Historic Tsunamis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

7/27/2019 Historic Tsunamis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

1/20

A depiction of wave shoaling.

Historic tsunamisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article lists notable historic tsunamis, which are sortedby the date and location that the tsunami occurred, theearthquake that generated it, or both.

Because of seismic and volcanic activity at tectonic plateboundaries along the Pacific Ring of Fire, tsunamis occurmost frequently in the Pacific Ocean, but are worldwidenatural phenomena. They are possible wherever large bodiesof water are found, including inland lakes, where they canbe caused by landslides and glacier calving. Very smalltsunamis, non-destructive and undetectable withoutspecialized equipment, occur frequently as a result of minorearthquakes and other events.

As early as 426 BC, the Greek historian Thucydides inquired in his bookHistory of the Peloponnesian War

(3.89.1-6) about the causes of tsunamis. He argued rightly that it could only be explained as a consequence ofocean earthquakes, and could see no other possible causes for the phenomenon.[1]

Crete and the Argolid and other locations were destroyed by a tsunami caused by the eruption of Thira, whichdestroyed Minoan civilization on Crete and related cultures in the Cyclades and in areas facing the eruption onthe Greek mainland such as the Argolid.

During the Persian siege of the sea town Potidaea, Greece, in 479 BC, [2] the Greek historian Herodotus reportshow the Persian attackers who tried to exploit an unusual retreat of the water were suddenly surprised by "agreat flood-tide, higher, as the people of the place say, than any one of the many that had been before".

Herodotus attributes the cause of the sudden flood to the wrath of Poseidon.[3]

Contents

1 Before 1000 AD1.1 6100 BC: Norwegian Sea1.2 1600 BC: Santorini, Greece1.3 426 BC: Maliakos Gulf, Greece1.4 373 BC: Helike, Greece

1.5 79 AD: Gulf of Naples, Italy1.6 365 AD: Alexandria, Eastern Mediterranean1.7 684 AD: Hakuho, Japan ()1.8 869 AD: Sendai, Japan1.9 887 AD: Ninna Nankai, Japan ()

2 100017002.1 1293: Kamakura, Japan ()2.2 1303: Eastern Mediterranean2.3 1361: Shhei Nankai, Japan (&))2.4 1498: Mei Nankai, Japan ()

ric tsunamis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic

0 6/13/2011 1


2/20

2.5 1541: Nueva Cadiz, Venezuela2.6 1605: Keich Nankaido, Japan2.7 1607: Bristol Channel, Great Britain2.8 1698: Seikaido-Nankaido, Japan

3 1700s3.1 1700: Vancouver Island, Canada3.2 1707: Hei, Japan ()

3.3 1741: W. Hokkaido, Japan3.4 1755: Lisbon, Portugal3.5 1771: Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa, Japan ()3.6 1792: Mount Unzen, Nagasaki Prefecture, Kysh, Japan ()

4 1800s4.1 1833: Sumatra, Indonesia4.2 1854: Nankai, Tokai, and Kyushu Japan ()4.3 1855: Edo, Japan ()4.4 1868: Hawaiian Islands4.5 1868: Arica, Chile

4.6 1883: Krakatoa, Sunda Strait, Indonesia4.7 1896: Meiji Sanriku, Japan ()

5 190019505.1 1908: Messina, Italy5.2 1923: Kanto, Japan ()5.3 1929: Newfoundland5.4 1933: Showa Sanriku, Japan ()5.5 1944: Tonankai, Japan ()5.6 1946: Nankaid, Japan ()5.7 1946: Aleutian Islands

6 195020006.1 1952: Severo-Kurilsk, Kuril Islands, USSR6.2 1958: Lituya Bay, Alaska, USA6.3 1960: Valdivia, Chile6.4 1963: Vajont Dam, Monte Toc, Italy6.5 1964: Niigata, Japan ()6.6 1964: Alaska, USA6.7 1976: Moro Gulf, Mindanao, Philippines6.8 1979: Tumaco, Colombia6.9 1980: Spirit Lake, Washington, USA6.10 1983: Sea of Japan ()

6.11 1993: Okushiri, Hokkaido, Japan (

)6.12 1998: Papua New Guinea

7 2000s7.1 2004: Indian Ocean7.2 2006: South of Java Island7.3 2006: Kuril Islands7.4 2007: Solomon Islands7.5 2007: Niigata, Japan ()7.6 2010: Chile7.7 2011: New Zealand


0 6/13/2011 1


3/20

7.8 2011: Pacific coast of Japan

8 Highest or tallest9 Deadliest10 Other historic tsunamis

10.1 South Asia10.2 North America and the Caribbean

10.2.1 Possible

10.3 Europe10.3.1 Possible

11 See also12 References13 External links

Before 1000 AD

6100 BC: Norwegian Sea

Main article: Storegga Slide

The Storegga Slides occurred 100 km north-west of the Mre coast in the Norwegian Sea, causing a very largetsunami in the North Atlantic Ocean. This collapse involved an estimated 290 km length of coastal shelf, with a

total volume of 3,500 km3 of debris.[4] Based on carbon dating of plant material recovered from sediment

deposited by the tsunami, the latest incident occurred around 6100 BC.[5] In Scotland, traces of the subsequenttsunami have been recorded, with deposited sediment being discovered in Montrose Basin, the Firth of Forth, upto 80 km inland and 4 metres above current normal tide levels.

1600 BC: Santorini, Greece

Main article: Minoan eruption

The volcanic eruption on Santorini, Greece is assumed to have caused severe damage to cities around it, mostnotably the Minoan civilization on Crete. A tsunami is assumed to be the factor that caused the most damage.

426 BC: Maliakos Gulf, Greece

Main article: 426 BC Maliakos Gulf tsunami

In the summer of 426 BC, a tsunami hit hard the Maliakos bay in Eastern Greece.[6] The Greek historianThucydides (3.89.1-6) described how the tsunami and a series of earthquakes intervened with the events of theraging Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) and correlated for the first time in the history of natural science quakes

and waves in terms of cause and effect.[7]

373 BC: Helike, Greece

An earthquake and a tsunami destroyed the prosperous Greek city Helike, lying 2 km away from the sea. The

fate of the city, which remained permanently submerged, was often commented upon by ancient writers [8] and


0 6/13/2011 1


4/20

may have inspired the contemporary Plato to the myth of Atlantis.

