Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment · 2019-04-03 · Slinter Mill Ponds Cromford,...

SLINTER MILL PONDS

CROMFORD, DERBYSHIRE

HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

Slinter Mill Ponds Cromford, Derbyshire Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment

Document Title Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment

Prepared for DerwentWISE

Prepared by TEP - Market Harborough

Document Ref 5645.003

Author Jason Clarke

Date March 2017

Checked Helena Kelly

Approved Helena Kelly

Amendment History

Version Date Modified

by

Check /

Approved

by

Reason(s) issue Status

2 08/03/2017 JC HK Update following client comments Final Issue


5645.003 Version 2.0

March 2017

CONTENTS PAGE

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1

2.0 Method .................................................................................................................... 2

3.0 Slinter Mill Ponds Historic Background .................................................................... 4

References ......................................................................................................................... 17

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Gazetteer of known heritage assets

APPENDIX B: Gazetteer of known structures along the Slinter Mill Ponds

APPENDIX C: Figures


5645.003 Page 1 March 2017 Version 2.0

1.0 Introduction

1.1 In September 2013 the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) gave the go ahead for the Lower

Derwent Valley Landscape Partnership – DerwentWISE. This £2.5 million five year

project aims to inspire people to learn about and take care of the landscape of the

Lower Derwent Valley.

1.2 The Partnership is led by Derbyshire Wildlife Trust and includes Natural England;

Derbyshire County Council; Historic England; National Stone Centre; Fleet Arts; The

Arkwright Society; Environment Agency; Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site

Partnership; Derbyshire Dales District Council; Forestry Commission; Derby City

Council; Amber Valley CVS; University of Derby and Amber Valley Borough Council;

supported by the National Farmers Union.

1.3 The Slinter Mill Ponds Survey project has been commissioned by Derwent WISE to

provide an archaeological survey and management plan for the Slinter Mill Ponds.

The water course and remnants of the slinter ponds follow the steep sided and

wooded valley of the Bonsall Hollow, starting broadly from the Mill complex at the

turning from the A5012 to Bonsall (via the Clatterway) to the village of Cromford (SK

28363 57437 to SK 29228 57048). The ponds follow the southern side of the Via

Gellia (A5012), along a length of approximately 1151m. Cromford is well known

through its connection with Richard Arkwright, who established the first successful

water powered cotton mill here in 1771.

1.4 The Slinter Mill Ponds are within the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site and

buffer zone. The brief description of the WHS provided in the statement of

outstanding universal value is as follows:

The Derwent Valley in central England contains a series of 18th- and 19th- century

cotton mills and an industrial landscape of high historical and technological interest.

The modern factory owes its origins to the mills at Cromford, where Richard

Arkwright's inventions were first put into industrial-scale production. The workers'

housing associated with this and the other mills remains intact and illustrate the socio-

economic development of the area.

1.5 Aims of the Slinter Mill Ponds Survey project include community participation in the

archaeological survey such survey, investigative and restoration work, and future

proposals for caring for the site and the archaeological resource. Also to support the

establishment of a 'Friends of' group.

1.6 The project will comprise;

an assessment of available historical information;

production of a community engagement strategy, and

a building record and condition survey of archaeological remains.

1.7 These elements will all feed into a management Plan for the survey area. This report

provides the assessment of the available historical information.



2.0 Method

Study Area

2.1 The study area is located in the county of Derbyshire, and within the parishes of

Bonsall to the west and Cromford to east, between National Grid References

SK292570 and SK286571, and covers an area of approximately 4 ha and 0.40 miles

long. The study area is limited to an area that is owned by the Arkwright society with

the areas located outside of the area all in private ownership.

2.2 The study area comprises a series of former Millponds located on the Bonsall Brook

from the Cromford Corn Mill in the east and the Slinter Cottage Millpond upstream to

the north-west. The millponds form the westernmost limits of the Derwent Valley Mills

World Heritage Site and are owned by the Arkwright Society.

Data Sources

2.3 The following sources were consulted:

The National Heritage List for current data on designated heritage assets;

The National Monuments Record maintained by Historic England;

The Historic Environment Record (HER) maintained by Derbyshire County

Council;

Ordnance Survey historic mapping;

Derbyshire County Record Office/ Archives and Local Studies;

Archaeological Data Service;

Aerial photographs and satellite images;

British Geological Survey mapping;

The Arkwright Society.

2.4 The Historic Environment Record was consulted on 24th March 2016 and the

Derbyshire County Record Office was visited on 21st March 2016.

Site Visit

2.5 The development site was visited on 22nd March 2016. A walkover survey was

undertaken and a pro-forma record sheet was completed that recorded the following

data:

Date of survey

Surveyor(s)

Weather conditions

Building description

Known heritage assets (noting presence or absence and condition)

Health and safety

Gazetteers

2.6 A gazetteer has been created, noting each of the known heritage assets within the

study area. A number (e.g. (NDHA1) references the unique identifying number

allocated to heritage assets in the Gazetteer (Appendix A) and on Figure 1.

2.7 Abbreviations used are as follows:



LB – Listed Building

SM – Scheduled Monument

CA – Conservation Area

NDHA – Non-designated heritage asset

2.8 A second gazetteer has been created noting each of the known structures along the

Study area of the Bonsall Brook. A number (e.g. (SMP1) references the unique

number allocated to the known structures in the Gazetteer (Appendix B) and on

Figure 6.

