Hindi Verbs

Verb list

A to advance - age barhna

to answer - jawab dena

to arrive - ana, pahunchana

to attack - hamla karna

to attempt - koshish karna

B to bathe - nahana

to be - hona

to bear - sahna

to beat - marna

to beg - mangna

to behave - bartav karna

to believe - vishwas karna

to be sleepy

- nind ana

to be tired - thakna

to bind - bandhna

to bite - katna

to break - torna

to breakfast - nasta karna

to bring - lana

to bring up - palna

to burn - jalna, jalana

to burst - phutana

to bury - dafnana

C to call - bulana

to care - parwah karna

to cast - dhalna

to catch - pakarna

to change - badalna

to clean - saf karna

to climb - charhna

to comb - kanghi karna

to come - ana

to converse - bat karna

to cook - pakana

to copy - nakal karna

to cover - dhakna

to creep - rengna

to cry - chillana, rona

to cruch - kuchalna

to cut - katna

D to depart - juda hona, alag hona, jana

to decend

- utarna

to dig - khodna

to die - marna

to dine - khana khana

to do - karna

to dream - sapna dekhna

to drink - pina

to dry - sukhna, sukhana

to dye - rangna

E to eat - khana

to excuse - maf karna

to expect - asha karna

to explain - samjhana

to express - vichar prakat karna

F to fall - girna

to fear - darna

to fight - larna

to fill - bharna

to fly (in air) - urna

to fly (run away) - bhag jana

to forget - bhulna

to forgive - maf karna

G to get - pana

to get up - uthana

to give - dena

to go - jana

H to have

- hona, rakhna

to hate - nafarat karna

to hear - sunna

to help - sahayata dena, madad dena

to hide - chhipana

I to improve - thik karna

to irrigate - pani dena

to irritate - chirhana, naraz karna

J to jump - kudna

to join - jorna

to judge - vichar karna

K to keep - rakhna

to kick - thokar marna

to kill - marna

to kiss - chumna, chumma lena

to know - janna

L to laugh - hansna

to lead - karne dena

to learn - sikhna

to let - makan kiraye dena

to lie (on bed) - letna

to lie (speak) - jhuth bolna

to lift - uthana

to like - chahna

to live (reside) - rahna

to live (not to die) - jina

to look - dekhna

to lose - khona

to love - pyar karna

M to make - banana

to measure - napna

to mould - dhalna

to move - sarkana

N to nibble - kutarna

O to open - kholna

to order - hukum dena

P to pat - thapthapana

to pay - dena

to play - khelna

to play (music) - baja bajana

to pour - dalna

to promise - vada karna

to pronounce - bolna

to pull - khinchna

to push - dhakka dena

to put - rakhna

Q to quarral

- jhagra karna

R to read - parhna

to receive - pana

to recollect - yad karna

to recommend

- sifarish karna

to reject - napasnd karna

to reply - jawab dena

to ride - charhna

to rise - uthana

S to say - kahna

to scold - dantna

to see - dekhna, talash karna

to seek - dhundhana

to sell - bechna

to send - bhejna

to sew - sina

to shake

- hilna

to shout - chillana

to show - dikhana

to shut - band karna

to sing - gana

to sit - baithna

to sleep - sona

to smell - sunghana

to solve - hal karna

to sow - bona

to speak

- bolna

to spin - katna

to spit - thukna

to stay - thaharna

to steal - churana

to stop - thaharna, tharana

to swim - tairna

T to take - lena

to talk - batchit karna

to taste - chakhna

to tear - pharna

to tease

- tang karna

to tell - kahna, batana

to think - sochna

U to understand

- samajhna

V to vomit - ulti karna

W to walk - chalna, ghumna

to wander

-idhar-udhar phirna

to wash - dhona

to waste - barbad karna

to weep - rona

to weave - bunna

Hindi verbs are inflected with respect to

gender of the subject (masculine, feminine) number of the subject (singular, plural) tense (present, past, future) action (perfect, imperfect, continuous) degree of respect (intimate, familiar, respect)

Verbs are referred to in their infinitive noun form which ends in na.

Examples:

bolna to speak

likhna to write

lena to take

ana to come

The stem of a verb is the infinitive form minus the na ending.

Examples:

bol

likh

le

a

Present Tense

Present tense of hona (to be):

main hun I am

tu hai you are (intimate)

yah hai this, he, she, it is

vah hai that, he, she, it is

ham hain we are

tum ho you are (familiar)

ap hain you are (respect)

ye hain these, they are

ve hain those, they are

Present Imperfect

The present imperfect is used for habitual actions. It is formed by adding ta, te, or ti to the stem of the verb followed by the present tense of hona.

