,405-6

links with Far Eastern crisis of, 13, 321-327

Doihara Kenji, Colonel, 170 Dominions, and British policy, 27, 42-3,

69,110-11,232-3,313,358-9,379,394, 398

Dooman, E. H., 88n. Dreyer, Admiral Sir Frederick, 69, 397 Drummond, Sir Eric, character, position

and political beliefs of, 109, 111-12, 326, 378

and Far Eastern crisis, 144-5, 154-5, 182-5, 231, 263n., 281, 286, 299, 334, 347, 359, 368

views of others on, 112, 286, 340 Drury-Lowe, Vice AdmiralS. R., 180n.

436 INDEX

Eden, Anthony, 45, 58, 95n., 151, 191n., 232, 241, 263, 294, 302, 361, 363, 366, 415n.

Edge, Walter, 87 Erich, Rafael, 213 Ethiopia, see 'Abyssinia' Eyres-Monsell, Sir Bolton, 93, 241, 250,

258, 358, 365-6

Feetham Report, see 'Shanghai' Feis, Herbert, 58 Field, Admiral Sir Frank, 315n. Finland, 213 Fish, Hamilton, 140, 224 Fisher, Sir Warren, 97, 123, 267, 354,

395-7, 399 Five Power Treaty (1922), 27-8 Fletcher, Henry, 278 Fleuriau, Aime de, 311, 366 Forbe3, W. Cameron, 87-8, 153, 193-4,

226-7. 230, 239 Foreign Office, see 'Great Britain, foreiga

policy machinery of' Formosa, 21, 28 • Fosdick, Raymond, 102n., 114n., 388, 421 France, political and economic situation

in, 78-9,231-2,309,336 press and public opinion in, 7, 137

174-5, 214-15, 285, 343, 384-5 and quest for security in Europe, 79

104-5, 120-1, 304-7, 310-12 defence resources of, 67 relations of with U.S.A., 79, 115, 117ff.,

307-8, 311-12, 321, 325-6, 347 relations of with Great Britain, 117ff.,

310-14, 321, 326 foreign policy machinery of, 78, 413 Far Eastern interests and policies of

before1931,16-18,24,29,40-1,297n. suspicions of, involving Japan, 147, 175,

215,231-2 policies of during Far Eastern crisis,

146-7,231-2,288-9,296-8,302,337, 354-6, 387

Japanese secret contacts with, 296-7 and non-aggression pact with Soviet

Union, 298

Garay, Narcisco, 173 Garnett, Maxwell, 106n. Gathorne-Hardy, G. M., 381 Geneva Protocol(1924), 104,109, 113,313 George V, King, 99n., 242, 257n., 314 Germany, political developments in, 118,

309 press and public opinion in, 137n., 285 and disarmament and European

security, 79,304-7,312-13,397 Far Eastern interests of before 1931,

17-18, 29, 32, 39 Far Eastern policies of, 1931-33, 146,

148,232,279-80,337,347,356-7

Far Eastern policies of, 1933 onwards, 376

and Europe, 1933 onwards, 397,404-6 Gibson, Hugh, 121-2, 239, 306, 315 Gilbert, Prentiss, 136, 154-5, 159-61, 244,

346 Gonzalez-Prada, Alfredo, 173 Gooch, G. P., tOn., 134, 286 Grandi, Count Dino, 135, 146, 378 Great Britain, political and economic

situation in, 89ff., 233, 309-10, 312 press and public opinion in, 97-8, 137-

139, 177-81, 215-21, 284-7, 338-43, 379-84,411

and the League of Nations, 75, 10lff., 107-11, 323-4, 326n., 378-9

and Egypt, 116, 336, 400-1 and India, 41-3, 47, 54, 188, 268n.,

294-6,367,399-400,420 and Tibet, 17, 116-17, 294-5 relations of with U.S.A., 26-7, 31-2,

75-6, 117ff., 315ff., 346, 354, 388ff., 397-403

and inter-allied debts, 101, 118-20, 123, 293n., 307-8, 354

relations of with France, 117ff., 310-14, 321, 326

and disarmament and European security, 121-3, 304-7, 312ff.