2.9 Time periods referenced in the text are as follows:

Palaeolithic: 500,000 -10,000 BC

Mesolithic: 10,000 – 4,000 BC

Neolithic: 4,000 – 2,200 BC

Bronze Age: 2,600 - 800 BC

Iron Age: 800 BC – AD 43

Roman: 43 – 410

Medieval: 1066 – 1540

Post Medieval: 1540 - 1901

Modern: 1901 - present

Figures

2.10 The following figures have been produced:

Figure 1: The location of known heritage assets

Figure 2: 1841 Cromford township tithe map

Figure 3: County Series Ordnance Survey map 1880

Figure 4: County Series Ordnance Survey map 1899

Figure 5: Ordnance Survey map 1969

Figure 6: The location of known structures along the Slinter Mill Ponds



3.0 Slinter Mill Ponds Historic Background

Heritage Designations

3.1 The area of study is located at the western limits of the Derwent Valley Mills World

Heritage Site (WHS) and has a single Scheduled Monument (SM1), comprising the

entrance to Long Sough but is not located within the area of Slinter Mill ponds.

3.2 The area of Slinter Mill ponds is located within the Cromford Conservation area.

3.3 There is one grade II* (The Greyhound Hotel) and nine grade II listed buildings (LB)

within the study area, all date to the post medieval period and only LB7, Slinter Mill

cottage, and LB8 Cromford Corn mill are within the area of the Slinter Mill ponds.

3.4 There are twenty six non designated heritage assets (NDHA) within the area of study,

the majority, (24), date to the post medieval period and relate to either industrial

activity (mining and the Mills) or the expansion of Cromford during this time. There is

a single findspot of Roman pottery (NDHA 1) and a findspot of Palaeolithic animal

bones (NDHA2).

Historic Map Regression

3.5 Available historic mapping from 1841 to 1992 has been reviewed, starting with the

earliest and working towards the most recent, to determine the historic development

of the site, as illustrated by historic mapping, and the following provides a summary

of the review.

Table 1; Summary of historic map regression

Map Date Comment

Cromford Township Tithe Map

1841 The Slinter Mill Ponds, as part of Bonsall Brook, are shown at the northern extent of the Cromford Township Tithe Map. The map shows the majority of the Slinter Mill Ponds however loses detail around the Slinter Cottage structure and the first mill pond. Slinter Cottage is not directly named on this map or within the associated Award, however is referred to as Slag Mill.

Each mill pond is shown as a separate plot for Tithe recording purposes, each is separated by a dam. There are seven mill ponds between Slinter Cottage and Cromford Corn Mill. The ponds are in working condition with a goit channel running to the south of the pond below Slinter Mill through Slinter Wood on the northern side of Slinter Tor from the pond Cromford Corn Mill.



Map Date Comment

County Series Ordnance Survey, 1:2,500

1880 The Ordnance Survey mapping provides additional detail with the Slinter Cottage structure recorded as ‘Saw Mill’ set within a timber yard. The ponds are shown as in the Tithe map however middle ponds are shown as silted up and reduced to a sinus brook feeding into Corn Mill pond.

The goit water channel is no longer shown as an open channel, instead it has been piped on the same route.

Cromford Corn Mill and hillside mill is shown as in the Tithe map.

The Toll Post is still shown in-situ along the Cromford to Hopton Moor Turnpike.

To the north of Slinter Mill Ponds there is a small area of quarrying at Ball Eye.


1899 The pond to the west of the Cromford corn mill is silted up and reduced to a sinus brook. This mill pond to the east of Slinter Mill Cottage is shown to have reduced by half.

Hillside corn mill is no longer shown on this map. The goit is no longer shown.

No further record of the Toll Post.


1922 All features as described above.









Map Date Comment


1969 All ponds except the Cromford corn mill pond have silted up and become a single sinus brook. The Cromford corn mill pond has been reduced to approximately quarter of its original size. Only two dams are present.

The Slinter Cottage structure is not named. Cromford Corn Mill is no longer named, instead the structure is shown as extended to the east and recorded as ‘Garage’.

The route of the goit is recorded as a path which is connected to a network of paths within the Slinter Wood area.

An extensive area of limestone quarrying is recorded at Ball Eye Quarry in Bonsall Hollow, north of the Via Gellia road.

To the south of the former Corn mill Hawthorn Drive has been constructed.




1976-1992

All features as described above.

3.6 The historic mapping confirms the extent of the Slinter Mill ponds from fully

functioning mill ponds with dams and sluice gates in the mid-19th century, until their

decline through silting in the 20th century. The mapping also confirms the route of

the 'goit' water channel and its subsequent infilling and piping as well as the

destruction of the hillside corn mill.

Site Geology and Topography

3.7 Cromford is located at the confluence of Bonsall Brook and Derwent. The Derwent

flows out of the limestone gorge at Cromford onto the softer Edale Shales. The

geology has been recorded by the British Geological Survey (BGS) as Dinantian

Rocks comprising Limestone with Subordinate Sandstone and Argillaceous rocks.