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing bolta and bolte with bolti.

main bolta hun I speak

tu bolta hai you speak (intimate)

yah bolta hai this, he, it speaks

vah bolta hai that, he, it speaks

ham bolte hain we speak

tum bolte ho you speak (familiar)

ap bolte hain you speak (respect)

ye bolte hain these, they speak

ve bolte hain those, they speak

Present Continuous

The present continuous is used for ongoing actions -- like the "-ing" form in English. It is formed like this: stem + raha/rahe/rahi + present tense of hona

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing raha and rahe with rahi.

main bol raha hun I am speaking

tu bol raha hai you are speaking (intimate)

yah bol raha hai this, he, it is speaking

vah bol raha hai that, he, it is speaking

ham bol rahe hain we are speaking

tum bol rahe ho you are speaking (familiar)

ap bol rahe hain you are speaking (respect)

ye bol rahe hain these, they are speaking

ve bol rahe hain those, they are speaking

Past Tense

Past tense of hona (to be):

main tha / thi I was

tu tha / thi you were (intimate)

yah tha / thi this, he, she, it was

vah tha / thi that, he, she, it was

ham the / thin we were

tum the / thin you were (familiar)

ap the / thin you were (respect)

ye the / thin these, they were

ve the / thin those, they were

(The slash seperates masculine and feminine forms)

Past Imperfect

The past imprefect is used for habitual actions in the past. It is formed like the present imperfect but with the past tense of hona instead of the present tense.

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing bolta and bolte with bolti, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.

main bolta tha

I used to speak

tu bolta tha you used to speak (intimate)

yah bolta tha this, he, it used to speak

vah bolta tha that, he, it used to speak

ham bolte the we used to speak

tum bolte the you used to speak (familiar)

ap bolte the you used to speak (respect)

ye bolte the these, they used to speak

ve bolte the those, they used to speak

Past Continuous

The past continuous is used for ongoing actions in the past -- like the "-ing" form in English. It is formed like this: stem + raha/rahe/rahi + past tense of hona

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing raha and rahe with rahi, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.

main bol raha tha I was speaking

tu bol raha tha you were speaking (intimate)

yah bol raha tha this, he, it was speaking

vah bol raha tha that, he, it was speaking

ham bol rahe the we were speaking

tum bol rahe the you were speaking (familiar)

ap bol rahe the you were speaking (respect)

ye bol rahe the these, they were speaking

ve bol rahe the those, they were speaking

Future Tense

Future Imperfect

The future imprefect is used to refer to the future as well as to make assumptions about the presents (just like in English). It is formed by adding unga/i, ega/i, enge/i, or oge/i to the stem.

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing the ending a or e with i.

main bolunga

I will speak

tu bolega you will speak (intimate)

yah bolega this, he, it will speak

vah bolega that, he, it will speak

ham bolenge we will speak

tum bologe you will speak (familiar)

ap bolenge you will speak (respect)

ye bolenge these, they will speak

ve bolenge those, they will speak

Future Continuous

The future continuous is used to refer to ongoing actions in the future. It is formed as the present imperfect but with the future of raha instead of hona.

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing the ending a or e with i in both verbs.

main bolta rahunga I will be speaking

tu bolta rahega you will be speaking (intimate)

yah bolta rahega this, he, it will be speaking

vah bolta rahega that, he, it will be speaking

ham bolte rahenge we will be speaking

tum bolte rahoge you will be speaking (familiar)

ap bolte rahenge you will be speaking (respect)

ye bolte rahenge these, they will be speaking

ve bolte rahenge those, they will be speaking

Imperative

There are three different imperatives in Hindi: tu, tum, and ap imperative. The tu imperative is the stem itself The tum imperative is the stem + o The ap imperative is the stem + ie or iye

Examples:

pani la bring water (intimate)

pani lao bring water (familiar)

pani laie bring water (respect)

The imperatives are made negative by adding mat, na, or nahin. Use mat with the tu imperative. Use mat or na with the tum imperative. Use na or nahin with the ap imperative.

Examples:

vahan mat ja don't go there (intimate)

vahan na jao don't go there (familiar)

vahan nahin jaie don't go there (respect)

To Have

There is no Hindi verb for "to have". Possession is expressed in other ways.

Movable Objects

Possession of movable objects is expressed using ke pas after the (English) subject.

Examples:

Ram ke pas gari hai Ram has a car ("near Ram a car it is")

`mera pas kitab hai I have a book ("near me a book it is")

Immovable Objects

Possession of immovable objects and of relatives is expressed using the possessive particles ka, ki, ke.

Examples:

uska makan hai he has a house ("of him a house it is")

Ram ke do bete hain Ram has two sons ("of Ram two sons there are")

Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...

  about (place)  - as-pasabout (pertaining to)  - bare menabove  - uparacross  - usparafter  - bad menagain  - phiragain & again  - bar-baragainst (opposite)  - khilafagainst (touching)  - bhira karalas  - afsosaloof  - duralmost  - karib-karibalso  - ohialthough  - halankialtogether  - ekdamalways  - hameshaamong  - unke bich menand  - auraround  - asas if  - manoas far as  - jahantakas soon as  - jyonhiat  - tarafbackward  - pichhebackwards & forwards

 - age-pichhe

because  - kyonkibecause (him)  - vajah se (uski)before  - pahlebehind  - pichhebelow  - nichebeneath  - nichebetween  - bich menbeyond  - us parbravo  - shabashbut  - lekinby  - se

certainly  - zarurcertainly not  - hargiz nahindown  - nichedownward  - niche ki tarafduring  - us bich menearly  - jaldieither  - ya toenough  - kafiespecially  - khas kareven  - bhieven then  - tab toever  - hameshaevery moment  - hardamfar  - durfor  - (uske) liyefor ever  - hamesha ke liyeforward  - agefrom  - segenerally  - am taur pargradually  - dhire-dhirehence (place)  - yahan sehence (time)  - ab sehere  - yahanhere and there  - yahan vahanhither  - yahanhow  - kaisehow much  - kitnaif  - agarif not  - agar nahin toif possible  - ho sake toif so  - agar aisa hai toimmediate  - zaruri, turamt andarin  - andarin brief  - thore menindeed  - vastav menin front of  - samneinparticular  - khas taur sein general  - am taur sein short  - thore meninside  - andarjust now  - abhi-abhilate  - der selittle by little  - thora-thora karkenear  - pasnever  - kabhi nahinneither  - na vahno  - nahinnor  - na vahnot  - nahinnothing  - kuchh nahin

not yet  - abhi tak naninnow  - abnow or never  - abhi ya phir kabhi nahinof  - kaof course  - albattaoff  - duroft / often  - aksaron  - uparonce  - ek baronly  - kewalor  - yaout  - baharout and out  - bilkulover (higher)  - uparover (finished)  - khatamperhaps  - shayadplease  - krpayaquite  - bilkulquietly  - chupchapreally  - sachmuchscarcely  - mushkil seseldom  - kabhi-kabhisince (time)  - tab sesince (conditional)  - chunkiso  - isliyasome  - kuchhsomehow  - jyon tyon karkeso much  - itnaso and so  - falanaso late  - itni der seso soon  - itni jaldisoon  - jaldistill  - phir bhisorry  - afsossuddenly  - achanaksurely  - zarurthat (conjunction)  - kithan  - sethen  - to, tabthere  - vahantherefore  - isliyethither  - yahan sethough  - yadyapithrough  - us mensethrice  - tin barthus  - aisetill  - tab taktoday  - ajtogether  - ek sathtomorrow  - kal

tonight  - rat kotowards  - taraftruly  - sach taur partruly  - sahitwice  - do barunder  - nicheuntil  - tab takup  - uparunless  - jab takvery  - bahutwell  - achchhawhen  - kabwhenever  - jab kabhiwhenever it de  - jab kabhi ho sakewhere  - cahanwherever  - kahin bhiwhereas  - chunkiwhile  - jab takwhy  - kyonyes  - hanyesterday  - kal

 Syntax

Hindi uses a different word order than English. The main differences are that verbs are placed at the end of the sentence (like in German) and that Hindi (like other Indian languages) uses postpositions instead of prepositions. Postpositions are like prepositions except that they are written after the noun.

Normal sentences

English: Subject Verb Object => I learn HindiHindi: Subject Object Verb => I Hindi learn

English: Subject Verb Preposition Object => I go to the shopHindi: Subject Object Postposition Verb => I shop to go

Imperative sentences

English: Verb Place Adverb => Come here nowHindi: Place Adverb Verb => Here now come

English: Verb Negative Verb Adverb => Do not eat quicklyHindi: Adverb Negative Verb => Quickly not eat

Interrogate sentences

English: Adverb Aux.Verb Subject Verb => What are you drawing?Hindi: Subject Adverb Verb => You what draw?

Pronouns

First PersonI - main

To me - mujhko

My - mera (m) , meri (f) , mere (pl)

We - ham

To us - hamko

Our - hamara (m) , hamari (f) , hamare (pl)

Second PersonYou - tum , ap (r)

To you - tumko , apko (r)

Your - tumhara (m) , tumhari (f) , tumhare (pl)

Your (r)

- apka (m) , apki (f) , apke (pl)

Third PersonHe, she, it (there) - vah , ve (r)

He, she, it (here) - yah, ye (r)

To him, her, it (there) - usko, unko (r)

To him, her, it (here) - isko, inko (r)

His, her, its - uska (m) , uski (f) , uske (pl)

They - ve

To them - unko

Their - unka (m) , unki (f) , unke (pl)

Demonstrative & relativeThis - yah

This very, this same - yahin

That - vah

That very, that same - vahin

These - ye

Those - ve

Who - kaun

Whom (s) - kis ko

Whom (pl or r) - kin ko

Whose - kis ka (m) , kis ki (f)

Which (s) - kaun si

Which (pl) - kis ko

Of which (s) - kis ki

Of which (pl) - kin ki

Pronouns in the direct and indirect casesSingular Plural

Direct - Indirect | Direct - Indirect

yah - is | ye - in

yahin - isin | ye hin - inhin

vah - us | ve - un

vahin - usin | ve hin - unhin

kaun - kis | kaun - kin

koin - kisin | koin-koin - kinhin

jo - jis | jo - jin

Postpositions

Postpositions in Hindi are like prepositions in English but they are placed after the noun.

The noun in front of the postposition is always in the indirect case.

The use of postpositions makes it possible to express the "missing" cases in Hindi.  

nominative larki the girl (direct case)

genitive

s, m larki ka kam the work of the girl

s, f larki ki bat the word of the girl

pl, m larki ke kam the works of the girl

pl, f larki ki baten the words of the girl

dative larki ko to the girl

accusative

larki a girl (direct case)

larki ko the girl

vocative larki girl! (direct case)

ablative larki se from / with / of the girl

agentive larki ne the girl

locative

larki men in the girl

larki par on / upon / after the girl

larki tak as far as / as long as / up to the girl

 Adjectives

An adjective ending with -a changes form according to the gender and number of the noun it qualifies.

chota = small  

Singular

Masculine Feminine

chota kamra choti narangi

chota ghar choti mez

Plural Masculine Feminine

chote kamre choti narangiyan

chote ghar choti mezen

Other adjectives do not change form.

saf = clean  

Masculine Feminine

Singular

saf kamra saf mez

Plural saf kamre saf mezen

The comparative and superlative forms are made by adding the words usase (or se) and sabse in front of the positive form.  

Positive sundar

Comparative usase sundar / se sundar

Superlative sabse sundar

When an adjective is repeated twice it emphasises different kinds of the noun or the intensity or selectivity.

 Adjective list

easy - asan

difficult - mushkil

sweet - mitha

bitte - karwa

sour - khatta

good - achchha

bad - kharab

blunt - bhaunta

sharp - paina

dark - light

open - khula

closed - band

full - bhara

empty - khali

tired - thaka

fresh - taza

stale - basi

fat - mota

lean - dubla

dirty - ganda

clean - saf

thick - mota

thin - patla

true - sachcha

false - jhutha

distant - dur

near - pas

hot - garam

cold - thanda

honest - imandar

dishonest - beiman

hollow - pola

solid - thos

liquid - taral

glad - khusk

sad - ranjida

wealthy - maldar

rich - dhani

poor - garib

healthy - tandurust

sick - bimar

long - lamba

short - chhota

new - naya

old - purana

young - jawan

old - buddha

light (color) - halka

dark (color) - gahra

light - halka

heavy - bhari

polite - namra

rude - badtamiz

mannerless - badtamiz

narrow - sankra, tang

wide - chaura

broad - chaura

active - phurtila

lazy - sust

smart - hoshiyar

dull - mattha, manda

angry - naraz

kind - meharban

pleased - khush

displeased - naraz

proud - ghamandi

humble - namra

cheap - sasta

dear - mahnga

dry - sukha

wet - gila

clever - hoshiyar

stupid - bewakuf

deep - gahra

shallow - uthla

urban - shahri

rural - dehati

brave - vir

coward - kayar

handsome - sundar

pretty - sundar

beautiful - sundar

ugly - kurup

raw - kachcha

cooked - paka

smelling good

- khushbudar

smelling bad - badbudar

noisy - shorgul ka

quiet - shant

all - sab

little - kuchh

interesting - dilchaspa

dull - ubane wala

durable - mazbut

not durable - kamzor

strong - takatwar

weak - kamzor

elder - (usase) bara

younger - (usase) chhota

big - bara

small - chhota

high (person) - bare

low (person) - chhote

high (things) - uncha

low (things) - nicha

some - thora

much - zyada

few - kuchh

many - bahut

right - sahi

wrong - galat

excellent - barhiya

worthless - raddi

wise - buddhiman

foolish - bewakuf

sweet - mitha

harsh - kara

national - deshi ya rashtriya

foreign - videshi

this much - itna, itni

as many - jitne, jitna

several - kai

that much - utna, utni

such - aisa, aisi

whatever - jo kuchh

hard - sakhta

soft - mulayam

other - dusra

same - vahi

 Different words

Questionswho - kaun

what - kya

why - kyon

when - kab

where - kahan

how - kaise

which - kaunsa

how many - kitne

how much

- kitna

Cardinal numbers0 - sunya, sifar

1 - ek

2 - do

3 - tin

4 - char

5 - panch

6 - chhah

7 - sat

8 - ath

9 - nau

10 - das

20 - bis

30 - tis

40 - chalis

50 - pachas

60 - sath

70 - sattar

80 - assi

90 - nabbe

100 - ek sau

101 - ek sau ek

200 - do sau

1.000

- ek hazar

lac - ek lakh (100.000)

crore - ek karor (10.000.000)

Other words having to do with numbers1st - pahla

2nd - dusra

3rd - tisra

4th - cautha

5th - pancvan

6th - chatha

7th - satvan

8th - athvan

9th - nauvan

10th

- dasvan

1/2 - adha

1/3 - tihai

1/4 - cauthai

3/4 - pauna

Colorsblack - kala

blue - nila

bright - chamkila

brown - bhura

color - rang

golden - sunahra

gray - bhura

green - hara

indigo - baingni

orange - naranji

red - lal

rosy - gulabi

white - safed

yellow - pila

 Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...

about (place) - as-pas

about (pertaining to) - bare men

above - upar

across - uspar

after - bad men

again - phir

again & again - bar-bar

against (opposite) - khilaf

against (touching) - bhira kar

alas - afsos

aloof - dur

almost - karib-karib

also - ohi

although - halanki

altogether - ekdam

always - hamesha

among - unke bich men

and - aur

around - as

as if - mano

as far as - jahantak

as soon as - jyonhi

at - taraf

backward - pichhe

backwards & forwards

- age-pichhe

because - kyonki

because (him) - vajah se (uski)

before - pahle

behind - pichhe

below - niche

beneath - niche

between - bich men

beyond - us par

bravo - shabash

but - lekin

by - se

certainly - zarur

certainly not - hargiz nahin

down - niche

downward - niche ki taraf

during - us bich men

early - jaldi

either - ya to

enough - kafi

especially - khas kar

even - bhi

even then - tab to

ever - hamesha

every moment - hardam

far - dur

for - (uske) liye

for ever - hamesha ke liye

forward - age

from - se

generally - am taur par

gradually - dhire-dhire

hence (place) - yahan se

hence (time) - ab se

here - yahan

here and there - yahan vahan

hither - yahan

how - kaise

how much - kitna

if - agar

if not - agar nahin to

if possible - ho sake to

if so - agar aisa hai to

immediate - zaruri, turamt andar

in - andar

in brief - thore men

indeed - vastav men

in front of - samne

inparticular - khas taur se

in general - am taur se

in short - thore men

inside - andar

just now - abhi-abhi

late - der se

little by little - thora-thora karke

near - pas

never - kabhi nahin

neither - na vah

no - nahin

nor - na vah

not - nahin

nothing - kuchh nahin

not yet - abhi tak nanin

now - ab

now or never - abhi ya phir kabhi nahin

of - ka

of course - albatta

off - dur

oft / often - aksar

on - upar

once - ek bar

only - kewal

or - ya

out - bahar

out and out - bilkul

over (higher) - upar

over (finished) - khatam

perhaps - shayad

please - krpaya

quite - bilkul

quietly - chupchap

really - sachmuch

scarcely - mushkil se

seldom - kabhi-kabhi

since (time) - tab se

since (conditional) - chunki

so - isliya

some - kuchh

somehow - jyon tyon karke

so much - itna

so and so - falana

so late - itni der se

so soon - itni jaldi

soon - jaldi

still - phir bhi

sorry - afsos

suddenly - achanak

surely - zarur

that (conjunction) - ki

than - se

then - to, tab

there - vahan

therefore - isliye

thither - yahan se

though - yadyapi

through - us mense

thrice - tin bar

thus - aise

till - tab tak

today - aj

together - ek sath

tomorrow - kal

tonight - rat ko

towards - taraf

truly - sach taur par

truly - sahi

twice - do bar

under - niche

until - tab tak

up - upar

unless - jab tak

very - bahut

well - achchha

when - kab

whenever - jab kabhi

whenever it de - jab kabhi ho sake

where - cahan

wherever - kahin bhi

whereas - chunki

while - jab tak

why - kyon

yes - han

yesterday - kal

 Examples of sentences in Hindi

GreetingsGood morning - subh prabhat

Good day - subh din

Good afternoon - subh sandhya

Good night - subh ratri

Hello - namaskar / namaste / subh din

Good bye (hindus) - namaste

Good bye (muslims) - khuda hafiz

How are you (r,m) - ap kaise hain?

How are you (r,f) - ap kaisi hain?

I am fine, thanks - bahut accha, sukriya

I am fine, thanks - main thik hun, dhanyavad

Hindus greet each other with namaste. The answer is also namaste.

Muslims greet each other with salam alekum. The answer is valekum as salam.

QuestionsWho is that? - yah kaun hai?

What is this? - yah kya hai?

What is that? - vah kya hai?

Where is it? - vah kahan hai?

Where is ...? - ... kahan hai?

How much is it? - yah kitne ki hai?

Who are you? - ap kaun hai?

What is your name? - apka subh nam kya hai?

Where are you from? - ap kahan ke rahne vale hain?

Which country are you from?

- ap kis des ke hain?

How old are you? - ap ki umar kya hai?

What is your job? - ap kya kam karte hain?

What are you studying? - ap kya padethe hain?

What is wrong? - Kya bat hai?

Do you speak Hindi? - kya ap hindi bol sakte hain?

What time is it? - kya samay hua?

What time is it? - kya baja hai?

Misc. sentences(Masculine forms used)

My name is Poul - mera nam poul hai

I live in Denmark - main denmark men rahta hun

I am a student - main vidyarthi hun

I go to school in Lyngby - lyngby men main skul jata hun

I speak a little Hindi - main hindi kuch-kuch bol sakta hun

I would like some tea - mujhe cay cahiye

I am tired - main thak gaya hai

I am thirsty - mujhe pyas lagi hai

I am hungry - mujhe bhukh lagi hai

I am not hungry - mujhe bhukh nahin hai

I have to go - mujhe jana hai

I don't understand it - mujhe samajh men yah nahin a raha

I understand (now) - (ab) main samajha

It is important - yah zaruri hai

I would like to buy a ... - main ... karidhna chahtha hun

I would like a ... - mujhe ... chahiya

I would like some ... - mujhe kuch ... chahein

Poul speaking (on the phone) - yah poul bol raha hai

Who is it? (on the phone) - kaun bol raha hai?

Hindi Verbs

Hindi is one of the main languages of India and is spoken by a large number of people worldwide. If you are learning this language, knowledge of Hindi grammar can come in handy. Let's take a look at Hindi verbs.

Verbs, for those who don't know, most frequently denote action. Hindi verbs usually have the following characteristics:

•They have two elements, one is the verb stem and the other is the infinitive suffix.

•It is essential for Hindi verbs to agree with their subjects in both number of the subject and gender of the subject.

•When Hindi verbs describe the action of a pronoun, the verbs take on the gender of the noun that the pronoun indicates.

•Hindi verbs distinguish past tense, present tense, and future tense. They also distinguish different kinds of actions. For example, actions that have been completed, actions that regularly occur, and actions that are going on.

•Hindi verbs are also influenced by the degree of respect accorded to the subject. For example, intimate, familiar, or formal.

Some common Hindi verbs are irregular, like the following:

•Hona - to be

•Karna - to do

•Jana - to go

•Lena - to take

•Dena - to give

•Khana - to eat

•Pina - to drink

•Sona - to sleep

Different Forms of Hindi Verbs

By adding the infinitive suffix to the verb stem, you get the infinitive form of the verb. The infinitive suffix is 'na'. For example, 'likh' means 'write' and if you add 'na' to 'likh', we have 'likhna', which is 'to write'.

•Mujha likhna hai - I have to write

•Tujhe likhna hai - You have to write

•Use likhna hai - He/she has to write

•Unhe likhna hai - They have to write

The present participle suffix is 'ta' or 'ti'. If you add that to 'likh', you have 'likhta' (m.) or 'likhti' (f.), which is 'is writing'.

•Main likhta hoon - I am writing

•Wo likhta hai - He is writing

•Wo likhti hai - She is writing

The past participle suffix is 'a'. If you add that to 'likh', you have 'likha', which is 'had written' or 'was written'.

•Maine likha - I have written

•Usne likha - He/she has written

•Wahan likha tha - It was written there

The present continuous (progressive) tense is formed by adding 'raha', 'rahi', or 'rahe' to the verb stem along with the present tense of 'hona', that is 'to be'.

•Main likh raha hoon - I am writing (m.)

•Main likh rahi hoon - I am writing (f.)

•Tum likh rahe ho - You are writing

•Hum likh rahe hain - We are writing

Although, raha, rahi, and rahe are written separate, they are pronounced as one with the verb stem.

For past tense, you add 'a' (for masculine singular), 'e' (for masculine plural) or 'i' (for feminine singular and plural) to the verb stem. along with 'tha', 'thi', or 'the'.

•Maine likha tha - I had written

•Maine likhe the - I had written

•Usne likha tha - He had written

•Usne likhi thi - She had written

•Unhone likhe the - They had written

Past imperfect tense is achieved by adding 'ta', 'te', or 'ti' along with 'tha', 'thi', or 'the' to the verb stem.

•Main deta tha - I used to give (m.)

•Main deti thi - I used to give (f.)

•Tum dete the - You used to give

•Hum dete the - We used to give

•Wo deta tha - He used to give

•Wo deti thi - She used to give

•Woh dete the - They used to give

For future tense, verb stems are appended with 'unga' (for I), 'ega' and 'oge' for 'tu', and 'tum' (you), 'ega' and 'egi' for 'wo' (he and she), and 'enge' for 'woh', 'hum' or 'aap' (us, you formal/plural, or they).

•Main khaunga - I will eat

•Tu khayega - You will eat

•Tum khaoge - You will eat

•Wo khayega - He will eat

•Wo khayegi - She will eat

•Woh khayenge - They will eat

•Hum khayenge - We will eat

•Aap khayenge - You will eat (formal, singular/plural)

For future continuous (progressive) tense, verb stems are appended with 'ta', 'te', or 'ti' and 'rahunga', 'rahega', 'rahegi', 'rahenge', or 'rahoge'.

•Main jata rahunga - I will keep going

•Tu jata rahega - You will keep going (m.)

•Tu jati rahegi - You will keep going (f.)

•Woh jate rahenge - They will keep going

•Tum jate rahoge - You will keep going

Hindi, a language belonging to the Indo-Iranian sub-group of the Indo-European family of languages, is one of the official languages of India. It is mainly spoken in Northern India, but is also spoken and understood in other parts of the country. Hindi grammar is called “Vyakaran”.

Pronouns in Hindi:

Pronouns in Hindi are called “Sarvanam”. Like pronouns in English and other languages, Hindi pronouns perform the task of making the language easier to use.

Here are some characteristics of Hindi Pronouns:

•In Hindi, the first person, second person and third person pronouns all have a single gender. There is no “he” and “she” difference as in the English language. It is the verb that, upon conjugation, usually indicates the difference in gender.

•The first person pronouns and second person pronouns are indicated by personal pronouns.

•The third person pronouns are indicated by demonstrative pronouns.

•Hindi pronouns have accusative and genitive cases.

•Hindi pronouns do not have vocative cases.

There are five main types of pronouns in Hindi:

1. Personal Pronouns, known as Purush Vachak Sarvanam

2. Demonstrative Pronoun, known as Nischay Vachak Sarvanam

3. Indefinite Pronoun, known as Anischay Vachak Sarvanam

4. Relative Pronoun, known as Sambandh Vachak Sarvanam

5. Interrogative Pronoun, known as Prashna Vachak Sarvanam

Personal Pronouns:

There are three types of personal pronouns – First Person, Second Person and Third Person.

First Person Pronouns, also known as Uttam Purush, are -

•Mai (I)

•Mai Ne (I)

•Mera (My/Mine)

•Hum (Us/We)

•Humara (Ours)

“Hum” and “Humara” are sometimes used as “I” and “Mine”. It was common in the days of the royalty – a royal person always referred to himself/herself as “Hum”. It is still common in some areas nowadays, particularly in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. For example - “Hum nahi karange” (I won't do it/We won't do it).

Examples -

•"Mai ga raha hoon" (I am singing)

•"Mai ne kavita likhi" (I wrote a poem)

•"Mera kutta kala hai" (My dog is black)

•"Hum banaras jane wale hain" (We are going to Banaras)

•"Humara ghar Lucknow main hain" (Our house is in Lucknow)

Second Person Pronouns, also known as Madhyam Purush, are -

•Tum (You)

•Tu Ne (You)

•Tumhara (Yours)

•Tera (Yours)

•Aap (You, formal, singular and plural)

•Aap Ne (You, formal, singular and plural)

“Tum”, “Tu ne”, “Tumhara” and “Tera” are informal second person pronouns and may be used for friends, family, children and pets. “Aap” and “Aap ke” are formal second person pronouns and are used on formal occasions, to address strangers, seniors and authority figures. They are also quite often used between family members. This is mostly seen in Northern India, where parents may use “Aap” when addressing their children. For example - “Beta, aap khaoge?” (Son/daughter, will you eat?)

Examples -

•"Tum mere sath aaoge?" (Will you come with me?)

•"Tu ne khana khaya?" (Have you eaten?)

•"Tumhara nam kya hai?" (What is your name?)

•"Tera ghar kahan hai?" (Where is your house?)

•"Aap ka nam kya hai?" (What is your name?)

•"Aap ke kyun taklif ki?" (Why did you trouble yourself? Actually, a polite form of 'Oh, it really wasn't necessary, you shouldn't have bothered'. Taklif is an urdu word for trouble or bother)

Third Person Pronouns, also known as Anya Purush, are -

•Woh (He/She/They)

•Uska/Uski (His/Her)

Examples -

•"Woh bazaar gaye hain" (They have gone to the market)

•"Woh pathshala ko gaya/gayi hain" (He/She has gone to school)

•"Uski aaj exam hai" (Today is his/her exam)

Demonstrative Pronouns:

Demonstrative pronouns indicate a particular person or persons or a particular thing or things.

•Yeh (This/He/She/It)

•Woh (That/He/She/It)

•Ye (These) Ve (Those)

Examples -

•"Yeh mera ghar hai" (This is my house)

•"Woh uska ghar hai" (That is his/her house)

•"Ye log wahan rahate hai" (These people stay there)

•"Ve log kal jayenge" (Those people will leave tomorrow)

Indefinite Pronouns:

Indefinite pronouns indicate general rather than particular people and things.

•Koi (Someone)

•Kuch (Something)

•Kuch bhi (Anything)

•Sab kuch (Everything)

•Sab log (Everyone)

Examples -

•"Koi ja raha hai" (Someone is passing/going)

•"Kuch karna hoga" (Something must be done)

•"Kuch bhi chalega" (Anything will do)

•"Sab kuch karke dekho" (Try everything)

•“Sab log aayenge” (Everyone will come)

Relative Pronouns:

Relative pronouns give the relation between words, people and things.

•Jo (Who)

•Jiski (Whose)

•Jaisa (Like)

Examples -

•“Jo kal aayega, usko dena" (the one who comes tomorrow, give it to him)

•"Jiski chal hathi jaisi" (Whose walk is like that of an elephant)

•"Uske jaisa koi nahin" (There is no one like him)

Interrogative Pronouns:

Interrogative pronouns ask questions about people and things.

•Kaun (Who)

•Kya (What)

•Kisko (Whom)

Examples -

•"Kaun banega crorepati?" (Who will be a millionaire?)

•"Kya baat hai?" (What is the matter?)

•"Kisko phal diye?" (Whom did you give the fruit to?)

C'mon, dinner's ready - Chalo, khana tayar hain.

Sit down - Baith jao.

I'm hungry - Mujhe bhook lagi hai.

What will you eat? - Tum kya khaoge? (informal) / Aap kya khaoge? (formal)

What's for dinner? - Khane may kya hai?

Today we have made Hyderabadi biryani - Aaj humne Hyderabadi biryani banayi hain.

And there is also rice, roti, sambhar, paratha, vegetables, salad, pakoda, papad, pickle, curd, buttermilk and lassi - Aur chawal, roti, sambhar, paratha, sabzi, raita, pakoda, papad, aachar, chutney, dahi, tak, lassi bhi hain.

Do you like sweet dishes? - Tumko mithai pasand hai? (informal) / Aapko mithai pasand hai? (formal)

There is also mango juice, jalebi, rasgulla, gulab jamun, shrikhand, barfi and laddoos - Aam-ras, jalebi, rasgulla, gulab jamun, shrikhand, barfi aur laddoo bhi hain.

I was also going to make Momos, but I didn't have the time - Main Momos bhi banana wali thi, lekin mujhe wakt nahi mila.

Tomorrow I'm going to make South Indian food - dosa-sambhar and wada-sambhar - I particularly like Iddiyappam - Kal main Dakshin Bharatiya khana banana wali hoon -dosa-sambhar aur wada-sambhar - mujhe Idiyappam khas pasand hai.

What will you have? - Tum kya logay? (informal) / Aap kya logay? (formal)

What else will you have? - Tum aur kya logay? (informal) / Aap aur kya logay? (formal)

Would you like some more? - Tumko aur chahiye? / Tumhe aur chahiye? (informal) / Aapko aur chahiye? (formal)

Do you want water? - Tumko pani chahiye? (informal) / Aapko pani chahiye? (formal)

Move your glass here - Glass yahan karo

Do you want a spoon, knife and fork? - Tumko chamach, suri aur kata chahiye?

No, I'll eat by hand - Nahi, main haat say khaoongi. (feminine) / Nahi, main haat say khaoonga. (masculine)

I would like some more rice - Mujhe aur chawal chahiye.

I will have sambhar with it - Uske saath main sambhar loongi. (feminine) / Uske saath main sambhar loonga. (masculine)

Does it need more salt? - Usme aur namak chahiye kya?

Does it need more sugar? - Usme aur shakkar chahiye kya?

Do you find it hot (as in chillie hot)? - Tumko tikha lag raha hai kya? (informal) / Aapko tikha lag raha hai kya? (formal)

You don't find it hot (chillie hot), do you? - Tumko tikha to nahi lag raha hai na? (informal) /Aapko tikha to nahi lag raha hai na? (formal)

Is it hot (as in scalding hot)? - Garam hai kya?

The food hasn't become cold, has it? - Khana thanda toh nahi huwa hai na?

There's more in the pot - Katore may aur hain.

Do you like the dinner? - Khana aachha lag raha hai na?

Yes, it's good, thank you - Ha, acchha hai, shukriya.

Eat some fruit - Kuch phal kha lo.

Will you have some more? - Tum aur logay? (informal) / Aap aur logay? (formal)

Your plate looks/is looking empty - Tumhari thali khali deekh rahi hai (informal) / Aapki thali khali deekh rahi hai (formal)

No, enough, I'm done, my stomach is full - Nahi, bas, mera ho gaya, mera pet bhar gaya.

Thank you, the food was very tasty/good, your cooking is amazing - Shukriya/Dhanyawad, khana bahut swadishta/acchha tha, tum kamal ka khana pakati ho (informal)/ aap kamal ka khana pakatay ho (formal).

Come again - Phir aao/aajao

m/education/languages/articles/45685.aspx#ixzz1OJZi9PNi