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HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

OF BALTIMORE'S INNER CITY

NEIGHBORHOODS

NOVEMBER 1964

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HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

OF BALTIMORE'S INNER-CITY NEIGHBORHOODS

November 1964

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Health and Welfare Council of the Baltimore Area) ,Y\c,.J \ 10 South Street

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Baltimore, Maryland 21202

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PREFACE

This publication is one of a series of technical documents growing out of the research services provided by the Health and Welfare Council to the Steering Corr~ittee for a Plan for Action on Human Renewal. These documents present relevant supplementary material which could not, for practical reasons, be included in detail in the formal report of the Steering Committee. This formal report, "A Plan for Action on the Problems of Baltimore's Disadvantaged People," has been transmitted to Mayor Theodore R. McKeldin in the expectation that he will urge its adoption as Baltimore's program to deal with poverty under the Federal Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. and other relevant Federal legislation. George H. Dengler, Research Associate on the Health and Welfare Council staff, was primarily responsible for the historical research involved in this document. Thomas Curtis, a Research Assistant, prepared the neighborhood map and the cover.

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Daniel R. Fascicne Research Director

TABLE OF. CONTENTS

Page

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Neighborhood Develo~ment in Baltimore's Inner-City. 2

Appendix

Bibliography . . . . . .

Index of Baltimore's Inner-City Neighborhoods . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neighborhood Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Introduction

The delineation of an Action Area for the Human Renewal Program was accompanied by efforts to identify natural or "functional" neighborhoods that could serve for administering the neighborhood-based programs to be included in the Plan and which required decentralization by small geographic areas.

Two approaches to the problem of identifying these small neighborhoods were employed. One approach was to trace, through relevant documents, the developmental history of Baltimore in terms of identifiable neighborhoods in and around the Action Area. This historical analysis, while indicating clearly that in the past there have been some definite patterns of neighborhood development in Baltimore, provided no convincing evidence of the existence of natural neighborhoods in the inner~city today.

The other approach consisted of interviews with community resource people chosen because of their involvement with the various health, welfare 1 education, community organization or corrlillercial activities in and around the ActiOl'l Area. While provid-ing much useful information on area problems and related services, however, this method failed, fbr the most part, to establish the existence of neighborhoods small enough to be considered meaningful from the point of view of neigpborhood-based administration of services.

Since neither of these approaches proved completely satisfactory in meeting the desired objectives, the Steering Committee has left the decision for subdividing the Action Area to the future, when those responsible for implementing the Plan for Action can pursue the kind of further investigation indicated or draw the necessary boundaries on the basis of administrative oonaiderationa which cannot be accurately foreseen at this time.

The results of the interviews with community resource people are reported in "A Plan for Action on the Problems of Baltilnore1 s Disadvantaged People," while a distributional breakdown of those interviewed, together with facsimiles of the questionnaire, letters and related documents used in the administration of this phase of the planning, can be found in a separate publloation, "Interviews with Community Resource People: Baltimore, Maryland -Work MAterials. 11

The findings of the historical analysis of Baltimore net~nborhoods in and around the Action Area are reported on the following pages

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Neighborhood Develo~ment in Baltimore's Inner-City

There is ample documentation available to indicate that 18th and 19th century anJ., to some extent, early 20th century Baltimore was subdivided into various distinguish-able neighborhoods.

The original three communities that merged to form Baltimore !/were themselves distinct. Jones Town or Old Town, as it was called after the formation of Baltimore (it being older than Baltimore Town), lay to the east of Jones Falls and centered along Front and Gay Streets. Old Town, with its markets and its theatres, its picturesque houses, its fashion and its sturdy population," had n.uch "l he air of a little community in England. Baltimore Town, on the west side of Jones Falls, was less developed and contained some homes and farms. Fells Point, located southeast of Old Town along the harbor, became the center for the families of sailing men. It was also a thriving community of wharves, warehouses, and a shipyard, where many skilled workers had settled.