Cromford before the Mills

Prehistoric

3.8 There is little evidence of prehistoric activity within Cromford itself but within the wider

landscape the period is well represented. In the 17th century a number of Elephant

Bones and teeth (Asset ID: NDHA2), probably dating to the Palaeolithic were

discovered during lead mining on Balls Eye. Approximately 2km to the north-west, on

Masson Hill, is the site of a flat-top barrow of late Neolithic or early Bronze Age date,

this is a Scheduled Monument.

3.9 Further evidence for Bronze Age activity within the area comprises findspots of

bronze artefacts. To the north of Cromford a hoard of bronze artefacts, including a

Sword, axes and spearheads were found at Harp Edge in 1662.

3.10 Further Bronze Age findspots include a bronze palstave, found during an extension

to Dene Quarry, and another found during construction of a housing estate to the east

of Cromford.

Roman

3.11 The Roman period is not well represented within Cromford, with only a single pottery

find spot from Ball Eye quarry (Asset ID: NDHA2) recorded. It is however known that

there were lead mines in Derbyshire during the Roman period. The evidence for this

is indicted by finds of lead pigs with a concentration coming from the Matlock and

Wirksworth area, including Cromford. Although no lead workings have been

discovered from the Roman period it is probably due to the extensive activity of later

miners. The Roman name for the location of the Derbyshire lead-mining area has

been proposed as Lutudarum, a name derived from a number of lead pigs discovered

within the area. Wirksworth, Carsington and even Cromford have been proposed as

the locations for these industrial sites, although the name may not refer to a specific

settlement but rather a region of lead fields within which the settlement of Cromford

may have later developed.

3.12 It has been suggested that a Roman road ran to the area from Derby, connecting the

lead mining area and carrying on to Chesterfield.

Early Medieval

3.13 There is currently no recorded archaeological or documentary evidence for the early

medieval period in Cromford. Nearby Wirksworth was important at this time, for its

lead mining and as a site of an early church and possible monastery. It is likely that

lead rakes were continued to be exploited around Cromford and its inclusion within

the Domesday Book indicates it was in existence before the conquest.

Medieval

3.14 Cromford does not have a separate description in the Domesday Book, but is

included as one of berewicks of Wirksworth manor:



Outliners of this manor (Wirksworth). In CROMFORD 2 c; Middleton 2 c; Hopton 4 c;

Welledene 2 c; Carsington 2 c; Callow 2 c; (kirk) Ireton 4 c. Taxable 18c. of land.

Land for as many ploughs. In them 36 villagers and 13 smallholders who have 14

ploughs. Meadow, 14 acres; woodland pasture and underwood 3 leagues long and 2

wide.

3.15 Cromford formed part of the estates of the Crown in the 11th century. Domesday

Book provides the earliest written reference to Cromford, written as Crunforde, which

probably means 'ford by the bend' referring to its location on the River Derwent.

3.16 Lead mining continued to be important in the area within the medieval period with

three lead mines recorded in the manor of Wirksworth in the Domesday survey of

1086, with lead being the most renowned products of Derbyshire at this time.

3.17 The first Cromford corn mill was first recorded in 1276 as 'melendino de Cromford'

and was powered by the Bonsall Brook (Buxton and Chalton 2013). It was located

close to the bridge, somewhere between the bridge and the smelting mills.

Post-medieval

3.18 During the late 16th century lead smelting mills were built by Henry Cavendish which

were also powered by the Bonsall Brook, located between the first Cromford corn mill

and the river Derwent.

3.19 Both industrial and civil development continued into the 18th century when in 1736

the Cromford to Bonsall road was re-routed from its original route which ran at a

higher level over the flank of the hill from Town End, Bonsall to Stoney Way Road

(now Chapel Hill), a notoriously dangerous route. The new road, the present A5012,

was constructed by local lead miners, who according to a letter by Edmund Evans to

a local Bonsall land owner, were not paid but had their ale paid by donations.

3.20 The construction of private roads continued with Philip Gell, constructing the road

known as Via Gellia, now part of the modern A5012 to the north of Via Gellia mills,

through Griffe Grange Valley in 1791.

3.21 From 1804 until 1890 the new roads, (the modern A5012) was part of the turnpike

running from Cromford to Hopton Moor.

3.22 In 1775 an Act of Parliament was passed for the enclosure of Masson Common in

the parishes of Matlock and Bonsall. Cromford appears to have been enclosed

without an Act of Parliament.

3.23 From the mid to late 18th century many lead mines in the area had become

unworkable due to rising water levels, by the 19th century much of mining within

Slinter Wood had ceased.

3.24 The manor of Cromford was purchased by Sir William Cavendish, second husband

of Bess of Hardwick during the 16th century. It was then sold several times until it

was purchased from Peter Nightingale by Richard Arkwright in 1782 for the sum of

£30 000.



George Evans, Bonsall Brook and the Slinter Mill Ponds (1752 - 1789)

3.25 The Bonsall Brook rises to the north-west of Cromford and is joined by a tributary

from Bonsall, which it has taken its locally used name, at Ivanbrook Grange and runs

down the valley between Griffe Grange and Ible. From under Via Gelia Mill it runs

along Bonsall Hollow, with Slinter Wood rising up to the south, into Cromford village.

The brook had powered mills since the medieval period.

