The Emergence of Mass Society The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western Worldin the Western World

1919

Growth of Industrial ProsperityGrowth of Industrial Prosperity New Products

Substitution of steel for iron Electricity, internal combustion engine

New Patterns Increased industrial production Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader Europe’s two economic zones

Toward a World Economy Economic developments, transportation revolution (marine

transport and railroads) Products from all over the world Europe dominated world economy with surplus of manufactured

goods, markets, capital, industries, and military might

The Spread of IndustrializationThe Spread of Industrialization

The Spread of Industrialization Russia – Sergei Witte

• 35,000 miles of railroad track, growth of steel and coal industry, providing ½ of world’s oil

Japan• Government financed industries, built railroads,

bought foreign experts to train Japanese in industrial techniques

• Developed industries in tea, silk, armaments, and shipbuilding

Women and WorkWomen and Work

New Job Opportunities Women did low-wage work at home in

sweatshops to support families Second industrial revolution created new jobs

for women Clerks, typists, secretaries, file clerks and sales

clerks, teachers, nurses Offered freedom from domestic patterns

Industrial Regions of Europe at end of 19Industrial Regions of Europe at end of 19 thth C C

Organizing the Working ClassOrganizing the Working Class Marxist Theory Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-

1895), The Communist Manifesto• History is that of class struggles• Overthrow the bourgeoisie• Eventually there would be a classless society

Socialist Parties German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875

• Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve conditions of workers• 4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany

Second International Revisionists Revolutionary socialism Trade Unions Workers in factories in Britain organized with 4 million union

members in 1914

The Emergence of Mass SocietyThe Emergence of Mass Society New Urban Environment

Growth of cities: by 1914 80 percent of the population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800); and 30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800)

• Migration from rural to urban Improving living conditions

• Boards of health set up• Clean water into the city• Expulsion of sewage

Housing needs• V.A. Huber• British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils to construct

cheap housing for workers

The Social Structure of Mass SocietyThe Social Structure of Mass Society The Elite

5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth

Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy The Middle Classes

Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class Professionals White-collar workers Middle class values in the Victorian period

The Lower classes 80 percent of the European population Agriculture Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers 

A Middle-Class FamilyA Middle-Class Family

The Experiences of WomenThe Experiences of Women Marriage and the Family

Difficulty for single women to earn a living• Most women married

Birth control• Female control of family size

Middle-class family• Men provided income and women focused on household and

child care• Fostered the idea of togetherness

• Victorian ideas Working-class families

• Daughters work until married• 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the

husband’s wages• Material consumption

Movement for Women’s RightsMovement for Women’s Rights Fight to own property

Access to higher education by middle and upper-middle class women

Access to jobs dominated by men: Teaching, nursing Demand for equal political rights

Most vocal was the British movement Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Women’s Social and

Political Union, 1903 Suffragettes

Support of peace movements The New Woman

Bertha von Suttner

Education in an Age of Mass SocietyEducation in an Age of Mass Society In early 19th century reserved for elites or the wealthier

middle class Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began

to offer at least primary education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12

State teacher training schools Reasons:

• Needs of industrialization• Need for an educated electorate• To instill patriotism

Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, most were women

“Natural role” of women

Leisure in an Age of Mass SocietyLeisure in an Age of Mass Society

Created by the industrial system Transportation systems meant:

Working class could go to amusement parks, dance halls, beaches, and team sporting activities

The National StateThe National State Tradition and Change in Latin America

Exportation of foodstuffs to Europe and the United States

Importation of finished goods Overall situation:

• Largely rural• Former slaves and Indians on the bottom• Growth in the middle sectors of society• Looked to the United States

Working class expanded• Growth of the working class led to industrialization• Industrialization led to the growth of unions

Elites still had the political influence

Political Change in Latin AmericaPolitical Change in Latin America

Large landowners took a more direct interest in politics

Land owners might support dictators to ensure their interests Porfirio Diaz, ruled Mexico from 1876 – 1910 Francisco Madero came to power Demands for agrarian reform led by Emiliano

Zapata The United States becomes the power in the west.

Rise of the United StatesRise of the United States Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914

By 1900 out produced Britain in steel Urbanization

By 1900, the US was the world’s richest nation, but: 9 percent of population owned 71 percent of the wealth Unsafe working conditions, work discipline and cycles

of high unemployment led to unions The American Federation of Unions formed

Progressive Era Reform Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) Woodrow Wilson,

1913-1921

United States as a World PowerUnited States as a World Power

Annexation of Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands

Acquisition of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from the Spanish-American War

Growth of CanadaGrowth of Canada

Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870

Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871 William Laurier, 1896

Western Europe: The Growth of Western Europe: The Growth of Political DemocracyPolitical Democracy

Britain Two-party parliamentary system By 1918 all males, over 21 could vote; women over 30 By 1900 the emergence of the Labor Party Social Reforms that followed National Insurance Act, 1911

France Constitution of 1875; the Third Republic formed Bicameral legislature, universal male suffrage, president, premier

the leader of government Coalition governments had to be formed to stay in power

Italy Industrial north and poverty-stricken south Turmoil of labor and industry

Central and Eastern Europe: Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old OrderPersistence of the Old Order

Germany Lower house, Reichstag, elected by universal male suffrage Ministers responsible to the emperor Emperor commanded the armed forces and controlled foreign

policy Emperor William II, 1888-1918 Demands for democracy Movement to block democracy

Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy Emperor Francis Joseph, 1848-1916 German minority Problems of ethnic groups

RussiaRussia Assassination of Alexander II in 1881 Alexander III, 1881-1894, felt reform was a

mistake Nicholas II, 1894-1917, wanted to rule with

absolute power Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party Revolt in 1905 Defeat of Russians by Japanese in 1904-1905 Results of antigovernment rebellions

Europe in 1871Europe in 1871

International Rivalries and the International Rivalries and the Winds of WarWinds of War

Bismarck made alliances to preserve the new German state Bismarck removed by William II in 1890 Resulting alliance system

Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria, Italy Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia

Crisis in the Balkans By 1878, Greece, Serbia, and Romania were independent Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian

protectorate Bulgaria under Russian protectorate Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913

Toward the Modern Consciousness: Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural DevelopmentsIntellectual and Cultural Developments A New Physics

Westerners and the mechanical conception of the universe

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)• Theory of relativity• Energy of matter is equivalent to its mass times the square of

the velocity of light Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)• Human behavior determined by the unconscious, past

experience, and internal forces• Repression begins in childhood

The Impact of Darwin: Social The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and RacismDarwinism and Racism

Darwin’s ideas applied to human society Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)

Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of the Aryans

Anti-Semitism In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto and

became assimilated into the cultures around them Anti-Jewish parties 72 percent of world’s Jewish population lived in

eastern Europe Movement to the United States and Palestine Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)

• Zionism

PalestinePalestine

Culture of ModernityCulture of Modernity Symbolists

Poetry, influenced by the ideas of Freud Views

Art Impressionism Camille Pissarro (1830-1903) Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)

Post-Impressionism - Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) Photography - George Eastman 1888 Cubism - Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Visual reality - Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions What were the main ideas of Karl Marx, and what role did

they play in politics and the union movement in the late 19th C and early 20th C?

What is meant by the term mass society, and what were its main characteristics

What intellectual and cultural developments in the late 19th C and early 20th C “opened the way to a modern consciousness?”