79 AD: Gulf of Naples, Italy

A smaller tsunami was witnessed in the Bay of Naples by Pliny the Younger during the eruption of Mount

Vesuvius.[9]

365 AD: Alexandria, Eastern Mediterranean

Main article: 365 Crete earthquake

In the morning of July 21, 365 AD, an earthquake of great magnitude caused a huge tsunami more than 100 feet(30 m) high. It devastated Alexandria and the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, killing thousands and hurling

ships nearly two miles inland.[10][11] The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae 26.10.15-19)describes in his vivid account the typical sequence of the tsunami including an incipient earthquake, the suddenretreat of the sea and a following gigantic wave:

Slightly after daybreak, and heralded by a thick succession of fiercely shaken thunderbolts, thesolidity of the whole earth was made to shake and shudder, and the sea was driven away, itswaves were rolled back, and it disappeared, so that the abyss of the depths was uncovered andmany-shaped varieties of sea-creatures were seen stuck in the slime; the great wastes of thosevalleys and mountains, which the very creation had dismissed beneath the vast whirlpools, atthat moment, as it was given to be believed, looked up at the sun's rays. Many ships, then, werestranded as if on dry land, and people wandered at will about the paltry remains of the watersto collect fish and the like in their hands; then the roaring sea as if insulted by its repulse risesback in turn, and through the teeming shoals dashed itself violently on islands and extensivetracts of the mainland, and flattened innumerable buildings in towns or wherever they werefound. Thus in the raging conflict of the elements, the face of the earth was changed to revealwondrous sights. For the mass of waters returning when least expected killed many thousandsby drowning, and with the tides whipped up to a height as they rushed back, some ships, afterthe anger of the watery element had grown old, were seen to have sunk, and the bodies ofpeople killed in shipwrecks lay there, faces up or down. Other huge ships, thrust out by themad blasts, perched on the roofs of houses, as happened at Alexandria, and others were hurlednearly two miles from the shore, like the Laconian vessel near the town of Methone which I

saw when I passed by, yawning apart from long decay.[10]

The tsunami in 365 AD was so devastating that the anniversary of the disaster was still commemorated annually

at the end of the 6th century in Alexandria as a "day of horror." [12]

Researchers at the University of Cambridge recently carbon dated corals on the coast of Crete which were lifted10 metres and clear of the water in one massive push. This indicates that the tsunami of 365 AD was generatedby an earthquake in a steep fault in the Hellenic trench near Crete. The scientists estimate that such a largeuplift is only likely to occur once in 5,000 years, however the other segments of the fault could slip on a similarscale - and could happen every 800 years or so. It is unsure whether "one of the contiguous patches might slip in

the future."[13]


0 6/13/2011 1


5/20

684 AD: Hakuho, Japan ()

Japan is the nation with the most recorded tsunamis in the world.[citation needed] The number of tsunamis inJapan totals 195 over a 1,313 year period (thru 1997), averaging one event every 6.73 years, the highest rate of

occurrence in the world.[citation needed]

The Great Hakuho Earthquake was the first recorded tsunami in Japan. It hit in Japan on November 29, 684. It

occurred off the shore of the Kii Peninsula, Nankaido, Shikoku, Kii, and Awaji region. It has been estimated tobe a magnitude 8.4 [14] It was followed by a huge tsunami, but no estimates on how many deaths.[15]

869 AD: Sendai, Japan

Main article: 869 Sanriku earthquake and tsunami

The Sendai region was struck by a major tsunami that caused flooding extending 4 km inland from the coast.The town of Tagaj was destroyed, with an estimated 1,000 casualties.

887 AD: Ninna Nankai, Japan ()

On August 26 of the Ninna era, there was a strong shock in the Kyoto region, causing great destruction andsome victims. At the same time, there was a strong earthquake in Osaka, Shiga, Gifu, and Nagano prefectures. Atsunami flooded the coastal locality, and some people died. The coast of Osaka and primarily Osaka Bay

suffered especially heavily from the tsunami. The tsunami was also observed on the coast of Hyuga-Nada.[14]

10001700

1293: Kamakura, Japan ()

Magnitude 7.1 Quake and tsunami hit Kamakura, Japan's de facto capital, killing 23,000 after resulting fires.

1303: Eastern Mediterranean

Main article: 1303 Crete earthquake

A team from Southern Cross University in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, has found geological evidenceof five tsunamis that have hit Greece over the past 2000 years. "Most were small and local, but in 1303 a larger

one hit Crete, Rhodes, Alexandria and Acre in Palestine."[16]

1361: Shhei Nankai, Japan ( &))

On Aug 3 of the Shhei era, a 8.4 Nankaido quake and tsunami hit, with 660 deaths, 1700 houses destroyed.There was a strong earthquake in Tokushima, Osaka, Wakayama, and Nara Prefectures and on Awaji Island. Atsunami was observed on the coast of Tokushima and Kochi Prefectures, in Kii Strait and in OsakaBay.Yunomine Hot Spring (Wakayama Prefecture) stopped. Yukiminato, Awa completely destroyed by tsunamiand more than 1,700 houses washed away. 60 persons drowned at Awa.

1498: Mei Nankai, Japan ()


0 6/13/2011 1


6/20

Main article: 1498 Mei Nankaid earthquake

Sep 20 7.5 Quake and tsunami hit in the Mei era. Port in Wakayama damaged by tsunami of several meters in

height.30-40 thousand deaths estimated.[14][17] The building around great Buddha of Kamakura (altitude 7m)

was swept away by the tsunami.[18]

1541: Nueva Cadiz, Venezuela

In 1528, Cristbal Guerra founded Nueva Cdiz on the island of Cubagua, the first Spanish settlement inVenezuela, and one of the first ones in the Americas. Nueva Cdiz, which reached a population between 1000and 1500, was possibly destroyed in an earthquake followed by tsunami in 1541it also could have been a

major hurricane.[19] The ruins were declared a National Monument of Venezuela in 1979.

1605: Keich Nankaido, Japan

On Feb 3 of the Keich era, a 8.1 Quake and tsunami hit 700 houses (41%) at Hiro, Wakayama Prefecturewashed away. 3,600 drowned in Shishikui area. Awa, wave height 6-7m. 350 at Kannoura 60 at Sakihamadrowned, wave height 56 m and 810 m, respectively. Total more than 5,000 drowned. An enormous tsunami

with a maximum known rise of water of 30 m was observed on the coast from the Boso Peninsula to the easternpart of Kyushu Island. The eastern part of the Boso Peninsula, the coast of Tokyo Bay, the coast of theprefectures of Kanagawa and Shizouka, and the southeastern coast of Kochi Prefecture suffered especially

heavily.[14]

1607: Bristol Channel, Great Britain

Main article: Bristol Channel f loods, 1607

On 30 January 1607, approximately 2,000 or more people were drowned, houses and villages swept away and

an estimated 200 square miles (518 km2) was inundated. Until the 1990s, it was undisputed that the floodingwas caused by a storm surge aggravated by other factors, but recent research indicates a tsunami.[20] Theprobable cause is postulated as a submarine earthquake off the Irish coast.