3.26 The Brook is also the boundary between Bonsall parish and the township of

Cromford.

3.27 Although Cromford is famous for its association with Richard Arkwright and his

development of the cotton mills, the early industrial development of Cromford can

also be attributed to George Evans of nearby Bonsall.

3.28 George Evans (1726-1808) family was involved in the local lead industry as mine

owners, lead smelters and merchants. In 1752 Evans bought Bonsall's manorial corn

mill and by 1774 had built a lead smelting and slag mill on the site. His interest in

Bonsall Brook expanded when in 1777 he bought the water rights.

3.29 The Slinter Cottage mill (modern name) is located at the westernmost part of the

World Heritage Site and the study area. It was possibly built in the 18th century by

Evans as a slag mill, and had an associated millpond. This suggests that the pond

was the earliest of those constructed in the study area along the Bonsall Brook. If the

mill and mill pond was built by Evans it demonstrates his engineering expertise in

exploiting waterpower from the brook.

Photograph 1: Slinter Cottage Mill, now a residential property, possibly originally a

Slag Mill built by George Evans in c.1800



3.30 Evans continued to acquire land around Bonsall Brook through enclosure of the

common and waste lands. By 1780 it is likely that Evans had constructed Cromford's

second Corn Mill located on the edge of Cromford village, although it lies marginally

in the parish of Bonsall. The original corn mill was located by Cromford Bridge, later

the site of Arkwright's cotton mills, but was demolished to make way for the second

of Arkwright's cotton mills in 1776. By 1789 the Hillside Corn Mill had been built on

the site, adjacent to the new Cromford Corn Mill.

Photograph 3: View of Cromford corn mill from the modern A5012

Photograph 2: The Millpond that feeds the Slinter Cottage Mill, looking north towards the site of the former Dunsley Mill (now demolished)



Photograph 4: Principal elevation of Cromford corn mill, note the modern building

in foreground, located on the site of the mills former stable block

3.31 Along with the construction of the first corn mill in 1780, a twenty foot deep dam was

built along Bonsall Brook to provide its mill pond. The pond provided a consistent

source of water power for the corn mill. The building of the second mill, Hillside Mill

was powered from a separate water channel or 'goit' that was located up the valley

of Slinter Wood, where the modern footpath is now located. Its source was from a

pond further upstream in the brook.



Photograph 5: Cromford Mill Pond, looking north-west

3.32 The separate water management system used for the Hillside Mill suggests that

between the years of 1780 and 1789 there was considerable engineering of the

Bonsall Brook with the building of at dams and sluice gates along the brook to Slinter

Cottage further upstream.

Photograph 6: The course of the former water channel or 'goit' to the hillside corn

mill, now filled in and used as a public footpath



Richard Arkwright and the Slinter Mill Ponds (1771 - 1792)

3.33 From 1771 Arkwright began building his cotton mills on a parcel of land, at first leased,

next to Cromford's manorial corn mill. His aim was to mechanise the process where

raw cotton could be converted into strong yarn for supply to weavers and framework

knitters. His mills employed water power supplied by the Cromford Moor Long Sough,

a water source derived from lead mine drainage, and later also by the Bonsall Brook.

3.34 By Arkwright's death in 1792, he had profoundly affected Cromford by building

cottages, shops, a school, chapel and market. He had transformed it from a hamlet

to a factory village. He owned the manor of Cromford and had become very wealthy,

handing the business to his son Richard.

3.35 The Cromford canal was opened in 1794. It was financed by Richard Arkwright and

a number of other businessman and connected the cotton mills at Cromford to the

Erewash Canal.

3.36 It appears that an important aspect of Arkwright's business success was the

acquisition of water rights on Bonsall Brook, the rights coming with his 1771 lease.

Between 1779 and 1790 the Greyhound pond, located near the Greyhound Inn, was

constructed by Arkwright, the water derived from Bonsall Brook.

3.37 In 1789 George Evans sold the Cromford and Hillside corn mills, the three lower

ponds and a kiln and drying house to Richard Arkwright. The next day Arkwright also

purchased the manor of Cromford from Peter Nightingale, becoming the squire of

Cromford. Evans retained the pond to the east of Slinter Cottage and the land from

the road to the brook, maintaining his links to the brook and his potential to build more

mills.

3.38 By the time Arkwright had bought the Mills with water rights to Bonsall Brook from

Evans it had been transformed from a brook to an engineered water system with a

series of mill ponds, storage of water, dams and sluice gates. This system would

have suited his business interests in securing the power of the brook for his cotton

mills. The corn mills were leased to millers and therefore providing a source of income

as well as providing flour for a growing population. The miller in 1794 was called

Joseph Higgott.

3.39 Richard Arkwright died in 1792 and his business passed onto his son Richard,

including the Slinter Mill Ponds. Slinter Mill cottage was purchased by Richard

Arkwright (junior) from George Evans' daughters in about 1809 and later became a

wood turning mill for the production of bobbins for the cotton trade.

3.40 Slinter Mill Ponds continued to be in the ownership of the Arkwright family, as

confirmed by the 1841 Cromford Tithe map and apportionment. The description of

'New Dam' suggests that between 1780 and 1841 at least three new dams were

constructed.