defence and foreign policy resources of, 24-5,27-8, 59tr., 241-2, 324, 394ff.

strategic plans and reports (C.I.D., Chiefs of Staff) of, 43-4, 69-71,266-267,397-9

foreign policy machinery of, 96-100, 412-14

Far Eastern interests and policies of before 1931, 17-18, 24-5, 31-2, 41-50,58-9

Far Eastern policiesof,1931-33,141-52, 162-7, 181-92, 200-1, 288-303, 353-367, 41lff.

and Shanghai crisis, 1932, 211-14, 225-272

arms embargo of, 1933, 337-42, 364-6 trade policies of, 1932 onwards, 233,

366-7, 399-400, 419 Far Eastern problems and policies of,

1933 onwards, 392-403 and anti-Soviet embargo, 1933, 367 and Abyssinia, 1935-6, 377-8, 387

Greco-Bulgarian incident (1925), 111, 145, 151, 179, 410

Greece, 213 Green, 0. M., 4Sn., 138 Grew, Joseph C., as diplomat, and views

on U.S. foreign policy machinery of, 88-9

and Far Eastern crisis, 291-2, 348-9, 351

and U.S. policy, 1933 onwards, 389-90 Grey, Earl, 106, 180n., 220, 341

INDEX 437

Griswold, A. Whitney 50 Guam, 17, 28, 64, 67 Guatemala, 173

Haas, Robert, 279, 282-3, 359 Hailin, 203 Hailsham, Lord, and domestic politics, 91

and Far Eastern crisis, 211, 258, 262, 365

and U.S.A., 258, 316 and European and disarmament poli-

cies, 312 Haiti, 213 Hanaya Tadashi, Major 3 Hankey, Sir Maurice, position of, 96

and Ten Year Rule, 107, 266 and League of Nations, 110, 323 and British defence policies, 266, 312-

314, 366, 393, 395-8 and Far Eastern crisis, 15ln. 240,

258-9, 264-5, 366 Hankow, 30, 48, 51 Harbin, 132, 203, 275 Harding, Warren G., 113 Hawaii, 17, 58n., 67, 73, 250 and note,

374 Hay, John, 19-20,23,51 Heilungkiang, 32, 131, 203 Henderson, Arthur, 43, 231, 383n. Henderson, Sir Nevile, 144, 249 Herriot, Edouard, and problems of

disarmament and security, 13, 305-7, 309, 310-12

and international debts, 308, 312, 325 Far Eastern views of out of office, 214-

215 Far Eastern policy of, 297-8, 325-6 fall of, 308, 312

Hills, J. W., 217 Hines, Walter, 278 Hirohito, Emperor, 37, 38n., 132, 330-1 Hitler, Adolf, 309, 376, 405 Ho Chi Minh, 30 Hoare, Sir Samuel, 43, 54, 93, 141, 264,

294-5, 36ln., 377 Hongkong, 17,28,49,64,69,266 Honjo Shigeru, General, 3, 127, 204 Hoover, President Herbert, character,

position and domestic policies of, 79-84, 345-6, 352-3

and foreign policy in general, 53-4, 56-58, 81, 113-14

European policies of, 81-3, 118ft'., 307-308, 317-20

disarmament proposals of, 1932, 306, 315-16, 318-19

Far Eastern policy of, 1931-33, 156-7, 161-2, 174, 197-9, 212, 236, 239, 245, 248-50, 262. 265-6, 268, 277, 298-300,337,345-6,350-2,411

electoral defeat of, 309 and F. D. Roo~evelt, 309, 350

and U.S. policy after 1933, 386, 420 and Far Eastern crisis in retrospect, 10

Hornbeck, Stanley K., character and position of, 86-7

advises on Far Eastern crisis, 157-8, 160, 194-7, 236ff., 289, 298n., 301, 302, 349-50, 352, 412

and American policy, 1933 onwards, 389-90

Hsi Hsia, 203 Hsifengkow, 328, 371 Hughes, Charles Evans, 51 Hull, Cordell, 76, 388-9, 391 Hull, Morton D., 114n., 221-2, 244 Hungary, 214n. Hurley, Patrick, 83, 197, 239, 243, 387 Hymans, Paul, 212-13, 214n., 334