1698: Seikaido-Nankaido, Japan

On December 22, 1698, a large tsunami struck Seikaido-Nankaido, Japan.[14]

1700s

1700: Vancouver Island, Canada

Main article: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

On January 26, 1700, the Cascadia earthquake, one of the largest earthquakes on record (estimated MW 9magnitude), ruptured the Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) offshore from Vancouver Island to northernCalifornia, and caused a massive tsunami across the Pacific Northwest logged in Japan and oral traditions of the

indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest. [21]

1707: Hei, Japan ()


0 6/13/2011 1


7/20

Main article: 1707 Hei earthquake

On October 28, 1707, during the Hei era, an 8.4 earthquake and tsunami 25.7-meter-high struck at the KochiPrefecture. More than 29,000 houses in total wrecked and washed away and about 30,000 deaths. In Tosa,11,170 houses washed away and 18,441 people drowned. About 700 drowned and 603 houses washed away inOsaka. 20 m high at Tanezaki, Tosa, 6.58 at Muroto. Hot springs at Yunomine, Sanji, Ryujin, Seto-Kanayana

(Kii) and Dogo (Iyo,145 days) stopped.[14]

1741: W. Hokkaido, Japan

On 29 August 1741 the western side of Hokkaido was hit by a tsunami associated with the eruption of thevolcano on Oshima island. The cause of the tsunami is thought to have been a large landslide, partly submarine,

triggered by the eruption.[22] 1,467 people were killed on Hokkaido and another 8 in Aomori Prefecture.[23]

1755: Lisbon, Portugal

Main article: 1755 Lisbon earthquake

Tens of thousands of Portuguese people who survived the Great Lisbon Earthquake on November 1, 1755 werekilled by a tsunami which followed 40 minutes later. Many townspeople fled to the waterfront, believing thearea safe from fires and from falling debris from aftershocks. When at the waterfront, they saw that the sea wasrapidly receding, revealing a sea floor littered with lost cargo and forgotten shipwrecks. The tsunami struck witha maximum height of 15 metres (49 ft), and went far inland.

The earthquake, tsunami, and many fires killed between 60,000 and 100,000 in Lisbon alone, making it one ofthe deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Historical records of explorations by Vasco da Gama andother early navigators were lost, and countless buildings were destroyed (including most examples of Portugal'sManueline architecture). Europeans of the 18th century struggled to understand the disaster within religious andrational belief systems. Philosophers of the Enlightenment, notably Voltaire, wrote about the event. The

philosophical concept of the sublime, as described by philosopher Immanuel Kant in the Observations on theFeeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, took inspiration in part from attempts to comprehend the enormity of theLisbon quake and tsunami.

The tsunami took just over 4 hours to travel over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Anaccount by Arnold Boscowitz claimed "great loss of life." It also hit Galway in Ireland, and caused some seriousdamage to the Spanish Arch section of the city wall.

1771: Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa, Japan ()

Main article: 1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami

An undersea earthquake of estimated magnitude 7.4 occurred near Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa, Japan on 4April 1771 at about 8 A.M.. The earthquake is not believed to have directly resulted in any deaths, but aresulting tsunami is thought to have killed about 12,000 people, (9313 on the Yaeyama Islands and 2548 on

Miyako Islands according to one source [24]). Estimates of the highest seawater runup on Ishigaki Island, rangebetween 30 meters and 85.4 meters. The tsunami put an abrupt stop to population growth on the islands, andwas followed by malaria epidemics and crop failures which decreased the population further. It was to beanother 148 years before population returned to its pre-tsunami level. ja:

1792: Mount Unzen, Nagasaki Prefecture, Kysh, Japan ()


0 6/13/2011 1


8/20

Main article: Mount Unzen

Tsunamis were the main cause of death for Japan's worst-ever volcanic disaster, due to an eruption of MountUnzen in Nagasaki Prefecture, Kysh, Japan. It began towards the end of 1791 as a series of earthquakes onthe western flank of Mount Unzen which gradually moved towardsFugen-dak, one of Mount Unzen's peaks. InFebruary 1792,Fugen-dak started to erupt, triggering a lava flow which continued for two months. Meanwhile,the earthquakes continued, shifting nearer to the city of Shimabara. On the night of 21 May, two largeearthquakes were followed by a collapse of the eastern flank of Mount Unzen's Mayuyama dome, causing an

avalanche which swept through Shimabara and into Ariake Bay, triggering a tsunami. It is not known to this daywhether the collapse occurred as a result of an eruption of the dome or as a result of the earthquakes. Thetsunami struck Higo Province on the other side of Ariake Bay before bouncing back and hitting Shimabaraagain. Out of an estimated total of 15,000 fatalities, around 5,000 is thought to have been killed by the landslide,around 5,000 by the tsunami across the bay in Higo Province, and a further 5,000 by the tsunami returning tostrike Shimabara. The waves reached a height of 330 ft (100 m), classing this tsunami as a small megatsunami.

1800s

1833: Sumatra, Indonesia

Main article: 1833 Sumatra earthquake

On 25 November 1833, a massive earthquake estimated to have been between 8.8-9.2 on the momentmagnitude scale, struck Sumatra in Indonesia. The coast of Sumatra near the quake's epicentre was hardest hitby the resulting tsunami.

1854: Nankai, Tokai, and Kyushu Japan ()

Main article: Ansei Great Earthquakes

The Ansei Quake which hit the south coast of Japan, was actually set of 3 quakes, two magnitude 8.4 quakesand a 7.4 quake all in 3 days.

The first on Nov 4, 1854 near what is today Aichi Prefecture and Shizuoka Prefecture with tsunami.It was followed by another 8.4 the next day in Wakayama Prefecture, Earthquake generated a maximumwave of 28 meters at Kochi, Japan, and the earthquake that tsunami killed 3,000 people. The tsunamiwashed 15,000 homes away. The number of homes destroyed directly by the earthquake was 2,598; 1,443

people died.[14]

The third was a 7.4 quake on Nov 7, 1854 in Ehime Prefecture and Oita Prefecture.

The total result was 80,000-100,000 deaths.

[25]

1855: Edo, Japan ()

Main article: 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake

The following year, the 1855 Great Ansei Edo Quake hit (Tokyo region), killing 4,500 to 10,000 people. Popularstories of the time blamed the quakes and tsunamis on giant catfish called Namazu thrashing about. TheJapanese era name was changed to bring good luck after 4 menacing quake/tsunamis in 2 years.


0 6/13/2011 1


9/20

1868: Hawaiian Islands

On April 2, 1868, a local earthquake with a magnitude estimated between 7.5 and 8.0 rocked the southeast coastof the Big Island of Hawaii. It triggered a landslide on the slopes of the Mauna Loa volcano, five miles (8 km)north of Pahala, killing 31 people. A tsunami then claimed 46 additional lives. The villages of Punaluu, Ninole,Kawaa, Honuapo, and Keauhou Landing were severely damaged and the village ofpua was destroyed.According to one account, the tsunami "rolled in over the tops of the coconut trees, probably 60 feet high ....

inland a distance of a quarter of a mile in some places, taking out to sea when it returned, houses, men, women,and almost everything movable." This was reported in the 1988 edition of Walter C. Dudley's book "Tsunami!"(ISBN 0-8248-1125-9).