After the initial formation of Baltimore, neighborhoods appear to have focused around squares, theatres, inns and churches. Prior to the erection of the Washington Monument following the War of 1812, Monument Square (the Battle Monument on Calvert Street) was the center of town. Fine homes were built around it and it became a center of fashion. As the years progressed, the neighborhood surrounding Washington Monument (known then as Howard's Hill and today as Mount Vernon) replaced Monument Square as Baltimore's center of fashion and culture. Other neighborhoods were less prosperous. By the late 19th century, the neighborhood surrounding Federal Hill Park near Montgomery Street became a clutter of houses, wharves, tilted roofs and disreputable she~7 Some of this neighborhood is still a network of little courts and alleys. -

At. the beginning of the 19th century, and for a number of years thereafter, the area along Frcnt Street (in the vicinity of the Gay Street bridge across Jones Falls) was the most fashionable residential part of town. For many years the Front Street Theaj7e (near Fayette Street) held a 11 position of importance in Baltimore life. 11 - This theatre survived until 1905. The New Theatre and the Hblliday Street Theatre were among the other.leading playhouses of early 19th century Baltimore catering to the eminent citizens of the community. Both were demolished to make way for the municipal plaza later in the century

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~~ Baltimore Town, Jones Town and Fells Point. In 1745 Jones Town was annexed to Baltimore Town, and, in 1774, Fells Point was annexed.

~~ Stockett, Letitia, Baltimore: A Not Too Serious History, (Baltimore: Grace Gore Norman, Pub.), 1936, p. 4~.

21 Ibid., .P 157.

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,everal inns and taverns were well known in 19th century Baltimore. On Bank Street near Broadway there was once r-;amous tavern known as White Hall 11 the center of neighborhood jollifications."! In the SUlTilller, benches and tables were set out, and, in the winter, there were broad hearths and roaring fires indoors. Here residents and sailors gathered. Other inns, notably the General Wayne, the Fountain Inn and the Farmer's and Carter's Inn, served as social centers for neighborhood residents, sailors and farmers during part of the 19th century.

Church-centered neighborhoods involving particular nationality groups appear to be among the strongest and most readily distinguishable neighborhoods characteristic of early Baltimore. One of the earliest indications of a church-centered neighbor-hood occurs in the period following the arrival of the Acadians from France in 1755. This little congregation established ~/parish near Charles and Lombard Streets and the locality was called French Town. _

Otterbein Church on Conway Street ministered to the early German settlers in Baltimore, as did Zion Church nearer to the heart of town. As the German community grew during the 19th century, additional churches served German neighborhoods. Some distinctly German communities were visible until World War I. Today, although the German popu-lation has assimilated and there is no longer a compact Germ~ community, there are still church services conducted wholly or partly in German. ~/ In the mid-19th century, a sizable Irish community grew up in an area south of the present City Jail, extending westward to the Falls and south to a point below Monument Street. Old Limerick, as it was called, was a clannish community where the Irish retained their church and their traditions7 As new immigrants eventually moved into the area, Old Limerick disappeared. 1 In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as immigrants from eastern and southern Europe.came to Baltimore in increasing numbers and tended to settle in compact communities, neighborhood churches serving various ethnic groups became increas-ingly prevalent.

At the turn of the 20th century, one of the most notable of these compact communi-ties in Baltimore was the neighborhood in the vicinity of Baltimore and Spring Streets. Old established families had long since moved out and this area wa~/a center for Russian Jews who emigrated to Baltimore in the years after 1880. _

~/ Stockett, op. cit., p. 175. 2/ Ibid., p. 48.

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~~ Including those at St. James the Less and st. Michael's Roman Catholic and Zion Lutheran Churches.

11 11 0ld Limerick A Lively Spot", Baltimore Evening Sun, September 30, 1963. ~/ Stockett, op. cit., p. 172.

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By the end of'the 19th century, a Polish settlement had developed in the Fells Point area. Father Koncz organized the first exclusively Polish church --St. Stanislaus at Ann and Aliceanna Streets. As the Polish community grew and St. Stanislaus oecame too small to serve the entire community, a second congre7-gation was formed at Holy Rosary Church in the 400 block s. Chester Street. 2 During the first quarter of this century the expanding Polish community spread eastward, focusing along O'Donnell Street toward the Canton area. The Poles de-veloped a small civic center on O'Donnell Street between Lakewood and Ellwood Avenues. The center revolved around St. Casim~r 1 s Church (Kenwood and O'Donnell), Canton Market, a library and a public bath. lOt As the Polish community grew in excess of 50,000 people, it consumed a good portion of East Baltimore, and had separate pockets elsewhere in the City in Locust Point and Curtis Bay. Eight churches, six/of them Reman Catholic, administered to the spritual needs of this corr~unity. 11 Today, some of these churches are still Polish and there are Pblish institutions, clubs, and organizations in the City.