India, 17, 29, 41-3, 54, 58, 63, 67, 188, 264, 265, 268n., 276, 367, 374, 399-400, 420

Indo-China, 16-17, 26, 29, 40-1, 276 Indonesia, 16, 26, 29, 40, SO, 63, 67,

338 Ingersoll, Captain R. E., 402 International Military Tribunal for the

Far East, S-6, 417 Inukai Tsuyoshi, 171, 204, 226 Irish Free State (see also 'de Valera' and

'Lester'), 213, 334 Ishihara Kanji, Lt. Colonel, 36n., 38n. Itagaki Seishiro, Colonel, 3, 38, 133, 170,

171,204 Italy, press opinion in, 137n., 285

and Far Eastern crisis, 146, 232, 289, 337, 347, 354

and European problems, 306, 310, 311 and Abyssinia, 378-9, 405, 410

Japan, internal conditions and politics of, 21, 35-8, 133, 203-4, 330-1

economic and military resources of, 27-8, 35-6, 63ft'., 265n., 375-6

Far Eastern policies and interests of before 1931, 21-3, 25-7, 32-8

relations of with U.S.A. before 1931 and after 1933, 21-4, 52-3, 374-5, 390, 399-403, 420

relations of with Great Britain before 1931 and after 1933, 21-2, 25-7,42-3, 374-5, 393-403

press and public opinion in, 131-3, 165-7,186-7,204,292,330

government and army policies of, 1931-1933, concerning Manchuria, 3-5, 131-3, 142, 168-71, 203-4, 274-6, 296-7, 328-31, 371

policies of during Shanghai crisis, 1932, 203-10, 226, 232, 273-4

recognises Manchukuo, 275-6, 290 and Soviet Union, 132, 169-70,276,297,

330-1, 372-3

438 INDEX

Japan-contd. and Disarmament Conference, 307, 322,

324, 377 leaves League of Nations, 336, 377 policies of, 1933 onwards, 331, 356,

373-6, 416-19 and war with China, 1937 onwards, 5,

372,374-5,377,402 Jehol, 5, 133, 171,274,328-9, 348, 392 Johnson, Nelson T., position and advice

of before crisis, 53, 88 information and advice from 1931-33,

152-4, 192, 226-8, 253, 256, 274, 290--1, 347-8, 412

and American policy, 1933 onwards, 389

Jordan, William, 377

Keller, Kent E., 156, 197 Kellogg, Frank, 51, 114, 156 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 47, 82, 114-

115, 134 Kelly, Admiral Sir Howard, 48, 114, 190n.,

209, 227, 242, 252n., 291 Khasan, lake, battle of (1938), 372 Kiangsi Soviet, 31, 202, 329, 372 Kirin, 32, 131, 203 Klots, Allen T., 86, 156, 196, 245, 263,

350 Koboyashi, Colonel, 296 Koiso, General, 296-7 Koo, Wellington, 169, 279, 282, 331 Korea, 21, 22, 23, 38, 131 Kuorrrlntang,29-31,37,202,283,372,387 Kurile islands, 21, 28 Kwantung Army, plans of, 37-8, 170

operations of, 3-5, 131-3, 168-71, 203-4,274-6,328-9,371

Lamont, Thomas W., 53n., 80, 122, 224, 307, 345

Lampson, Sir Miles, and extraterritoriality negotiations, 48, 99

and Manchurian crisis, 144, 186, 226-7, 290,295-6,359-61,366,392-3

and Shanghai crisis, 1932, 228-9, 235, 256, 273-4

Lansbury, George, 178,219, 342 Lansing, Robert, 23, 27·, 51 Laski, Harold, 218 Lassiter, Major General William, 195, 196 Lausanne Conference and Agreement

(1932), 308, 312, 317, 319 Laval, Pierre, 78, 118-19, 192, 231, 232,

256, 307-8, 312 League of Nations, Covenant of, 24, 28,

101ft'., 109n., 110--12, 126-7 history of, before 1931, 109-14 history of, 1933 onwards, 377-9 Secretariat of, 111-12, 182-5, 284 Assembly of, 4, 101, 135, 212-14, 264,