3.41 By the latter part of the 19th century historic mapping shows the water channel or goit

to the hillside corn mill had been filled in and culverted. By 1899 the Hillside corn mill

has been demolished and the water channel redirected to the Cromford corn mill via

an aqueduct.



Slinter Mill Ponds after the Arkwrights

3.42 By 1899 historic mapping shows the beginning of silting of the ponds on the brook

with the mill pond to the north-west to of the corn mill pond completely silted by this

time. The mapping shows a gradual decline of the mill ponds and their maintenance

and this probably reflects the decline of Arkwright's business interests associated with

the brook. The demolition of the hillside corn mill and its water source redirected to

the Cromford corn mill would also have lessened the need for as much water power

from the adjacent mill ponds and therefore the silting of single pond could have been

tolerated.

3.43 The decline of the ponds continued throughout the early 20th century and by the

1960s historic mapping shows the ponds had silted almost completely with only the

pond to the Cromford corn mill resembling a pond, the series of ponds had reverted

back to sinuous stream again. A contributory factor in their silting would have been

quarrying activity in the valley, the increase in road traffic of the adjacent road and its

drains running directly into the brook: even in 1924 Mr W Barker wrote to Bonsall

council stating that 'he would be glad if the council would make arrangements to

prevent objectionable matter being washed off the main road into the dams'.

3.44 The 20th century saw considerable change to Cromford and in particular the brook.

Cromford corn mill was closed by the late 1940's and Slinter Mill cottage became a

residential property. Peter Arkwright ceased cotton spinning at Cromford in the 1840's

and used for other purposes. By 1914 the Arkwright mills had ceased production of

textiles and the site was occupied by Cromford Colour Company, eventually

purchasing the site in 1923. The Arkwright family continued until this time as major

landlords and landowners but with the death of Fredrick Charles Arkwright in 1923

his son Richard sold the entire estate to cover death duties. In 1924 he gave the

tenants the opportunity to buy their properties. Without the support of the Arkwright

family the village suffered a period of austerity, especially between the wars. The

Slinter mill ponds, dams and sluices were not maintained and the area began to be

claimed back by nature.

3.45 It was not until after the Second World War that the village of Cromford began to be

appreciated for it industrial heritage. The Arkwright Society was formed in the 1960's

and in 1971 the Arkwright festival was held to commemorate the bicentenary of

Arkwright's first mill. The festival brought a new found enthusiasm for the history of

Cromford, the Arkwright Society purchased the Cromford Mills site in the 1980's and

with that began the process of designating Cromford as a UNESCO World Heritage

Site, eventually getting the status in 2001. The Slinter Mill ponds are currently also

owned by the Arkwright Society.



Timeline of the Slinter Mill ponds

C.1760-1800: Slinter Cottage built as a lead slag mill.

1777: George Evans secures the water rights to Bonsall Brook.

1771: Richard Arkwright arrives in Cromford.

1771: Richard Arkwright builds his first cotton mill.

1776: Cromford’s manorial (first) corn mill is possibly demolished, water supply

becomes inoperative.

1780: George Evans builds the second Cromford corn mill and adjacent mill pond.

1780-89: Hillside Corn Mill is constructed (exact date uncertain).

1789: Richard Arkwright purchases Cromford Corn Mill and associated water rights,

adjacent ponds and Bonsall Brook water rights from George Evans.

1789: Richard Arkwright purchases the Cromford manor from Peter Nightingale.

Between 1780 and 1841 a number of new dams and sluice gates are built to form

seven ponds.

1792: Richard Arkwright dies and his business is inherited by his son Richard.

1794: Cromford canal is completed and connects at Cromford to the Erewash Canal.

1808: George Evans dies

1808: Richard Arkwright (junior) purchases Slinter Cottage from George Evan’s

daughters and later converts it to a bobbin mill.

1890-99: Hillside corn mill is demolished and associated goit is culverted to supply

Cromford corn mill turbine. Slinter mill ponds begin to silt up.

1914: The Arkwright mills was occupied by Cromford Colour Company, eventually

purchasing the site in 1923.

1923: Death of Fredrick Charles Arkwright (Great Great Grandson of Richard), his

son Richard sells the entire estate to cover death duties.

1940’s: Slinter cottage becomes a residential property.

1960’s: The Arkwright Society was formed.

1969: Historic mapping shows the Slinter mill ponds to have silted to a similar state

as present.

1971: The Arkwright Festival was held in Cromford

2001: Cromford mills and the Derwent Valley are designated a UNESCO world

heritage site.



References

Data Sources

Archaeological Data Services: http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archsearch

Historic Ordnance Survey Maps: http://www.old-maps.co.uk

National Heritage List: http://list.english-heritage.org.uk and

http://magic.defra.gov.uk/

National Monuments Record: http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/

Derbyshire Historic Environment Record

Arkwright Society Archive

Legislation and Policy

Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, 1979

National Planning Policy Framework, 2012

Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990

Best Practice and Guidance

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014, Code of Conduct

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014, Standard and Guidance for Historic

Environment Desk-Based Assessment

Historic England 2015, Historic Environment Advice Note 2 Making Changes to

Heritage Assets

Historic England 2015, Historic Environment Advice Note 3 The Setting of Heritage

Assets

Other sources

Buxton D and Charlton C, 2013 Cromford Revisited, The Derwent Valley Mills

Heritage Site Educational Trust

Jessop O and Beauchamp V, 2015 Cromford Corn Mill, Heritage Appraisal, The

Jessop Consultancy. Document No: TJC2015.11

Stroud G, 2001 Derbyshire Extensive Urban Survey Archaeological Assessment

Report: Cromford. English Heritage


5645.003 Appendices March 2017 Version 2.0

APPENDIX A: Gazetteer of known heritage assets



TEP ID DHER ID

NMR Name/Description Grade Period

Heritage Significance

SM1 MDR3091

1370819

Entrance to Long Sough, West of Allen's Hill.

