HIST 2509 A History of Germany Lecture 6-1 The German Enlightenment.
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Transcript of HIST 2509 A History of Germany Lecture 6-1 The German Enlightenment.
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HIST 2509 A History of Germany
Lecture 6-1
The German Enlightenment
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Announcements
1) test results -we’re aiming to return them October
25th or 27th
-TA office hours tba then
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Immanuel Kant
Sapere Aude!(dare to know!)
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Prussian coat of arms
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Prussian coat of arms
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Brandenburg-Prussia
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http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1112130,00.html
Kant Serves as Cultural Bridge
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Today’s Main Themes
• What are the features of the German Enlightenment?
• Who are its practitioners?• What conditions give rise to it?• Draw backs?
• What accounts for its different impact in the German lands?
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I. Why the 18th Century?
a) Culture up to now: closed and private
-most people: (townfolk and peasants) local
-aristocracy: international court culture
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Voltaire
French philosophe and guest of Frederick the Greatat Sanssouci, Potsdam
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Sanssouci PalacePotsdam
The Prussian Versailles
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I. Why the 18th Century?
b) wealth accumulation and age of discovery
-the Atlantic system of trade
-bureaucracy and education, new networks
-slow emergence of literate middle class
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II. Innovations
a) rise of print culture-more books, magazines, newspapers-new social role for reading: public and private-correspondence -- “A Republic of Letters”-new institutions (bookshops, lending libraries,
readings circles, coffeehouses, salons)-professional associations, political groups
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Sadly no WiFi here -- an 18th Century Coffeehouse
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Jewish Salons
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Berlinische Monatsschrift(Berlin Monthly)1783-1811
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Henriette Herz
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II. Innovations
b) “openness” of literary sphere (Öffentlichkeit)-culture of reading and writing “accessible” to all-limitations in practice: economic and educational
c) connection to state-building-enlightened absolutism -- der alte Fritz-rise of universities, bureaucracy, statecraft-capitalism and colonialism
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III. But What is Enlightenment? (Aufklärung)a) Main characteristics-critical use of reason to better humankind-belief in progress, some religious toleration-broad European movement with many different components
and proponents
b) Intellectual origins-pietism (Philip Spener (1635-1705), August Hermann
Francke (1663-1727), Univcrsity of Halle -rationalism (Christian Wolff (1679-1754)
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III. But What is Enlightenment? (Aufklärung)
-religious toleration (Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781)
1. Combines pietism and rationalism2. Connected to Jewish Enlightenment
(Haskala)3. Nathan the Wise and Moses Mendelssohn
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III. But What is Enlightenment? (Aufklärung)
Immanual Kant (1724-1804)-”What is Enlightenment?” (1784)-critical philosophy-reason over passion
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IV. Enlightenment and Its Limits
a. Jews and the Enlightenmentb. Gender and the Enlightenmentc. Race and the Enlightenmentd. Separation of Macht (power) and Geist (spirit)
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IV. Enlightenment and Its Limits
a. Jews and the Enlightenment-cultural assimilation, reform Judaism, German vs. yiddish
-Moses Mendelsohn: “adopt the mores and the constitution of the land in which you have settled, but keep the faith of your fathers”
-translation of Torah into German-Judaism as religion based on rule of law and reason
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Emancipation in the Air?
-Christian Wilhelm Dohm, Prussian privy war counselor
- “On the Civic Improvement of the Jews” (1781)
- Joseph II of Austria “Patent of Tolerance” (1782)
-still distrust: see Kant’s “nation of cheaters”
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b) gender and the Enlightenment
-quest to discover the essence of human soul
-women ruled by passion, men by reason
-despite some exceptions -- separate spheres
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c) race and the Enlightenment-the quest to explain difference
-slow rise of biology and taxonomy
-Kant, 1775 “On the Different Races of Man”
-self betterment -- who is capable, who isn’t?
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