330, 331-6

Council of, 135-7, 171-4, 212, 260--1 , 284,331

Comrrrlssion of Enquiry of, see 'Lytton Comrrrlssion'

Comrrrlttee of Nineteen of, 214, 274, 284, 331, 333-6

Advisory Comrrrlttee of, 1933, 336n., 377 Resolutions of, 30 Sept., 1931, 136; 24

Oct., 1931, 136-7, 200; 10 Dec. 1931, 171, 173-4, 197; 11 March, 1932, 213-14; 24 Feb., 1933, 335-6, 367-8

relations of with U.S.A. before and after crisis, 112-16, 377-8, 410

small states and, 110--11,213,231,332-4 and collective security in retrospect, 7,

12-13,116-17,124-7,404-10 League of Nations Association, 114, 156,

176, 222-3 League of Nations Union, 106-8, 112,

138-9, 178-81,217-21,278, 284, 286-7, 338-42, 365, 380--1, 411

Uger, Alexis, 147 Leith-Ross, Sir Frederick, 399, 400 Lerroux, A., 135-6 Lester, Sean, 135n., 213, 332, 334 Liaoning, 32, 168 Liaotung peninsula, 20, 21, 33 Liberia, 352-3 Lindley, Sir Francis, character and

reporting of, 99, 100 Foreign Office opinions of, 230n., 237-

238, 292n., 360--1, 363 and Manchurian crisis, 143-4, 186-7,

194, 288, 292-3, 357-8, 366, 380 and Shanghai crisis, 1932, 230, 237, 252,

256 Lindsay, Sir Ronald, 99, 186, 247, 249 ,

252, 254, 263, 293 Lippmann, Walter, Henry Stimson and,

85, 350 and Far Eastern crisis, 139-40, 156,

176, 223-4, 300n. and non-recognition policy, 175, 223,

245n., 352, 414 and domestic politics, 114n. views of after 1933, 9n., 386-7, 388

Litvinov, Maxim, 306 Lloyd George, David, 97, 106 Locarno Agreement (1925), liOn., 120 Lofgren, J. E., 213 London Naval Agreement (1930), 37, 44,

61, 64-5, 72, 75, 115, 122, 311 Londonderry, Lord, 91, 109, 117, 242-3,

247, 314 Lowell, Lawrence, 222, 344-5, 350 Loyang, 202 Luanchow, 328, 371 Lytton, Lord, character of, 106, 220,

277-8 views on Far Eastern crisis of, 280-1,

287, 341n., 377, 407 and arms embargo, 1933, 338, 341

INDEX 439

Lytton Commission, composition and work of, 277-83

Report of, 3, 33, 203, 283--4, 302-3, 331ff.

Ma Chan-shan, 168, 170, 203 Macao, 17, 259 MacArthur, General Douglas., 16, 54, 349,

420 MacDonald, Ramsay, character, position

and domes~ic policies of, 89-92, 233, 310, 312

and League of Nations, 105n., 109-10, 323, 326n., 361n.

and disarmament and European prob­lems, 120-1, 306, 308, 312ff., 336, 354, 415

and U.S.A., 121-3, 316-17, 320, 346, 354

and Far Eastern crisis, 149, 181, 188-9, 241,249-51,256-9,265,267,280,295, 298,340,364-6,392

and British policy after 1933, 39~ 397, 401

MacKillop, Douglas, 99n., 150-l MacMurray, John V. A., 88n., 194 Macnaghten, Brigadier General, 208 Madariaga, Don Salvador de, and Cecil

and Murray, 102-3, 384 at League Assembly and Council, 116,

136, 145-6, 173, 184n., 332-3, 334n.

and collective security, 384 Mahan, Captain A. T., 21, 23, 56 Malaya, 17, 42, 50, 58 Manchukuo, see 'Manchuria' Manchuria, population, trade and raw

materials of, 32-5 foreign investments and rights in, 20-2,

27, 32-5 Sino-Japanese tensions concerning, 37-

38 Japanese military operations in, 3-5,

131-3, 168-70, 203--4, 274-6, 328-9, 371

establishment of 'Manchukuo' regime in, 203, 275-6

customs in, 275, 289 development of, 1932, onwards, 330,

375-6 crisis concerning, in perspective, 5ff.,

162-7, 404ff. Mander, Geoffrey, 178,217,218,341 Mao Tse-tung, 31, 202, 420 Mariana islands, 22, 28 Marshall islands, 22, 28 Martel, M. de, 147, 296-7 Martin, Kingsley, l07n., 382 Martin, William, 134, 171, 177-8, 214 Massigli, Rene, 78, 135, 145-7, 155, 232,