SM Post medieval

High

LB1 MDR3093

310755

The Greyhound Hotel, Cromford. Hotel constructed by Richard Arkwright in 1778.

II* Post medieval

High

LB2 MDR3126 Waterwheel, late 18th century. II Post medieval

High

LB3 MDR3091

Conduit to the Rear of Numbers 3-13 Cromford Hill. Arkwright Water System including Long Sough Entrance and tail, Cromford. Sough tail arch and waterworks associated with Richard Arkwright's first factory. Known locally as the 'bear pit'

II Post medieval

High

LB4 MDR16328 30-46 (even), Water Lane, Cromford. An early 19th century tenement range.

II Post medieval

High

LB5 MDR16279

1365272

3-13 (odd) and buildings to rear, The Hill, Cromford Hill, Cromford. A row of houses with shops built for Richard Arkwright to accommodate textile workers for his mills.

II Post medieval

High

LB6 MDR16307

Nos. 20 to 26 (even) Market Place. A row of shops built by Richard Arkwright in the late 18th century.

II Post medieval

High

LB7 MDR3118

1370826

Slinter Mill cottage, Bonsall Hollow, Bonsall. Watermill used during the late 18th century as a lead slag mill, later a bobbin mill and a saw mill but now converted to a cottage.

II Post medieval

High



TEP ID DHER ID



LB8 MDR3127

1370831

Cromford Corn Mill. Former Water Powered Corn Mill Attached Cottage Ancillary Building Boundary Walling and Associated Spillway and Shuttles, built in 1780 which ceased working in the 1930s.

II Post medieval

High

LB9 MDR16308

1365276

28-36 (even), Market Place, Cromford. A terrace of 5 houses dating to the late 18th century, with 19th and 20th century alterations.

II Post medieval

High

LB10 MDR16301

1164375

33-43, Market Place. Row of house with shops, built by Richard Arkwright for his textile workers, late 18th century.

II Post medieval

High

CA1 Cromford Conservation Area. Post medieval

High

NDHA1 MDR3109

Roman Pottery, Ball Eye Quarry, Bonsall Hollow, Bonsall. Finds made during the cutting of Ball Eye Quarry - exact findspot unknown.

Roman Negligible

NDHA2 MDR3063

310675

Elephant Bones and Teeth, Ball Eye Mine, Bonsall Hollow, Bonsall. Finds made in 1663 during lead mining at Ball Eye Mine - exact findspot unknown.

Palaeolithic

Negligible

NDHA3 MDR9956

Inscribed slate tablet, Slinter Wood, Cromford. Probable 19th century slate tablet at the side of a spring.

Post medieval

Negligible

NDHA4 MDR11633

Wirksworth Moor-Longstone turnpike road (via Matlock and Bakewell). Road turnpiked following an Act of 1759.

Post medieval

Low



TEP ID DHER ID



NDHA5 MDR9876

Methodist Church, Water Lane, Cromford. Wesleyan Methodist Chapel and schoolroom built in 1900. The only non-conformist chapel in Cromford still in use as a place of worship.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA6 MDR9782

Mill pond & sluice, Slinter Wood, Bonsall. Mill pond and sluice providing water for the watermill at Slinter Wood.

Post medieval

Moderate

NDHA7 MDR11483

Outbuildings southwest of The Greyhound Hotel, Cromford. Outbuildings associated with The Greyhound Hotel, including a former smithy which is now converted to a dwelling.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA8 MDR9722

Former United Methodist Chapel, Scarthin, Cromford. United Methodist Chapel built in 1912 replacing an older chapel but no longer in use as a place of worship.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA9 MDR9783

Former Primitive Methodist Chapel, Scarthin, Cromford. Primitive Methodist Chapel built in 1853 but no longer in use as a place of worship.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA10 MDR3126

310753 Greyhound Pond, built c.1875.

Post medieval

Moderate

NDHA11 MDR9879

Former Scarthin Mission Church, Water Lane, Cromford. Chapel of Ease built in 1868, linked to Holy Trinity Church in Matlock Bath, but no longer in use as a place of worship.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA12 MDR9721

Former Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, Chapel Hill, Cromford. Wesleyan Methodist Chapel built in 1810 and enlarged in 1840 but no longer in use as a place of worship.

Post medieval

Low



TEP ID DHER ID



NDHA13 MDR8638 Ball Eye Mine, Bonsall Hollow, Bonsall. Medieval and Post Medieval lead mine workings.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA14 MDR9780

Via Gellia Mill, Via Gellia Road, Bonsall. Textile mill shown on late 19th and early 20th century OS maps.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA15 MDR9781

Mill Pond, Dunsley Mill, Via Gellia, Bonsall. Mill Pond associated with Dunsley Mill, shown on late 19th and early 20th century maps. On the site of Bonsall corn mill and lead cupola.