1868: Arica, Chile

On August 16, 1868, an earthquake with a magnitude estimated at 8.5 struck the oceanic trench currentlyknown as the Peru-Chile Trench. A resulting tsunami struck the port of Arica, then part of Peru, killing anestimated 25,000 in Arica and 70,000 in all. Three military vessels anchored at Arica, the US warship Wateree

and the storeshipFredonia, and the Peruvian warshipAmerica, were swept up by the tsunami.[26]

1883: Krakatoa, Sunda Strait, Indonesia

Main article: 1883 eruption of Krakatoa

The island volcano of Krakatoa in Indonesia exploded with devastating fury on August 2627, 1883, blowing itsunderground magma chamber partly empty so that much overlying land and seabed collapsed into it. A series oflarge tsunami waves was generated from the collapse, some reaching a height of over 40 meters above sea level.Tsunami waves were observed throughout the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and even as far away as theAmerican West Coast, and South America. On the facing coasts of Java and Sumatra the sea flood went manymiles inland and caused such vast loss of life that one area was never resettled but reverted to the jungle and isnow the Ujung Kulon nature reserve.

1896: Meiji Sanriku, Japan ()

Main article: 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake

On 15 June 1896, at around 19:36 local time, a large undersea earthquake off the Sanriku coast of northeasternHonsh, Japan, triggered tsunami waves which struck the coast about half an hour later. Although theearthquake itself is not thought to have resulted in any fatalities, the waves, which reached a height of 100 feet(30 m), killed approximately 27,000 people. In 2005 the same general area was hit by the 2005 Sanriku JapanEarthquake, but with no major tsunami.

19001950

1908: Messina, Italy


0 6/13/2011 1


10/20

The aftermath of the tsunami that

struck Messina in 1908.

The aftermath of the tsunami that struck

Newfoundland in 1929.

The 1908 Messina earthquake in Italy, triggered a large tsunami thattook more than 70,000 lives.

1923: Kanto, Japan ()

Main article: Great Kanto Earthquake

The Great Kanto Earthquake, which occurred in eastern Japan on 1

September 1923, and devastated Tokyo, Yokohama and the surroundingareas, caused tsunamis which struck the Shonan coast, Boso Peninsula,Izu Islands and the east coast of Izu Peninsula, within minutes in somecases. In Atami, waves reaching 12 meters were recorded. Examples oftsunami damage include about 100 people killed along Yuigahama beach in Kamakura and an estimated 50people on the Enoshima causeway. However, tsunamis only accounted for a small proportion of the final deathtoll of over 100,000, most of whom were killed in fire.

1929: Newfoundland

On November 18, 1929, an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurredbeneath the Laurentian Slope on the Grand Banks. The quake wasfelt throughout the Atlantic Provinces of Canada and as far west asOttawa and as far south as Claymont, Delaware. The resultingtsunami measured over 7 meters in height and took about 2 hoursto reach the Burin Peninsula on the south coast of Newfoundland,where 28 people lost their lives in various communities. It alsosnapped telegraph lines laid under the Atlantic.

1933: Showa Sanriku, Japan ()

Main article: 1933 Sanriku earthquake

On March 3, 1933, the Sanriku coast of northeastern Honsh, Japan which had already suffered a devastatingtsunami in 1896 (see above) was again stuck by tsunami waves as a result of an offshore magnitude 8.1earthquake. The quake destroyed about 5,000 homes and killed 3,068 people, the vast majority as a result oftsunami waves. Especially hard hit was the coastal village of Taro (now part of Miyako city) in IwatePrefecture, which lost 42% of its total population and 98% of its buildings. Taro is now protected by anenormous tsunami wall, currently 10 meters in height and over 2 kilometers long. The original wall, constructedin 1958, saved Taro from destruction of the 1960 Chilean tsunami (see below). However it failed to protect Taro

from the 2011 Thoku earthquake and tsunami which inundated the village with 12-15 meters of water.[27]

1944: Tonankai, Japan ()

Main article: 1944 Tnankai earthquake

A magnitude 8.0 earthquake on 7 December 1944, about 20 km off the Shima Peninsula in Japan, which struckthe Pacific coast of central Japan, mainly Mie, Aichi, and Shizuoka Prefectures. News of the event wasdownplayed by the authorities in order to protect wartime morale, and as a result the full extent of the damage isnot known, but the quake is estimated to have killed 1223 people, the tsunami being the leading cause of thefatalities. ja:


20 6/13/2011 1


11/20

Residents run from an approaching tsunami

in Hilo, Hawaii.

1946: Nankaid, Japan ()

Main article: 1946 Nankaid earthquake

The Nankai earthquake on 21 December 1946 had a magnitude of 8.4 and hit at 4:19 [local time]. There was acatastrophic earthquake on the southwest of Japan in the Nankai Trough. It was felt almost everywhere in thecentral and western parts of the country. The tsunami that washed away 1451 houses and caused 1500 deaths in

Japan. It was observed on tide gauges in California, Hawaii, and Peru.[14]

The Nankai megathrust earthquakes are periodic earthquakes occurring off the southern coast of Kii Peninsulaand Shikoku, Japan every 100 to 150 years. Particularly hard hit were the coastal towns of Kushimoto andKainan on the Kii Peninsula. The quake led to more than 1400 deaths, tsunami being the leading cause.measuring 8.4.

1946: Aleutian Islands

Main article: 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake

On April 1, 1946, the Aleutian Islands tsunami killed 159 people onHawaii and five in Alaska (the lighthouse keepers at the Scotch CapLight in the Aleutians). It resulted in the creation of a tsunamiwarning system known as the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center(PTWC), established in 1949 for Oceania countries. The tsunami isknown as the April Fools Day Tsunami in Hawaii due to peoplethinking the warnings were an April Fools prank.

19502000

1952: Severo-Kurilsk, Kuril Islands, USSR

Main article: 1952 Severo-Kurilsk tsunami

The November 5, 1952 tsunami killed 2,336 on the Kuril Islands, USSR.

1958: Lituya Bay, Alaska, USA

Main article: 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami

On July 9, 1958, an earthquake caused a megatsunami to reach a height taller than the Empire State Building,

measuring over 520 metres (1,706 ft), killing two.

1960: Valdivia, Chile

Main article: 1960 Valdivia earthquake

The magnitude-9.5 Great Chilean Earthquake of May 22, 1960 is the strongest earthquake ever recorded. Itsepicenter, off the coast of South Central Chile, generated one of the most destructive tsunami of the 20thCentury. It also caused a volcanic eruption.

It spread across the entire Pacific Ocean, with waves measuring up to 25 meters high. The first tsunami arrived


20 6/13/2011 1


12/20

The Vajont Dam as seen fromLongarone today, showing

approximately the top 60-70 metres of

concrete. The 200-250 metre wall of

water (megatsunami) that over-topped

the dam would have obscured virtually

all of the sky in this picture.

at Hilo approximately 14.8 hrs after it originated off the coast of South Central Chile. The highest wave at HiloBay was measured at around 10.7 m (35 ft). 61 lives were lost allegedly due to people's failure to heed warningsirens.