296-7, 325 Matos, Jose, 173

Matsudaira Tsuneo, 170, 172, 185, 193, 264,297

Matsuoka Yosuke, 297, 330,331-2, 333n., 336, 356

McCoy, Major General Frank R., 278-82, 350, 352, 377, 407

McKinley, William, 16 Mellon, Andrew, 80, 87 Mills, Ogden, 83, 317, 318 Milne, Field Marshal Sir George, 250,

358 Minami Jiro, General, 132, 204 Minseito party, 131, 166 Moffat, Pierrepont, observations on

American diplomatic machinery of, 88-9

observations of on Stimson, Hoover, and making of U.S. policy, 82-3, 336

and disarmament, 82-3, 305, 323 and Far Eastern crisis, 268 and U.S. policies, 1933 onwards, 389

Mongolia, 22, 23, 133, 203, 328 Montgomery-Massingberd, General Sir

Archibald, 396 Morgenthau, H. J., 386 Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 391 Mori Kaku, 133, 204 Morishima Morito, 3 Motta, Giuseppe, 213, 331-2 Mukden, incident at, Sept. 18, 1931, 3,

131, 133 Munch, Peter, 213 Murai, Consul-General, 206 Murray, Gilbert, and League of Nations

movement in general, 102-3, l05n., 421

position and work of in League of Nations Union, 106-7, 287

and Far Eastern crisis, 138-9, 178-80, 217-21, 265, 287, 322, 342

and arms embargo of 1933, 338--40, 365 views of, following crisis, 380, 382, 384

Mussolini, Benito, 378-9, 405, 408 Muto Nobuyoshi, General, 275 Mutual Assistance, Pact of (1923--4), 104,

109, 113, 305

Nakamura, Captain, 38 Nanking, 30, 205, 372 Nash, Philip, 114n. Naval talks, international (1934-5), 398,

401 Neil, J. E., 218 Netherlands, Far Eastern interests and

policies of before 1931, 16, 29, 40,50 defence resources of, 67 Far Eastern and League policies of,

1931-33, xii, 147-8, 213, 232, 347 policy of, 1933 onwards, 373--4, 387,

420 Neurath, Baron von, 332 Neville, Edwin, 153--4, 193, 230, 292n.

440 INDEX

New Zealand (see also 'Wilford'), 17, 28, 59, 298, 377, 379, 394, 398

Nicaragua, 84, 117, 279, 332, 353 Nicolson, Harold, 381 Nine Power Treaty (1922), 27 Noel-Baker, Philip, views and efforts of,

1931-33, 106, 138, 179-81, 219-20, 286-7, 321-2, 340

retrospective views on crisis of, !On., 380, 383n., 407

Nomura, Admiral, 205n., 273 Nonni river, 131, 168 Norway, 213 Nye Committee, 1934-5, 385

Oil, see 'Japan, resources of' Open Door in China, United States and,

19-20, 23-4, 51-5, 57, 124 'Orange', war plan, see 'United States,

strategic plans of' Orde, C. W., 99n., 359 Osgood, R. E., 386 Ottawa Agreement (1932), 233, 309, 310,

312, 367

Pact of Paris, see 'Kellogg-Briand Pact' Pal, Mr Justice, 5-6, 14, 102,418-19 Panama, 173, 213 Panama canal, 75, 117, 336, 400 Panay incident (1937), 386, 402 Papen, Franz von, 309 Paul-Boncour, Joseph, 212, 271, 307, 309,

