The Long 19th Century

Andrew Lelja

History 141

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The Americas in the 19th Century• During the 18th and 19th centuries,

most places in the western hemisphere won their independence from European Colonial powers.

• The United States built the most powerful state in the western hemisphere and worked quickly to acquire all land possible in North America.

• Latin America built smaller states that usually fell under rule to local military leaders.

• Both North and South America worked to build societies based on freedom, equality, and constitutional government, but the results varied based on social, economic, and cultural diversity.

The Americas in the 19th Century• After winning independence

from Britain, the United States formed a government and began to expand west.

• Differences over slavery and the rights of individual states as opposed to the federal government sparked a massive civil war in the 1860s.

• This resulted in the abolition of slavery and the strengthening of the federal state.

• In 1776 the United States signed the Declaration of Independence to try and created equality among the people.

The Little Ice Age• The Little Ice Age was a period of

cooling in the earth’s temperature during what followed the Medieval Warm Period.

• The glaciers in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres were growing rapidly and forcing people out of their land.

• It was a time of incredible suffering and brought about major change and adaption.

• During the 14th and 19th centuries the earths temperature was 2-3 degrees below normal.

• In 1315, all of Northern Europe's weather changing dramatically followed by 5 years of non stop, drenching rains and intense storms

• This led many Northern Europeans to migrate to the Americas, and help develop the United States.

Frontiers of America• In 1803, The United States purchased land

that France claimed as their territory.• This was known as the Louisiana

Purchase.• The U.S. paid 15 million dollars for 828,800

square miles of land.• The purchase covered 6 whole states and

portions of 9 other states.• In one day, this purchase helped the United

States double in size.• The Haitian Revolution from 1791-1804 was

a period of conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue.

• The results of the revolution were the elimination of slavery and the founding of the Haitian Republic.

• The Haitian Revolution is a defining moment in history for Africans in the New World.

• After the Louisiana Purchase, the French gave up rule in Haiti, and it became the first independent nation, and the first black-led nation in Latin America.

Frontiers of America• Politics in 19th Century Brazil were centered

around family.• The father was responsible for protecting and

controlling the women and children.• The father and sons together were responsible

for preserving the families integrity and safeguarding the “honor” of female relations in the household.

• Men shaped the political world in which women lived.

• Carlota Lucia de Brito - mistress to a powerful Paraiban politician and had a major impact on political life in Brazilian province.

• Roughly every 30 years, there were major droughts that changed normal way of life.

• Carlota had Trajano murdered for revenge, and then joined her husband in fleeing the province.

• People of South American the 1800s were very violent and hostile, it was normal and part of everyday life.

Crossroads of Freedom• The First Battle of Bull Run, also known as First

Manassas, was fought on July 21, 1861.• This was the first major land battle in the American

Civil War.• The Northern public wanted to march against the

Confederate capital of Richmond, VA and try to bring and early end to the war.

• The Union surprise attacked the Confederates, but both side fought for a while and made it nowhere, making them all realize the war may be a lot longer than anticipated; can’t be won in a single battle.

• The Battle of Second Manassas was also known as the Second Battle of Bull Run was fought from August 28-30, 1862.

• The Confederates captured the Unions supplies as Manassas Junction, and this led the Union to attack.

• Both sides kept counterattacking, until the Union counterattacked with the largest, simultaneous mass assault of the war.

• Helped them prevent a repeat to end of First Manassas.

Crossroads of Freedom• The Seven Days Battle was a series of six

major battles over seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1962.

• General Robert E. Lee drove the invading Union Army, commanded by Major General George B. McClellan away from Richmond and into a retreat down the Virginia Peninsula.

• This led McClellan to want to fight back and take over Richmond, VA.

• The Peninsula Campaign was a major Union operation was an amphibious attack intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA by circumventing the Confederate States Army.

• McClellan was initially successful against Robert E. Lee, but the emergence of an aggressive General Lee turned the Seven Days Battle into a Union defeat.

Crossroads of Freedom• The Maryland Campaign is widely

considered on of the major turning points of the American Civil War.

• On September 4, 1862, Gen. Robert E. Lee moved north with 55,000 men to resupply them outside Virginia theater and to damage northern morale.

• He split his army up while on the move to accomplish multiple objectives, but Gen. McClellan finds a copy of Lee’s orders and now plans to secretly intercept and attack his troops.

• The Battle of South Mountain delayed McClellan’s advance, and allowed Lee to gather his Army together in Sharpsburg, MD.

• This leads to the Battle of Antietam.

Crossroads of Freedom• The Battle of Antietam was also

known as the Battle of Sharpsburg.• I was fought on September 17, 1862

near Sharpsburg, MD and the Antietam Creek.

• This was the first major battle in the American Civil War fought on Northern soil.

• It was the bloodiest single day battle in American history with around 23,000 casualties.

• Robert E. Lee’s victory over George B. McClellan had enough significance to give Abraham Lincoln confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.

• This discouraged the British and French governments from potential plans for recognition of the Confederacy.