Almost 22 hours after the quake, the waves hit the ill-fated Sanriku coast of Japan, reaching up to 3 m abovehigh tide, and killed 142 people. Up to 6,000 people died in total worldwide due to the earthquake and

tsunami.[28]

1963: Vajont Dam, Monte Toc, Italy

Main article: Vajont Dam

The Vajont Dam was completed in 1961 under Monte Toc, 100 km northof Venice, Italy. At 262 metres, it was one of the highest dams in theworld. On October 9, 1963 an enormous landslide of about 260 millioncubic metres of forest, earth, and rock, fell into the reservoir at up to110 km per hour (68 mph). The resulting displacement of water caused50 million cubic metres of water to overtop the dam in a 250-metre high

megatsunami wave. The flooding destroyed the villages of Longarone,Pirago, Rivalta, Villanova and Fa, killing 1,450 people. Almost 2,000people (some sources report 1,909) perished in total.

1964: Niigata, Japan ()

The 1964 Niigata earthquake in Japan killed 28 people, and liquefactedwhole apartment buildings. A subsequent tsunami destroyed the port ofNiigata city. ja:

1964: Alaska, USA

Main article: 1964 Alaska earthquake

After the magnitude 9.2 Good Friday Earthquake, tsunamis struckAlaska, British Columbia, California, and coastal Pacific Northwesttowns, killing 121 people. The waves were up to 100 feet (30 m) tall, andkilled 11 people as far away as Crescent City, California. This happenedon March 27, 1964. The incident was covered in Dennis Powers' TheRaging Sea: The Powerful Account of the Worst Tsunami in U.S. History (ISBN 0806526823).

1976: Moro Gulf, Mindanao, Philippines

On August 16, 1976 at 12:11 A.M., a devastating earthquake of 7.9 hit the island of Mindanao, Philippines. Itcreated a tsunami that devastated more than 700 km of coastline bordering Moro Gulf in the North Celebes Sea.An estimated number of victims for this tragedy left 5,000 dead, 2,200 missing or presumed dead, more than9,500 injured and a total of 93,500 people were left homeless. It devastated the cities of Cotabato, Pagadian,and Zamboanga, and the and provinces of Basilan, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, SultanKudarat, Sulu, and Zamboanga del Sur.

1979: Tumaco, Colombia


20 6/13/2011 1


13/20

A magnitude 7.9 earthquake occurred on December 12, 1979 at 7:59:4.3 UTC along the Pacific coast ofColombia and Ecuador. The earthquake and the resulting tsunami caused the destruction of at least six fishingvillages and the death of hundreds of people in the Colombian Department of Nario. The earthquake was felt inBogot, Cali, Popayn, Buenaventura, and several other cities and towns in Colombia and in Guayaquil,Esmeraldas, Quito, and other parts of Ecuador. When the tsunami hit the coast, it caused huge destruction in thecity of Tumaco, as well as in the small towns of El Charco, San Juan, Mosquera, and Salahonda on the Pacificcoast of Colombia. The total number of victims of this tragedy was 259 dead, 798 wounded and 95 missing orpresumed dead.

1980: Spirit Lake, Washington, USA

Main articles: Spirit Lake (Washington), 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, and Mount St. Helens

On May 18, 1980, the upper 460m (1400 ft) of Mount St. Helens had failed, in the course of a major eruption ofthat volcano, causing a major landslide. One lobe of the landslide surged onto the nearby Spirit Lake, creating a

megatsunami of 260 meters high.[29]

1983: Sea of Japan ()

On May 26, 1983 at 11:59:57 local time, a magnitude-7.7 earthquake occurred in the Sea of Japan, about100 km west of the coast of Noshiro in Akita Prefecture, Japan. Out of the 107 fatalities, all but four were killedby the resulting tsunami, which struck communities along the coast, especially Aomori and Akita Prefecturesand the east coast of Noto Peninsula. Footage of the tsunami hitting the fishing harbor of Wajima on NotoPeninsula was broadcast on TV. The waves exceeded 10 meters in some areas. Three of the fatalities were alongthe east coast of South Korea (whether North Korea was affected is not known). The tsunami also hit OkushiriIsland, the site of a more deadly tsunami 10 years later. ja:

1993: Okushiri, Hokkaido, Japan ()

Main article: 1993 Hokkaido earthquake

A devastating tsunami wave occurred along the coasts of Hokkaid in Japan as a result of a magnitude 7.8earthquake, 80 miles (130 km) offshore, on July 12, 1993.

Within minutes, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a tsunami warning that was broadcast on NHK inEnglish and Japanese (archived at NHK library (http://library.skr.jp/19930712_nanseioki.htm) ). However, itwas too late for Okushiri, a small island near the epicenter, which was struck with extremely big waves, somereaching 30 meters, within two to five minutes of the quake. Aonae, a village on a low-lying peninsula at thesouthern tip of the island, was devastated over the course of the following hour by 13 waves of over two metersheight arriving from multiple directions, including waves that had bounced back off Hokkaiddespite beingsurrounded by tsunami barriers. Of 250 people killed as a result of the quake, 197 were victims of the series oftsunamis that hit Okushiri; the waves also caused deaths on the coast of Hokkaid. While many residents,remembering the 1983 tsunami (see above), survived by quickly evacuating on foot to higher ground, it isthought that many others underestimated how soon the waves would arrive (the 1983 tsunami took 17 minutesto hit Okushiri) and were killed as they attempted to evacuate by car along the villages narrow lanes. Thehighest wave of the tsunami was a staggering 31 meters (102 ft) high. ja:

1998: Papua New Guinea

Main article: 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake


20 6/13/2011 1


14/20

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake;

Tsunami strikes Ao Nang, Thailand.

On 17 July 1998, a Papua New Guinea tsunami killed approximately 2,200 people.[30] A 7.1-magnitudeearthquake 24 km offshore was followed within 11 minutes by a tsunami about 15 metres tall. The tsunami wasgenerated by an undersea landslide, which was triggered by the earthquake. The magnitude of the earthquakewas too low to generate a tsunami. The villages of Arop and Warapu were destroyed.

2000s

2004: Indian Ocean

Main article: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which had a moment magnitude of

9.19.3,[31] triggered a series of lethal tsunamis on December 26, 2004,that killed approximately 230,210 people (including 168,000 inIndonesia alone), making it the deadliest tsunami as well as one of thedeadliest natural disasters in recorded history. It was also caused by thethird largest earthquake in recorded history. The initial surge was

measured at a height of approximately 33 meters (108 ft), making it thelargest earthquake-generated tsunami in recorded history. The tsunamikilled people over an area ranging from the immediate vicinity of thequake in Indonesia, Thailand, and the north-western coast of Malaysia,to thousands of kilometres away in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, theMaldives, and even as far away as Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania ineastern Africa. This trans-Indian Ocean tsunami is an example of a teletsunami, which can travel vast distancesacross the open ocean. In this case, it is an ocean-wide tsunami.