As more and more Italians came to the City after 1880, the area from Central Avenue to Eastern Avenue and west to the harbor became an Italian dominated community. Father Andros founded St. Leo's Church in the 200 blocks. Exeter Street, and it is still an almost exclusively Italian parish. Italian clubs, societies, and fraternal organizations are still visible in this area. The boundaries of 11Little Italy11 have changed little 'over the years and it is on7e of the few church-centered ethnic communities still visible in Baltimore. ~ In the late 19th century, a group of Bohemians settled in the area around Barnes Street, Abbott Street, and Broadway. Sometime after 1900, this ccmmunity had shifted somewhat to the east of the 0riginal location and centered along Collington Avenue near the Northeast Market. 13/ The Bohemians had their own churches, schools, and newspaper. St. Wencelaus Roman Catholic Church (Collington and Ashland Avenues) is sttll regarded as a Bohemian parish.

For a number of years a rather sizable Lithuanian community has existed in southwest Baltimore. '!he colony grew up in an area located r the vicinity of South Paca, South Greene, West Lombard and Hollins Streets. 14 Today, some of Baltimore's Lithuanian community is still found along West Lombard and Hollins Streets in the vicinity of the Hollins Street Market. Although not located in this particular residential area, St. Alphonsus Roman Catholic Church at Park Avenue and Saratoga Street serves some members of the Lithuanian community.

21 Irvin, Robert, (ed.), Baltimore 1129-1929: Two Hundredth Anniversary (Baltimore: Municipal Journal) 1929, p. 279.

_!2/ "Public Harkets Still Keep Up City's Traditions: Picturesque Spots Many", Baltimore Evening Sun, May 5, 1937. ~/ Irvin, op. cit., pp. 279-280. 12/ Stockett, op. cit., p. 183. 13/- "I Remember Northeast Market 50 Years Ago", Baltimore Sun, August 21, 1955. - -

14/ Irvin, op. cit., p. 283.

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small Chinese colony has long been visible in an area near Park Avenue and Mulberry Jtreet. Grace and St. Peter 1 s Episcopal Church on Park Avenue conducts a Chinese service and also serves as a social center for Baltimore's Chinese community.

There are also Greek, Russian and Ukranian churches in various parts of Saltimore.

Apart from the role that they have played in the development of ethnic communities, some churches have been influential in the development of other neighborhoods. Among the early parishes in Baltimore was St. Paul's. At the turn of the 19th century, St. Paul's Church served as a focal point for an area composed of stately residences along Lexington Street. During the 19th century, St. Patrick's Church at Broadway and Bank Streets was influential in the Fells Point neighborhood. Father D1o5J e,n was called the Apostle of the Paint,

11 a sturdy shepherd with a wild flock." _I

Letitia Stockett, author of Baltimore: A Not Too Serious History, in describing the Bolton section sometime during the 19201 s or 1930's states,

that section north of the Armory is bounded by Dolphin Street, Eutaw Place, North Avenue and Mt. Royal Avenue This part of tow.n has for its axis Bolton Street, and there is no one in this locality who did not know the Bishop of Bolton Street as he was often cal67ed-Dr. William Meade Dame, the beloved rector of Memorial Church. !_

Today, the Memorial Episcopal and Brown Memorial Presbyterian Churches jointly ad-minister a neighborhood center in the Bolton Hill area.

Apparently, public food markets have played a significant role in neighborhood patterns in Baltimore. During the 18th century, a town market was located at Gay and Market (Baltimore) Streets. Later in the century, in order to meet the de-mands of a growing community, Center Market was built somewhat to the east of the old market. By the mid-19th century, the City began building a series of public markets, each of which catered to a certain area of the community. By the begin-ning of this century they numbered 11, and ccmpletely encircled the heart of the old City. Today, seven of these public markets are still operating.