324, 332, 336, 355 Peace Ballot, British (1934-5), lln., 379 Pearl Harbour, see 'Hawaii' Peking, 30, 51, 274-5, 289, 329n., 371 Pelt, Adrianus, 203n., 279, 282-3, 284 Persia, 101, 213, 378 Peru, 173, 353 Petain, Marshal Philippe, 311 Petersfield, H.M.S., sinking of, 190n. Philippines, 16, 17, 23, 28, 29, 50, 55-6,

59n., 67, 71, 73-4, 245, 277, 279, 298, 345, 389, 418

Phillips, William, 389 Poland, 173 Politis, Nicolas, 213, 333 Port Arthur, 3, 20, 21 Portugal, 15, 214n. Pratt, Sir John, position of, 99

views on Manchurian crisis of, 1931-2, 149-52, 158, 163, 187-8, 234, 288, 293-4,296,302,360,412

views on Shanghai crisis of, 1932, 234ff. advice on British policy and League of

Nations, 1933, 361-3, 364, 368 Pratt, Admiral William V., 66, 72, 75n.,

115, 122n., 246 Press, see under respective countries· Pu-yi, Henry (Hsuan-Tung), 133, 168, 170,

203, 282, 329

Quai d'Orsay, see 'France, foreign policy machinery of'

Quo Tai-chi, 273

Rajchman, Dr. L. W., 135n., 182, 377 Reading, Lord, 89n., 94, 123, 136, 142,

149-52, 155, 160, 163, 191 Reed, Senator David, 293, 299, 318 Regnier, Captain, 86 Rels, Costa du, 213 Reparations, 101, 307-8, 317 Restrepo, Antonio Jose, 213 Rich, Raymond, 220-3 Rogers, James Grafton, 86, 156, 196, 245,

263 Roosevelt, Franklin D., and domestic

politics, 285, 309, 336 and League of Nations, 113, 224 and Far Eastern crisis, 336, 350-1 and U.S. policy, 1933 onwards, 354,

378,385,388-9,402,417 Roosevelt, Theodore, 23, 56, 84, 199,

417 Root, Elihu, 84, 195, 199, 268, 345 Rowell, Chester, 222 Royal Institute of International Affairs

(see also 'Toynbee'), 381 Royden, Maude, 217, 368 Runciman, Walter, 316, 365 Rusk, Dean, 9 Russell, Bertrand, 382-3 Russia, see 'Soviet Union' Ryukyu islands, 21, 28

Saito Makota, Admiral, 275, 358 Sakhalin, 22, 63 Salter, Sir Arthur, 217-18, 241, 381 Salvador, 84, 213 Samuel, Sir Herbert, 89n., 91, 233, 310,

342 Sanctions, economic, discussions and

possibilities of, 63-4, 151-2, 186, 189-190, 196-7, 218, 240-1, 264, 277, 285, 323-4,351,377-8,381-4,398n.,408-9

Sarraut, Albert, 40-1 Sato Naotake, 212, 232 Schall, Thomas, 337 Schnee, Heinrich, 278, 279, 282 Seiyukai party, 132, 166, 171, 204 Sepahbidi, Khan, 213 Shanghai, International Settlement at, 17

18,49 interests of the powers in, 48-50 Feetham Report on, 45-6 1927 incident at, 30, 37, 48, 51, 259-60,

332 1932 Sino-Japanese fighting in, 203-10 Anglo-American exchanges concerning,

1932,247-66 peace talks in, 210, 273-4 possible round-table conference on,

274,288-9

INDEX 441

Shanghai British Residents' Association, 45n.

Shanhaikuan, 171, 281, 328, 330, 351, 371 Shantung, 22, 24, 27, 33, 53 Shidehara, Baron, policies of before 1931,

43,53 and League of Nations, 22, 418 policies of, Sept. 1931 onwards, 4, 132-

133, 154, 166, 193, 292, 406 as seen in West, 22, 53, 61, 163, 238

Shigemitsu Mamoru, 35, 134, 273 Shimada, Rear Admiral, 273 Shiozawa Koichi, Rear Admiral, 206, 208 Shirakawa, General, 210 Shotwell, James, 103, 114n., 220, 285, 300 Siam, 336 Siberia, 22 Simon, Sir John, character and position