Unlike in the Pacific Ocean, there was no organized alert service covering the Indian Ocean. This was in partdue to the absence of major tsunami events since 1883 (the Krakatoa eruption, which killed 36,000 people). In

light of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, UNESCO and other world bodies have called for an internationaltsunami monitoring system.

2006: South of Java Island

Main article: July 2006 Java earthquake

A 7.7 magnitude earthquake rocked the Indian Ocean seabed on July 17, 2006, 200 km south of Pangandaran, abeautiful beach famous to surfers for its perfect waves. This earthquake triggered tsunamis which height variedfrom 2 meters at Cilacap to 6 meters at Cimerak beach, where it swept away and flattened buildings as far as400 meters away from the coastline. More than 800 people were reported missing or dead.

2006: Kuril Islands

Main article: 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake

On 15 November 2006, a magnitude 8.3 earthquake occurred off the coast near the Kuril Islands. In spite of thequake's large 8.3 magnitude, a relatively small tsunami was generated. The small tsunami was recorded orobserved in Japan and at distant locations throughout the Pacific.

2007: Solomon Islands


20 6/13/2011 1


15/20

Destruction provoked by the 2010

Chile earthquake and tsunami, in

Pichilemu, O'Higgins Region, Chile.

Main article: 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake

On April 24, 2007, a powerful magnitude 8.1 (initially 7.6) earthquake hit the East Pacific region about 40 km(25 miles), south of Ghizo Island in the western Solomon Islands at 7:39 a.m., resulting in a tsunami that was upto 12 m (36 feet) tall. The wave, which struck the coast of Solomon Islands (mainly Choiseul, Ghizo Island,Ranongga, and Simbo), triggered region-wide tsunami warnings and watches extending from Japan to NewZealand to Hawaii and the eastern seaboard of Australia. The tsunami that followed the earthquake killed 52people. Dozens more have been injured with entire towns inundated by the sweeping water which traveled 300

meters inland in some places. A state of national emergency was declared for the Solomon Islands. On the islandof Choiseul, a wall of water reported to be 9.1 m (30 feet) high swept almost 400 meters inland destroyingeverything in its path. The largest waves hit the northern tip of Simbo Island. There two villages, Tapurai andRiquru, were completely destroyed by a 12 m wave, killing 10 people. Officials estimate that the tsunamidisplaced more than 5000 residents all over the archipelago.

2007: Niigata, Japan ()

Main article: 2007 Niigata earthquake

On 16 July 2007, a strong earthquake struck northwestern Japan, causing a fire and minor radioactive water leakat one of the world's most powerful nuclear power plants. At least seven people were killed and hundredsinjured. Japan's Meteorological Agency measured the quake at 6.8 on the richter scale and sending aftershocksof 6.6. The U.S. Geological Survey, which monitors quakes around the world, said the initial quake registered6.7. A tsunami watch was issued along the Sea of Japan. The predicted height of the tsunami was estimated to

be 50 cm (20 inches).[32] That earthquake sparked only a few small tsunamis, growing to be no more than about20 cm (8 inches) tall. However, the 1964 quake and tsunami north of the current one destroyed the port of thecity of Niigata. ja:

2010: Chile

Main article: 2010 Chile earthquake

The seismic event in the southern Pacific produced waves measuring1.89 meters along the Sanriku Coastline of northeastern Honshu in

Japan.[33]

2011: New Zealand

Main article: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

On February 22, 2011, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake hit the CanterburyRegion of the South Island, New Zealand. Some 200 kilometres (120 mi)away from the earthquake's epicenter, around 30 million tonnes of icetumbled off the Tasman Glacier into Tasman Lake, producing a series of3.5 m (11 ft) high tsunami waves, which hit tourist boats in the

lake.[34][35]

2011: Pacific coast of Japan

Main article: 2011 Thoku earthquake and tsunami


20 6/13/2011 1


16/20

On March 11, 2011, off the Pacific coast of Japan, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake produced a tsunami 33 feet(10 m) high along Japan's northeastern coast. The wave caused widespread devastation, with an official count ofmore than 25,000 people confirmed to be killed/missing. The highest tsunami which was recorded at Ryri Bay,

funato, reached a total height of 97 feet (30 m).[36] In addition the tsunami precipitated multiple hydrogenexplosions and nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant. Tsunami warnings were issued to the

entire Pacific Rim.[37][38]

Highest or tallest

Main article: Megatsunami

The tallest tsunami ever recorded so far is the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami, which had a record heightof 524 m (1742 ft).The only otherrecentmegatsunamis are the 1980 Spirit Lake megatsunami, which measured 260 m(780 ft) tall and the 1963 Vajont Dam megatsunami which had an initial height of 250 m (750 ft)

Deadliest

The deadliest tsunami in recorded history was the 2004 Asian tsunami, which killed almost 230,000 people ineleven countries across the Indian Ocean.

Other historic tsunamis

Other tsunamis that have occurred include the following:

ca. 500 BC: Poompuhar, Tamil Nadu, India, Maldives1541: a tsunami struck the earliest European settlement in Brazil, So Vicente. There is no record of

deaths or injuries, but the town was almost completely destroyed.

South Asia

Tsunamis in South AsiaSource: Amateur Seismic Centre, India

[39]

Date Location

1524 Near Dabhol, Maharashtra

2 April 1762 Arakan Coast, Myanmar

16 June 1819 Rann of Kachchh, Gujarat, India

31 October 1847 Great Nicobar Island, India

31 December 1881 Car Nicobar Island, India

26 August 1883 Krakatoa, Sunda Strait, Indonesia

28 November 1945 Mekran coast, Balochistan

North America and the Caribbean


20 6/13/2011 1


17/20

1690 - Nevis14 November 1840 - Great Swell on the Delaware River18 November 1867 - Virgin Islands17 November 1872 - Maine11 October 1918 - Puerto Rico9 January 1926 - Maine4 August 1946 - Dominican Republic18 August 1946 - Dominican Republic

15 November 2006 - Crescent City, CA

Possible

35 million years ago - Chesapeake Bay impact crater, Chesapeake Bay9 June 1913 - Longport, NJ6 August 1923 - Rockaway Park, Queens, NY.8 August 1924 - Coney Island, NY.19 August 1931 - Atlantic City, NJ22 June 1932 - Cuyutln, Colima, Mexico19 May 1964 - Northeast USA4 July 1992 - Daytona Beach, FL

Source: NOAA National Weather Service Forecast Office (http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/phi/reports/tsunami.htm)

,[40]

Europe

6100 BC - Storegga Slide, Norway - The Storegga slide generated a huge tsunami that washed through theNorth Atlantic Ocean, hitting Norway, Iceland and the east coast of Scotland, where it reached a height of21 metres, and even washed over some of the Shetland Islands.