The most notable example of a market-centered neighborhood comes from an article which appeared in the Sun in 1955. It stated that, in the years following the turn of the 20th century; the Northeast Market was responsible for the growth of a neighborhood called Leachville. Leachville was described as being located south- / east of the market in the vicinity of Mc~lderry Street and Patterson Park Avenue. 17

15/ Stockett, op. cit., p. 174.

16/ ~' p. 285. 17/ "I Remember Northeast Market 50 Years Ago'~, op. cit.

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would appear that Belair Market at Gay and Orleans Streets, like Northeast Mar~e7t, ,as designed to serve the irrmediate areas of what was then northeast Baltimore. !_ Cross Street Market has traditionally served residents of South Baltimore, while

Hollins Market has served the same function for rdsidents of West Baltimore.

Another public market, Lafayette, was huilt in a location which became a predomi-nately Negro area of the community. Richmond Market, built on North/Howard Street, catered more to the 11 silk stocking 11 residents of North Baltimore. 19 Richmond Market has since closed.

The Fells Point or Broadway Market has been an important focal point in the Fells Point neighborhood. In this area, many of Baltimore's immigrants first settled. For the immigrant, Fells Point Market often serveq as the first place of contact with his neighbors. It was a place where he could begin the business of learn~g English - and a welccme spot where he might find someone of his own language. __ / This oldest-standing of Baltimore markets still serves many residents of Fells Point.

Other public markets built to serve both irr~ediate and larger areas included Canton, the Lombard Street curb market, Hanover, and Lexington. Of these, however, only Lexington Market is still operating.

In a number of cases, retail areas flourished with or near the public food markets. These retail areas were usually looked upon as neighborhood shopping centers. For years, Chester Street was known as the business center for the Collington Avenue and Leachville residential areas near Northeast Market. 21/ The retail area aleng Gay Street was the business center for the residential area near Belair Market. Later, as the population moved, a retail area along Monument Street began to flourish. The Fells Point residential area looked to the Broadway Market and the business district of South Broadway as a center. A retail district grew up along Light Street near t~e Cross Street Market and it served as a business community for South Baltimore. 22

Historically, Baltimore has followed some definite patterns of neighborhood develop-ment. Not too long ago many smaller Baltimore neighborhoods were known to residents by a number of interesting and characteristic names. Some of these names came into existence during the bitterness of war, the tide of immigration, and the heat of political controversies. Yet, today, there seem to be few distinguishable neighbor-hoods visible in Baltimore, especially in the inner-city areas. This is due, in part, to a number of factors.

18/ Ibid. and 11 Belair 1 s Old Tradition Has _a Very New Look11 , Baltimore Evening Sun, March 20, 1948.

19/ "Public Markets Still Keep Up City's TrB;ditions ", op. cit. ?:2_/ "Broadway Market is Neighborhood Crossroads", Baltimore Evening Sun, April

11, 1962. 21/ "I Remember Northeast Market 50 Years Ago", op. cit. 'E:_/ "Public Markets Still Keep Up City's Traditions " op. cit.

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I ,lle natural growth of the City and the influx of immigrants during the 19th century

forced many old-time residents to abandon the once fashionable neighborhoods charac-teristic of Mon~ent Square, Front Street and Lexington Street. As these residents moved out of their established neighborhoods, they dispersed to newer areas of the City. With the development of this process, Baltimore lost some of its earliest neighborhood identities.

The out-migrating residents of the older neighborhoods were generally replaced by the newly arrived irrmigrants. Usually, the first generation or two of these people re~ained their Old World customs, traditions and cultural values, and, hence, they established new neighborhood patterns based upon ethnic communities.

During the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, however, these residents of the older sections of the City tended to move out of their ethnic neighborhoods as they achieved economic betterment. As the various ethnic groups assimilated into the population and themselves dispersed throughout the City and suburbs, while foreign immigration declined, this neighborhood pattern also disappeared, and with it,often went the names and traditions of these old neighborhoods.

With the passage of time, the older areas of the City deteriorated into poorer tenement districts. The residents of these areas became more and more a group of people with a limited cultural background, whose subculture and cultural values were considerably different from those which had established the original neighbor-hood identities in these areas.