of, 54, 94-6, 396 Far Eastern policy of, 123, 141, 177,

187-92, 211-14, 23lff., 280-l, 289, 293-6, 298, 337, 338-9, 342, 346, 353ff., 392

and exchanges with Stimson over Shanghai, 1932, 247-66

and the League of Nations, 188, 191, 213, 294, 323, 363-4, 378

speech to League Assembly of, 7 Dec., 1932, 329, 332-3, 363

European and disarmament policies of, 121, 287, 310, 313, 314

and British policies after 1933, 313-14, 396, 397, 401

criticisms of, 11-12, 95, 213, 286-7, 338, 340

Sinclair, Sir Archibald, 310 Singapore, 43-4, 64, 70-1, 266, 267, 324,

394-5 Smuts, J. C., 102 Snowden, Viscount, 89n., 310 Soong, T. V., 182, 329, 372 South Manchurian Railway, 20, 22, 32-3,

38, 53, 131-3, 275 Soviet Union, Far Eastern interests and

policies of (as Russia, pre-1917), before 1931, 20-1, 28, 30-1

policy of and public reactions in to Far Eastern crisis, 133, 170, 174, 215n., 276, 337-8, 377

and possible non-aggression pact with Japan, 276, 297-8

sells Chinese Eastern Railway, 372 and non-aggression pact with France,

1932, 298 British embargo against, 367 and Far Eastern developments, 1933

onwards, 372-3, 378 Spain, 213, 332, 334 State Department, see 'United States,

foreign policy machinery of' Steed, Wickham, 218 Stimson, Henry L., character, beliefs and

position of, 13, 55, 83-6,96, ll5-l7, 122, 244n., 350, 420-1

Far Eastern aims and assumptions of, 51, 54-7, 85, 124, 353, 420

policies of during Far Eastern crisis, 135, 149, 153-62, 172-4, 186, 193-9, 223, 226ff., 280, 288-9, 293, 298-302, 322-3, 337, 345ff., 353-4, 413

non-recognition statements of, 1932, 210-12,245-6,248,263,414-16

exchanges of with Simon concerning Shanghai, 1932, 247-66

speech of to Council on Foreign Rela­tions, 1932, 277, 285, 299-301

European policies of, 84, 119-23, 306, 313, 317ff.

and F. D. Roosevelt, 350-1 and U.S. policies after 1933, 386, 389,

390, 417n. and Far Eastern crisis in retrospect, 8,

10, 197-Sn., 247, 404 criticisms of, 9-11, 344-5, 348-9

Suez canal, 58, 400-1, 420 Sugimura Yotaro, 183, 334 Sun Fo, 202 Sun Yat-sen, 30 Sweden (see also 'Unden'), 213, 214n. Sweetser, Arthur, 176, 185, l98n., 223,

231, 284, 321, 347, 351, 388 Swire, G. W., 45n. Switzerland, 213, 214n., 332, 334 Sze, Alfred, 135, 142, 153, 172 Szechuan, 330

Taft, William Howard, 22-3 Tanaka Giichi, General, 37 Tanaka Ryukichi, Major, 206 Tang Yu-lin, 274 Tangku truce (1933), 5, 371, 392 Taonan, 131 Tardieu, Andre, 231, 305, 309, 310-11 Tawney, R. H., 218 Taylor, Admiral Montgomery M., 51-2,

154, 156, 194, 227. 229, 268, 290, 349 Te Water, C. T., 213, 214n., 232, 299 Teichman, Eric, 274n. Ten Year Rule, see 'Great Britain,

strategic plans of' Thomas, J. H., character and position of,

93, 122 and relations with Dominions, 233 and Far Eastern crisis, 141, 212, 240,

254, 258-9, 323, 365-6 Thorburn, John, case of, 49n., 135, 138 Tibet, 17, 275, 329 Tientsin, 17, 18, 49, 51, 168-70,205, 380n.,

402 Titulesco, Nicolas, 101 Toynbee, Arnold, 12, 90, 218, 295, 320,

381 Trautmann, Oskar, 356 Trincomalee, 64, 242

442 INDEX

Tsang Shi-yi, 203 Tsinan, 37 Tsitsihar, 131, 169-70, 172 Twenty-One Demands (1915), 22, 23, 27,