11 January 1683 - An earthquake in Italy triggered a tsunami that killed more than 1000 people.6 February 1783 - An offshore earthquake in Southern Italy caused a tsunami that killed around 1500people.20 September 1867 - An earthquake in Greece caused a tsunami that killed 12 people.11 September 1930 - 2 people were killed by a tsunami in Italy, caused by an undersea earthquakemeasuring 7.7 on the Richter Scale.9 July 1956 - An earthquake in Greece generated a tsunami that drowned 4 people.28 February 1969 - A submarine earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter Scale, with its epicentre of thecoast of Portugal, caused a tsunami that hit Northern Portugal, parts of Spain, and Morocco. No liveswere lost.16 October 1979 - 23 people died when the coast of Nice, France, was hit by a tsunami, caused by an

undersea landslide. The sea suddenly receded from the shore and returned in two huge waves, hitting a36-mile (58 km)-long coastal stretch. Hundreds of boats were overturned, and 11 people working in ashipyard were drowned.13 December 1990 - 6 people died when an undersea earthquake in Italy caused a tsunami.17 August 1999 - The 1999 zmit earthquake in Northwest Turkey triggered a 2 metre high tsunami in the

Sea of Marmara.[41][42][43][44]

Possible

43 BC: a massive and widespread oceanic flood with large-scale destruction was reported by multiple


20 6/13/2011 1


18/20

ancient writers for the Western Mediterranean regions of the Tyrrhenian Coast, most notably near Ostia,and for Gibraltar and the Atlas region, while the possible tsunami also created a flood of the Tiber in the

city of Rome.[45]

The 1607 Bristol Channel floods, which were traditionally believed to be a massive storm surge, couldpossibly have been a tsunami, caused by an earthquake or landslide off the coast of Southern Ireland.There is some evidence suggesting it was a tsunami, but not enough to confirm. It was the deadliestnatural disaster in the history of the United Kingdom, and killed around 2000 people from Somerset toCardiff.

See also

TsunamiTsunamis in the United KingdomList of deadly earthquakes since 1900List of earthquakesList of natural disasters by death toll

References^ Thucydides: A History of the Peloponnesian War, 3.89.1-5 (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+3.89.1)

1.

^ Smid, T. C.: "'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature", Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser., Vol. 17, No. 1 (Apr., 1970), pp.100-104 (102f.)

2.

^ Herodotus: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+8.129.1 "The Histories", 8.1293.^ Bondevik, Stein; Dawson, Sue; Dawson, Alastair; Lohne, ystein (5 August 2003). "Record-breaking Height for8000-Year-Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic" (http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/729/1/Bondevik-al-03-EOS.pdf) .

EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union84 (31): 289, 293. Bibcode 2003EOSTr..84..289B(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EOSTr..84..289B) . doi:10.1029/2003EO310001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2003EO310001) . http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/729/1/Bondevik-al-03-EOS.pdf. Retrieved

2007-01-15.

4.

^ Bondevik, S; Lovholt, F; Harbitz, C; Stormo, S; Skjerdal, G (2006). "The Storegga Slide Tsunami - Deposits,Run-up Heights and Radiocarbon Dating of the 8000-Year-Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic". AmericanGeophysical Union meeting.

5.

^ Antonopoulos, John: "The Tsunami of 426 BC in the Maliakos Gulf, Eastern Greece",Natural Hazards, Vol. 5(1992), pp.83-93

6.

^ Smid, T. C.: "'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature", Greece & Rome, 2nd Ser., Vol. 17, No. 1 (Apr., 1970), pp.100-104 (103f.)

7.

^ Paul Kronfield. "The Lost Cities of Ancient Helike: Principal Ancient Sources" (http://www.helike.org/sources2.shtml) . Helike.org. http://www.helike.org/sources2.shtml. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

8.

^ Cf. tsunami-ID 01, in: Tinti S., Maramai A., Graziani L. (2007). The Italian Tsunami Catalogue (ITC)(http://portale.ingv.it/portale_ingv/resources/folder-data-bases/tsunami-catalogue/catalogue-of-the-italian-tsunamis/view?set_language=en) , Version 2 (Windows database software).

9.

^ ab Kelly, Gavin: Ammianus and the Great Tsunami, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 94 (2004), pp.141-167 (141)

10.

^ Stanley, Jean-Daniel & Jorstad, Thomas F. (2005): "The 365 A.D. Tsunami Destruction of Alexandria, Egypt:Erosion, Deformation of Strata and Introduction of Allochthonous Material (http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2005AM/finalprogram/abstract_96386.htm) "

11.

^ Stiros, Stathis C.: The A.D. 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during the fourth to sixthcenturies AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical and archaeological data,Journal of StructuralGeology, Vol. 23 (2001), pp. 545-562 (549 & 557)

12.

^ "Fault found for Mediterranean 'day of horror'."New Scientistmagazine, 15 March 2008, p. 16.13.^ abcdefgh Paula Dunbar (2005-09-20). "JNOAA Earthquake Database Query" (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov14.


20 6/13/2011 1


19/20

/nndc/struts/results?bt_0=-2150&st_0=2005&type_17=Or&query_17=None+Selected&type_12=EXACT&query_12=JAPAN&type_12=Or&query_14=None+Selected&type_3=Like&query_3=&st_1=&bt_2=&st_2=&bt_1=&bt_4=&st_4=&bt_5=&st_5=&bt_6=&st_6=&bt_7=&st_7=&bt_8=&st_8=&bt_9=&st_9=&bt_10=&st_10=&type_11=Exact&query_11=&type_16=Exact&query_16=&display_look=1&t=101650&s=1&submit_all=Search+Database) . Ngdc.noaa.gov. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?bt_0=-2150&st_0=2005&type_17=Or&query_17=None+Selected&type_12=EXACT&query_12=JAPAN&type_12=Or&query_14=None+Selected&type_3=Like&query_3=&st_1=&bt_2=&st_2=&bt_1=&bt_4=&st_4=&bt_5=&st_5=&bt_6=&st_6=&bt_7=&st_7=&bt_8=&st_8=&bt_9=&st_9=&bt_10=&st_10=&type_11=Exact&query_11=&type_16=Exact&query_16=&display_look=1&t=101650&s=1&submit_all=Search+Database. Retrieved2011-03-11.^ [1] (http://contest.thinkquest.gr.jp/tqj2000/30295/history/japan.html)15.^ (Earth and Planetary Science Letters, DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.021). In: "Fault found for Mediterranean 'dayof horror'."New Scientistmagazine, 15 March 2008, p. 16.

16.