Beginning in the 1930's, Baltimore, like other large cities, experienced a large influx of Southern migrants, both Negro and white, who, because of their rural background, may have had little or no concept of neighborhood or ccrr~unity aware-ness. Prior to coming here, most of these migrants had had little or no experience inurban living. They lacked leadership skills and, for most, active participation in the many formal organizations and associations of urban community life was limited. Time has proved th~t it is difficult to reach these migrants initially through organized groups. ~/ Hence, the areas into which these migrants moved seldom developed unifying neighborhood characteristics.

In 1950, of a total white population of 1,955,000 in Maryland, almost 200~000 had been born in the seven other states of the Southern Appalachian region. ~~ More than 82,000 people from these states entered Maryland in the decade 19uQ-1950, while over 2),000 others had come to Maryland between 1930 and 1940. 2/ Since

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Address by Mr. Ward Porter, rural sociologist, to Baltimore Department,of Education Community Study Workshop, December 10, 1957.

~/ Includes parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentuc~, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia.

!.5/ Baltimore ~' June 5, 1960.

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~-.timore is the nearest large industrial city and also serves as a "Gateway tq the

11, it may be assumed that most of these migrants settled in Baltimore. ~/

1e Negro in-migration to Baltimore, as well as to other cities, has steadily in-.eased since 1930, at 7~ast up to a few years ago. Most of this influx has been om the rural South. g__1 '.though many white Southern migrants have since returned home, and, for the2aj,rst ~e in history, there occurred a Negro out-migration in Baltimore in 1962, __ 1 Le continuing growth of this "new immigration" helped bring about the flight t"" iliurbia of many established residents, particularly during the 1950's. This flight :d to more dispersion of the population and a further breakdown of neighborhood \entities.

me of the significant unifying characteristics have, of course, disappeared from ny City neighborhoods as a result of these changes, but, in other cases, squares

parks, co.mmunity churches, markets and shopping areas remain as focal points, d suggest that some historic continuity may have been preserved. Therefore, de-ite the lack of recorded evidence, it seems unwise to discount completely the istence of scme degree of neighborhood identity in and around the Action Area. the relevance of neighborhood identity and social cohesiveness for action pur-ses is accepted, then it is important to establish, through further investigation, e extent to which the current residents of these historic neighborhoods perceive em as functional communities. And even where neighborhood identity is altogether sent, it is reasonable to assume that there might be value in consciously reviv-g historical names and boundaries as an aid to generating some degree of social hesiveness among the current residents.

~------------------------------------ .. / In October, 1941, the Federal government estimated that 20,000 migrants would

come to Baltimore in the next 12 months, Baltimore Sun, October 21, 1941. Experience shows that most came from Kentucky, Tennessee and West Virginia.

/ "The Changing Color Composition of Metropolitan Areas", Land Economics, vol. XXXVIII, No. 2, May,. 1962.

:/ Baltimore ~' December 9, 1962.

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APPENDIX

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Bibliography

BOOKS

Beirne, Francis, The Amiable Baltimoreans, (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co.), 1951. Deussen, Elizabeth, Exploring Baltimore, (Baltimore: Bureau of Publications,

Baltimore Public Schools), 1960. Irvin, Robert (ed.), Baltimore 1729-1929: Two Hundredth Anniversary, (Baltimore:

Municipal Journal), 1929. Scharf, J. Thomas, History of Baltimore City and County, (Philadelphia: Louis H.

Everts), 1881. Stockett, Letitia, Baltimore: A Not Too Serious History, (Baltimore: Grace Gore

Norman, Publ.), 1936.

MAGAZINES AND PERIODICALS

Baltimore, July, 1943.

Land Economics, vol. XXXVIII

-Maryland Historical Magazine, volumes 25, 35, 54, 57, 58.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Baltimore ~' Oct. 21, 1941, June 5, 1960, Dec. 9, 1962. 1 11A Century of Hollins Market", Baltimore Sun, August 30, 1936.

~' 11 Baltimore 1 s Quaint Local Names Are Being Lost", Baltimore American, February 4, 1923.

f 11 Belair 1 s Old Tradition Has a Very New Look", Baltimore Evening SUn, March 20, 1948. f "Broadway Market Is a Neighborhood Crossroads", Baltimore Evening Sun, April 11, 1962. f,

;: "Cathedral Hill: People and Places in Its History", Baltimore Evening Sun, March 31, 1941. .