197 Tyrrell, Lord, 120, 147

U.S.S.R., see 'Soviet Union' Uchida Yasuya, 275, 276, 290 Unden, Osten, 332 Union of Democratic Control, 99, 107,

365, 380n. United Nations, 420-1 United States, political and economic

situation in, 79-83, 175, 233, 285, 309, 336

foreign policy machinery of, 87-9, 349, 412-14

defence and foreign policy resources of, 27-8, 59ft'., 71ft'., 246, 390

strategic plans of, 23, 73-5, 390 Navy Board of, 56-7, 66, 71, 75-6,418 isolationism in, 20, 54, 113-16, 176-7,

220, 226, 385 press and public opinion in, 7, 9, 20,

139-40, 175-6, 220-5, 285, 343-5, 385-7,411

and League of Nations, 55n., 81-2, 84, 112-16, 135-6, 160-2, 172, 212, 244, 347, 385, 388, 410

relations of with Great Britain, 26-7, 31-2, 75-6, 117ft'., 315ft'., 346, 388ft'., 397-403

relations of with France, 115, 117ft'., 307-8, 325

trade policies of, 52, 82, 118,419 and disarmament, 82-3, 121-3, 304-7,

318ft'. Ji!ld inter-allied debts, 118-19, 122-3,

293n., 307-8, 312, 318ft'. Far Eastern policies and interests of

before 1931, 17-20, 22-4, 50-9, 124 and the Philippines, 16, 50, 55-6, 59n.,

71, 245, 277, 298, 345, 418 policies of during Far Eastern crisis,

149,152-67,185-6,192-201,210-12, 225-72,288-303, 345-53,411ff.

and sale of wheat to China, 139n. and Soviet Union, 81, 298, 353 Far Eastern policies of, 1933 onwards,

386-7, 387-92, 399-403 Uyeda, Lt. General, 273

Vansittart, Sir Robert, position and work of, 98, 237n.

and League of Nations, 109, 110, 231, 362

and European policies, 120, 266, 312, 313, 394, 397

and U.S.A., 123, 346, 354, 397, 402

and Far Eastern cns1s, 141, 150-1, 188, 191n., 237-8, 241-3, 247, 250, 252, 254-5, 256n., 261-2, 264, 294-6, 362

and British policy after 1933, 397 Vietnam (see also 'Indo-China'), 417,

420 Vladivostok, 20 Voretzsch, Ernst, 148n.

Wakatsuki Reijiro, 38, 132-3, 171, 238 406

Walters, F. P., 9n., 135n., 182, 199, 359, 407

Wang, C. T., 133 Wang Ching-wei, 205, 208, 275 Washington Conference (1921-22), 27-8 Wei-Hai-Wei, 48 Welles, Sumner, 8, 404 Wellesley, Sir Victor, position and in-

terests of, 97n., 98-9 and U.S.A., 151-2 and League of Nations, 108 and Far Eastern crisis, 150-2, 188-9,

230n., 234ft'., 294-5, 302, 355n., 359, 361

Wells, H. G., 381 White, Harry Dexter, 417 Wickersham, George W., 114n. Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 83, 157 Wilden, M., 291 Wilford, Sir Thomas, 299, 358-9 Wilson, Hugh, and Far Eastern cns1s,

155, 223, 231, 244, 256, 263, 265, 284, 301, 348-9, 377

and Disarmament Conference, 122, 325, 388

and U.S. policy in retrospect, 348 Wilson, Woodrow, 18-19,23,24, 117,239 Women's International League for Peace

and Freedom (see also 'Detzer'), 114, 156, 222

Wood, General Leonard, 55-6 Woolf, Leonard, 218, 383, 421 Woosung, see 'Shanghai, 1932 fighting in' World Economic Conference (1933), 336,

378 Wright, Quincy, 127n., 414

Yen, W. W., 212, 333 Yingkow (Newchwang), 38 Yoshida lsaburo, 279 YoshizawaKenkichi,135-6,142,170,173,

204, 371 Young, Walter, 279 Yunnan, 18, 41, 297n.

Zilliacus, K., 287 Zimmern, A., 106, 112, 134, 218 Zulueta, Luis de, 213