Post medieval

Moderate

NDHA16 MDR9779

620434

Dunsley Mill (site of), Via Gellia, Cromford. White lead colour mill, subsequently a Paper Mill in use from at least the second half of the 19th century, later used for barytes crushing in the early 20th century. Demolished in 1992.

Post medieval

Negligible

NDHA17 MDR11283

Lead Mining Remains, Dunsley Mill Meadows, Cromford. Post Medieval lead mine workings shown on late 19th century OS maps and identified during surveys in 2004 and 2008.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA18 MDR11858

Field Barn, Dunsley Mill Meadows, Cromford. Post-Medieval field barn shown on a late 19th century OS map and identified during survey in 2008.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA19 MDR11863

Lead Mining Remains, Slinter Wood, Cromford. Post Medieval lead mine workings shown on late 19th century OS maps and identified during surveys in 2004 and 2008.

Post medieval

Low



TEP ID DHER ID



NDHA20 MDR3148

Groaning Tor Mine, Groaning Tor, Middleton Wood. Post Medieval lead mine workings identified during surveys in 2004 and 2008.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA21 MDR11925

Old Quarry, Slinter Wood, Cromford. Quarry shown on late 19th and early 20th century OS maps and identified during survey in 2008.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA22 MDR12392

Via Gellia Mines and Soughs, Bonsall Hollow, Middleton. The steep slopes of the Via Gellia contain a large number of small lead mines and have been identified as being of national/regional significance.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA23 MDR11926

Lead mining remains, Alabaster Lane, Cromford. Post Medieval lead mine workings shown on a late 19th century OS map and identified during survey in 2008.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA24 MDR13765

Bonsall Wood Basalt Quarry, Via Gellia, Bonsall. Basalt Quarry shown on the 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map, working in the 1920s.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA25 MDR13774

Balleye Mill Quarry, Bonsall Hollow, Bonsall. Basalt Quarry shown on the 1st edition 25" Ordnance Survey map of c. 1880.

Post medieval

Low

NDHA26 MDR3117

Bonsall Corn Mill (remains of) and mill pond, Bonsall. The remains of the former Bonsall corn mill, and extant mill pond. A further mill pond formerly existed to the west.

Post medieval

Moderate



APPENDIX B: Gazetteer of known structures along the Slinter Mill Ponds



Structure ID

Name Description Date

SMP1 Cromford corn mill Second of Cromford's corn mill, built in 1780 by George Evans but in Bonsall

Built 1780

Now within private ownership

SMP2 Cromford corn mill dam

Stone built dam adjacent to Cromford corn mill

Built 1780

Now in private ownership

SMP3 Hillside corn mill Cromford's third corn mill built adjacent to Cromford corn mill, probably by George Evans

Built 1780's

Demolished in the 1890's

SMP4 Mill Pond Dam Stone built dam and associated features

Built between 1780 and 1841





SMP7 Slinter Cottage Tail Race

Stone built Tail Race or channel Built sometime in the mid-late 19th century

SMP8 Slinter Cottage Mill Pond Dam

Stone built dam associated with powering Slinter Cottage

Built sometime in the mid-late 19th century

SMP9 Slinter Cottage (formally known as Slinter Mill)

Originally a lead slag mill, possibly built by George Evans. Later, a wood mill producing bobbins for Arkwright's cotton mills and finally a saw mill

Built in late 18th century, now a private residence

SMP10 Corn Mill Pond

Mill pond to Cromford Corn Mill, reduced from its original size due to silting but one of two of the original ponds still present.

Built in 1780

SMP11 Slinter Cottage Mill Pond

Mill pond to Slinter Cottage, recently desilted and restored

Built in the mid to late 18th century





APPENDIX C: Figures

CA1NDHA4

NDHA1 NDHA2

NDHA3

NDHA5

NDHA6

NDHA7

NDHA8NDHA9

NDHA10

NDHA11

NDHA12

NDHA13NDHA14

NDHA15

NDHA16

NDHA17 NDHA18

NDHA19

NDHA20

NDHA21

NDHA23

NDHA24

NDHA25

NDHA26

LB2

LB5LB3

LB10

LB6LB9

LB8

LB7

LB4

SM1

LB1

Project

Drawing Number

Drawn

Title

Checked ApprovedBWIK JC 06/02/20171:5,500 @ A3

Harborough Innovation Centre, Airfield Business Park Leicester Road, Market Harborough, LE16 7WBTel 01858 353120 e-mail [email protected] www.tep.uk.com

Scale Date

Rev Description Drawn Approved Date

Site Map

1:80,000

0 100 20050Metres

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey digital map data © Crown copyright 2016. All rightsreserved. Licence number 0100031673

KEYArea of Study

Designated Heritage AssetsGrade

Grade I Listed BuildingGrade II* Listed BuildingGrade II Listed BuildingScheduled MonumentConservation AreaWorld Heritage Site