"I Remember Market Day at Cross Street", Baltimore Sun, March 17, 1957 11 I Remember Northeast Market 50 Years Ago", Baltimore ~' August 21, 1955. "I Remember When All Hollins Market Was a Deep Freeze", Baltimore Sun, November 3, 1963.

"Know Baltimore? 11 , Baltimor& Sunday Sun, March 17, 1957. 11 0ld LimericK: A Lively Spot", Baltimore Sunday Sun, September 30, 1923.

"Public Markets Still Keep Up Ci ty1 s Traditions: Picturesque Spots Many," Baltimore Evening Sun, May 5, 1937.

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Index of Baltimore's Inner-City Neighborhoods~/

Neighborhood

1. Goose Hill ,_

2. Claremont

3. Mt. Clare

4. Little Lithuania

5. Hell's Kitchen

6. Pig tom

7. Grasshopper Hill

8. Bolton Hill

9. Mt. Vernon (Howard 1 s Hill)

10. Cathedral Hill

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12. Salisbury Plain

Location and Comment

Bentalou on east: Lafayette on south; Ashburton on west; st. Peter's Cemetery on north.

District along Wilkin's Avenue east of Gwynns Falls and slaughter houses.

Vicinity of B & 0 shops stretching south from Pratt and Carey Streets.

Lithuanian community along West Lombard and Hollins Street in the vicinity of the Hollins Street Market.

Housing development on West Pratt Street in the vicinity of Parkin and Scott Streets.

Area south of Cross Street and Washington Blvd.; center near Columbia and Cross.

Small area along North Avenue, the railroad tracks and Mt. Royal Reservoir.

Area roughly bounded by Dolphin Street, Eutaw Place, North Avenue, and Mt. Royal Avenue, with Bolton Street as an axis. Name taken from old Bolton estate.

Originally knom as Howard 1 s Hill, this area stretctes out for several blocks in all directions from the Washington Monument.

Area in the vicinity of old Roman Catholic Cathedral at Cathedral and Mulberry Streets.

Small CrJnese ccmmunity centering around the inter-section of Park Avenue and Mulberry Street.

1200 Block Greenmount Avenue.

~/ Only those neighborhoods which have existed in this century within or near the boundaries of the Human Renewal Action Area are included. See accompanying map for.further identification.

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Neighborhood

13. Johnson's Hill

14. Roddyville

15. Old Limerick

16. Swampoodle

17. The Meadow

18. Old Town

19. Little Bohemia

20. Leachville

21. Little Italy

22. Scr ab bletown

23. Federal Hill

24. Fel:!.s Point

25. Locust Point (Whetstone Pt.)

26. Snake's Hollow

27. Canton

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Location and Ccmment

Biddle, Homewood, Valley and Chase Streets.

Small area on east side of Jones Falls and south of jail. Perhaps named for local family. Irish community south of the present City Jail extend-ing westward to the Falls and south to a point below Monument Street.

Broadway, Abbott, Bond and Barnes Streets name origin may be from a stream running through the area, often flooding basements. 11 Poodle 11 may be Bohemian pronunciation of "Puddle" Residents washed dogs in stream.

Centre on north; Lexington on south; Calvert on west; Fallsway on east Area was Steiger's Meadow in early settlement.

Original settlement called Jones Town which was east of Jones Falls and centered along Front and Gay Streets.

Bohemian community which centered along Collington Avenue near the Northeast Market.

Neighborhood southeast of Northeast Market in the vicinity of McElderry Street and Patterson Park Avenue.

Italian community roughly stretching from C~ntral Avenue to a point above Easte~n Avenue and west to the harbor. Center may be in the vicinity of South Exeter and Stiles Streets.

Bounded by Johnson Street and Ferry Bar in South Baltimore. . Hunting grounds of youth gang.

Area surrounding Federal Hill Park in the vicinity of Montgomery Street.

Original shipping and trading ccmmuni ty along the harbor spreading east and west from Broadway.

Originally called Whetstone Point, this is an area of South Baltimore stretching down the peninsula to Ft. McHenry.

An area south of ~d w~st of Patterson Fark so named because Union troops camped there during Civil War. Area south of Patterson Park stretching along O'Donnell Street to the harbor which once was the center of a strong Polish community.

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