The Beginnings of Modernization:The Beginnings of Modernization:Industrialization and Nationalism, Industrialization and Nationalism,

1800-18701800-1870

1818

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution and Its Impactand Its Impact

Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Agricultural growth Population growth Able to produce goods cheaply

Changes in Textile Production Flying shuttle James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768 Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787 James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782 Cotton textile production

The Industrialization of The Industrialization of Europe by 1850Europe by 1850

Other Technological ChangesOther Technological Changes Iron Industry

Henry Cort, puddling Railroad

Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830

Ripple effect Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger; increased

sales mean more factories and machinery; thus, self-sustaining

The Industrial Factory Workers in shifts Workers come from rural areas Regulations

Spread of IndustrializationSpread of Industrialization Spread to Europe first Government role United States

Internal transportationLabor

Limiting the Spread of IndustrializationLimiting the Spread of Industrializationto the Rest of the Worldto the Rest of the World

Russia was largely rural and agricultural ruled by an autocratic regime that preferred to keep peasants in serfdom

India exported cotton cloth produced by hand labor Purchase British-made goods

Social Impact of the Industrial RevolutionSocial Impact of the Industrial Revolution Population Growth and Urbanization

European population 140 million in 1750 and 266 million by 1850 Decline of death rate Increased food supply Growth of cities

• Poor living conditions• Sanitation poor

New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class New bourgeois Constructed the factories, purchased the machines, figured out

where the markets were Reduce the barriers between themselves and the landed elite

New Social Classes: The Industrial working class Poor working conditions Women and children

Reaction and Revolution: Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of NationalismThe Growth of Nationalism

Conservative Order Vienna peace settlement, 1815 Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859) Concert of Europe

Forces for Change Liberalism

• Protection of civil liberties• Guaranteed by a document• Right to vote to men of property only

Nationalism• Common institutions, traditions, language, and customs• Each nationality should have a government• Becomes a threat to the existing order

The Revolutions of 1848The Revolutions of 1848 France

Agricultural depression, 1846Refusal to extend suffrage to the middle classKing Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848, overthrown February

24, 1848Provisional government, call for universal male suffrageSecond Republic established, November 4, 1848Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected president

Revolution in Central EuropeThe German ConfederationPrussian king, Frederick William IV, (1840-1861)Frankfurt Assembly: hopes and failuresRevolution in Austria in March, 1848Revolution in Italy

Europe After the Congress of Vienna, Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 18151815

Independence and the Development of Independence and the Development of the National State in Latin Americathe National State in Latin America

Nationalistic Revolts Creole elites denounced rule of Iberian monarchs and

penisulars Napoleon Bonaparte’s victories over Spain and Portugal

weakened their colonial empires, led to revolts, and enabled most of Latin America to become independent Mexico

• Divisions within Mexico• Augustin de Iturbide, first emperor of Mexico, 1821

South America• José de San Martín (1783-1830)• Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)

Latin America in the Latin America in the First Half of the 19First Half of the 19thth C C

The Difficulties of Nation BuildingThe Difficulties of Nation Building

Wars for independence resulted in loss of population, property, and livestock

Disputes arose between nations over boundaries Latin America – inexperienced republican governments Caudillos ruled by military force Economic independence but old trade patterns reemerged Landed elites maintained control over economic and social

life Masses experienced dire poverty

Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Empire and the Eastern QuestionEmpire and the Eastern Question

Ottoman control of the Balkans wanes Crimean War, 1853-1855

Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853 Britain and France fear Russians would gain an

advantage, declare war, March 28, 1854 The Crimean War Treaty of Paris, 1855 Crimean War destroyed the Concert of Europe Results of the war

National Unification and the National Unification and the National State: 1848-1871National State: 1848-1871

The Unification of Italy Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)

Alliance with the French against Austria Peace settlement:

• Piedmont gets Lombardy• Other northern Italian states join Piedmont

Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) Red shirts Capture The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Land turned over to Pienmon

King Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878) New Kingdom of Italy proclaimed, March 17, 1861

The Balkans in 1830The Balkans in 1830

The Unification of ItalyThe Unification of Italy

The Unification of GermanyThe Unification of Germany King William I (1861-1888) Count Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Realpolitik Schleswig and Holstein annexed after the defeat of

Denmark in 1864 Austro-Prussian War , 1866 North German Confederation Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871 January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia named kaiser

Made Second German Empire Affects of unification

The Unification of GermanyThe Unification of Germany

Nationalism and Reform: The European Nationalism and Reform: The European

National State at Mid-CenturyNational State at Mid-Century Great Britain

Reform Act of 1832 Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s

France Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III (1852-1870) Economic growth and development Reconstruction of Paris Opposition grew in 1860s

Austria Problems of ethnic nationalism Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel Empire

Russia Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) Reforms

Growth of the United StatesGrowth of the United States

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) Jacksonian democracy

Slavery Cotton economy of the South Northern fear that slavery would spread

Abraham Lincoln and secession Civil War (1861-1865)

War to save the Union Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863

Emergence of a Canadian NationEmergence of a Canadian Nation

Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions against the government United Provinces of Canada

John Macdonald British North American Act, 1867

Cultural Life: Cultural Life: Romanticism and RealismRomanticism and Realism

Characteristics of Romanticism Interest in the past Attraction to the exotic and unfamiliar Poetry ranked above all other forms

• William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Believed that nature served as a mirror

• Artistic expression was to reflect inner feelings• Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)

A New Age of ScienceA New Age of Science Technological advances

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) -- germ theory Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) --

periodic law Acceptance of the scientific method Charles Darwin (1809-1882) -- organic

evolution; survival of the fit

EugEugène Delacroix, ène Delacroix, Women of AlgiersWomen of Algiers

Realism in Literature and ArtRealism in Literature and Art

Rejected Romanticism Ordinary characters from natural life Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)

Madame Bovary Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)

Realistic portrayals of life The Stonebreakers

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions What were the major ideas associated with conservatism,

liberalism, and nationalism, and what role did each ideology play in Europe and Latin America between 1800 and 1870?

What actions did Cavour and Bismarck take to bring about unification in Italy and Germany, respectively, and what role did war play in their efforts?

What were the main characteristics of Romanticism and Realism?