Non Designated Heritage AssetsPointLinear

FIGURE: 1Location of Known Heritage Assets

Slinter Mill Ponds

G5645.005

UK Location Map

1:28,000,000

NDHA22

Inset Map Location of NDHA22

1:12,000

This map contains data from the following sources:

- OS Open Data- Historic England © Historic England 2016. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2016 The Historic England GIS Data contained in this material was obtained on 11/2016. The most publicly available up to date Historic England GIS Data can be obtained from http://www.HistoricEngland.org.uk.- Derbyshire Historic Environment Record

Project

Drawing Number

Drawn

Title

Checked ApprovedSBIK JC 05/05/20161:5,500 @ A3

Genesis Centre, Birchwood Science Park, Warrington WA3 7BHTel 01925 844004 e-mail [email protected] www.tep.uk.com

Scale Date


Site Map

1:80,000

0 100 20050Metres

Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

© Crown Copyright and database right 2016. All rights reserved.Reproduced by permission of the Derbyshire Records Office

KEYArea of Study

FIGURE: 2Cromford Parish Tithe Map 1841

Slinter Mill Ponds

G5645.006

UK Location Map

1:79,000

±

Project

Drawing Number

Drawn

Title

Checked ApprovedJCBW JC 05/05/20161:5,000 @ A3

Scale Date


Site Map

1:70,000

0 100 20050Metres


© Crown Copyright and database right 2016. All rights reserved.

This map includes mapping from Landmark Information Group. This map may not be reproduced without permission. 590839847

KEYArea of Study

FIGURE: 3County Series Ordnance Survey 1880, 1:2,500

Slinter Mill Ponds

G5645.002

UK Location Map

1:72,000


Project

Drawing Number

Drawn

Title


Scale Date


Site Map

1:70,000

0 100 20050Metres




KEYArea of Study

FIGURE: 4County Series Ordnance Survey 1899, 1:2,500

Slinter Mill Ponds

G5645.03

UK Location Map

1:28,000,000


Project

Drawing Number

Drawn

Title


Scale Date


Site Map

1:70,000

0 100 20050Metres




KEYArea of Study

FIGURE: 5Ordnance Survey 1969, 1:2,500

Slinter Mill Ponds

G5645.004

UK Location Map

1:28,000,000


SMP8-1

SMP12

SMP4

SMP5

SMP6-1

SMP2

SMP7

SMP8-2SMP6-2

SMP9

SMP7

SMP3

SMP11

SMP10

SMP1

Project

Drawing Number

Drawn

Title

Checked ApprovedSBIK JC 07/03/20171:2,500 @ A3

Genesis Centre, Birchwood Science Park, Warrington WA3 7BHTel 01925 844004 e-mail [email protected] www.tep.uk.com

Scale Date


Site Map

1:40,000

0 50 10025Metres

Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.© Crown Copyright and database right 2016. All rights reserved.

KEYArea of Study

Known Structures andPointLinear

FIGURE: 6Location of Known Structures and Ponds at Slinter Mill Ponds

Slinter Mill Ponds

G5645.006A

UK Location Map

1:36,000

±

A RMAddition of SMP12 JC 7/3/17

Glossary

Baryte - barium sulphate, a heavy mineral, was bleached and substituted for white lead in paint to

produce Dutch white lead paint.

Berewick – outlying estate, a detached portion of farmland that belonged to a medieval manor and

was reserved for the lord's own use (Old English: berewic).

Culvert – a built underground drainage tunnel.

Goit (goyt) – an open man-made watercourse frequently associated with the delivery of water to a

water wheel.

Overshot – the description for a water wheel driven by water delivered near the top of the wheel or

beyond the top of the wheel.

Rakes- A vertical vein of metallic ore, usually lead, occurring between walls of rock and cutting

through the bedding. Often rakes have been worked from early times leaving deep trenches

several km long, with adits leading off and shafts sunk at the side.

Slag – molten and cooled refuse production during the smelting of slag ore.

Slag hearth – a furnace for re-smelting slag.

Slag mill – a water powered building which housed a slag hearth. The water wheel provided power

for the bellows.

Sough – an underground channel which drained water from a lead mine.

Tithe map- a map of an English or Welsh parish or township, prepared following the Tithe

Commutation Act 1836. The map and its accompanying schedule gave the names of all owners

and occupiers of land in the parish. Individual tithe owners sometimes prepared maps for their own

use to show who owned what land. These maps are sometimes also called tithe maps, although

such maps are not common before 1836.

Turnpike – a road managed under the terms of an Act of Parliament called a Turnpike Act.

Barriers, toll gates and booths were set up where a payment or toll was collected from users of the

toll road.

Version 2.0 Appendices March 2017

HEAD OFFICE MARKET HARBOROUGH

GATESHEAD LONDON CORNWALL

Genesis Centre, Birchwood Science Park, Warrington WA3 7BH

Harborough Innovation Centre, Airfield Business Park, Leicester Road, Market Harborough Leicestershire LE16 7WB

Office 26, Gateshead International Business Centre, Mulgrave Terrace, Gateshead NE8 1AN

45 Great Guildford Street, London SE1 0ES

4 Park Noweth, Churchtown, Cury, Helston Cornwall TR12 7BW

Tel: 01925 844004 Tel: 01858 383120 Tel: 0191 605 3340 Tel: 020 3096 6050 Tel: 01326 240081 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

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