^ Kamio, Kenji, and Willson, H.An English Guide to Kamakura's Temples and Shrines, pp.143-144.17.^ Ishabashi, K. (1981). "Specification of a soon-to-occur seismic faulting in the Tokai District, central Japan, basedon seismotectoncs" (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7RF-9gKyJEC&pg=PA324&dq=1498+nankai+earthquake&hl=en&ei=HALMTLzyBIXsOf366dsB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=1498%20nankai%20earthquake&f=false) . In Simpson D.W. &Pichards P.G..Earthquake prediction: an international review. Maurice Ewing Series. 4. American GeophysicalUnion. pp. 323-324. ISBN 9780875904030. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7RF-9gKyJEC&pg=PA324&

dq=1498+nankai+earthquake&hl=en&ei=HALMTLzyBIXsOf366dsB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=1498%20nankai%20earthquake&f=false.

18.

^ Vila, P. (1948). "La destruccin de Nueva Cdiz terremoto o huracn?". Boletn de la Academia National de laHistoria31: 213219.

19.

^ Bryant, Edward; Haslett, Simon (2002). "Was the AD 1607 Coastal Flooding Event in the Severn Estuary andBristol Channel (UK) Due to a Tsumani?" (http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=scipapers) .Archaeology in the Severn Estuary (13): 163167. ISSN 1354-7089 (http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-7089) . http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=scipapers.

20.

^ Brian F. Atwater, Musumi-Rokkaku Satoko, Satake Kenji, Tsuji Yoshinobu, Ueda Kazue, and David K.Yamaguchi prepared a "scientific detective story" investigating this tsunami entitled The Orphan Tsunami of1700Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America, online document (http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1707/)

21.

^ Satake, K. (2007). "Volcanic origin of the 1741 Oshima-Oshima tsunami in the Japan Sea"(http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2007/5905/59050381.pdf) .Earth Planets Space59: 381390.Bibcode 2007EP&S...59..381S (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EP&S...59..381S) . http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2007/5905/59050381.pdf. Retrieved 7 November 2010.

22.

^ NGDC. "Comments for the Tsunami Event" (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?EQ_0=419&t=101650&s=9&d=99,91,95,93&nd=display) . http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?EQ_0=419&t=101650&s=9&d=99,91,95,93&nd=display. Retrieved 7 November 2010.

23.

^ "" (http://www3.pref.okinawa.jp/site/view/contview.jsp?cateid=41&id=3360&page=1) . .pref.okinawa.jp.http://www3.pref.okinawa.jp/site/view/contview.jsp?cateid=41&id=3360&page=1. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

24.

^(Japanese) (http://www.bo-sai.co.jp/anseinankai.htm)25.^ "The 1868 Arica Tsunami" (http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/peru/ptsu_1868.html) . Usc.edu.http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/peru/ptsu_1868.html. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

26.

^ >"A story of survival rises from the ruins of a fishing village" (http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/954436--a-story-of-survival-rises-from-the-ruins-of-a-fishing-village) . Toronto Star. 2011-03-15.http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/954436--a-story-of-survival-rises-from-the-ruins-of-a-fishing-village.Retrieved 2011-03-19.

27.

^ "Emergency & Disasters Data Base" (http://www.em-dat.net) . CRED. http://www.em-dat.net. Retrieved2006-05-30.

28.

^ http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.1983.33.3.24329.^ "Tsunamis and Earthquakes - 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami Descriptive Model - USGS WCMG"(http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/PNG.html) . Walrus.wr.usgs.gov. http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/PNG.html.Retrieved 2011-03-11.

30.

^ "USDOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC- Tsunami Information, Dec 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake"31.


20 6/13/2011 1


20/20

(http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/spotlight/tsunami/tsunami.html) . Ngdc.noaa.gov. 2004-12-26. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/spotlight/tsunami/tsunami.html. Retrieved 2011-03-11.^ "Strong quake jolts Japan, tsunami alert issued" (http://in.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2007-07-16T073108Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_India-284910-3.xml) .Reuters. http://in.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2007-07-16T073108Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_India-284910-3.xml. Retrieved 2007-07-16.

32.

^ "Tsunamis up to 1.9 meters hit Sanriku coast after Chile quake," (http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/tsunamis-up-to-19-meters-hit-sanriku-coast-after-chile-quake) Japan Today. March 6, 2010.

33.

^ "Ice breaks off glacier after Christchurch quake - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"(http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/02/22/3146052.htm?section=world) . Abc.net.au. 2011-02-22.http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/02/22/3146052.htm?section=world. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

34.

^ "Quake shakes 30m tonnes of ice off glacier - National - NZ Herald News" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10708071) . Nzherald.co.nz. 2011-02-22. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10708071. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

35.

^ http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/30_03.html36.^ "Japan Hit by 33ft Tsunami" (http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/233949/Japan-hit-by-33ft-tsunami-after-massive-earthquake-in-Pacific/) .Daily Express (London). March 11, 2011. http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/233949/Japan-hit-by-33ft-tsunami-after-massive-earthquake-in-Pacific/. Retrieved 12 March 2011.

37.

^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/events/japan-quake-2011/beforeafter.htm38.^ ":: ASC :: Tsunamis & Seiches in south Asia" (http://asc-india.org/menu/waves.htm) . Asc-india.org. http://asc-

india.org/menu/waves.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

39.

^ "Tsunamis en Mxico :: Investigaciones" (http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/investigaciones/420997.html). esmas. http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/investigaciones/420997.html. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

40.

^ "Marine Georesources & Geotechnology" (http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/(v5vg3l2tc4kfq2m223kj2l45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,3,4;journal,18,26;linkingpublicationresults,1:102476,1) .Taylorandfrancis.metapress.com. http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/(v5vg3l2tc4kfq2m223kj2l45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,3,4;journal,18,26;linkingpublicationresults,1:102476,1. Retrieved2011-03-11.

41.

^ [2] (http://www.azurseisme.com/Tsunamis.htm)42.^ http://www.lamouettelaurentine.com/st_laurent_du_var/port/tsunami.htm43.^ "THE 1979 NICE AIRPORT CATASTROPH REVISITED" (http://cdf.u-3mrs.fr/~lepichon/2006col_fichiers/livret.pdf) (PDF). http://cdf.u-3mrs.fr/~lepichon/2006col_fichiers/livret.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-11.

44.

^ "The Tyrrhenian Sea and Tiber flood of 43 BCE: a possible tsunami" (http://divusjulius.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/darknesshour6/#a02) . 2010-04-01. http://divusjulius.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/darknesshour6/#a02.Retrieved 2011-05-06.

45.

External links

Tinti S., Maramai A., Graziani L. (2007). The Italian Tsunami Catalogue (ITC) (http://portale.ingv.it/portale_ingv/resources/folder-data-bases/tsunami-catalogue/catalogue-of-the-italian-tsunamis/view?set_language=en) , Version 2 (Windows software database)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_tsunamis"

Categories: Tsunamis in Japan | Tsunamis | Disasters in Japan

This page was last modified on 6 June 2011 at 17:14.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms mayapply. See Terms of Use for details.Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.


Historic Tsunamis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Documents

Transcript of Historic Tsunamis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia