High Voltage AC Load Using Small Plc Module_2

7/24/2019 High Voltage AC Load Using Small Plc Module_2

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Abstract

In this Project We Design a battery charging indication by using 4 leds and its

charger.

Finally we use a dc fan and led with this battery as load.

That load will work when there is no power supply , if there is power supply

the load reains stop for that tie we charge our battery. We can use our

regular de!ices just as ac bulbs and ac fans.

"lock Diagra

#


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CONTENTS

S.NO TOPIC PAGE

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INTRODUCTION

In this Project We Design a battery charging indication by using 4 leds and its

charger. +utoatic trips fro ain supply dc to battery dc.This is a very useful

project of a simple 12V battery status indicator circuit. The circuit

will indicate the level of 12V battery voltage through four LEDs.

hen the battery is fully charged all LEDs of the circuit will become

activated! the LEDs will close one by one as the battery runs down.

Each LED will close on di"erent voltage that is also mar#ed on the

upper side of the circuit. $or e%ample when a 12V battery is fully

charged it shows upto 12V hence all LEDs of the circuit will glow on

this voltage. &ut when the battery runs down to 11V the LED' will

goes o" and indicates that the remaining voltage of the battery is

11V. (ame as when the battery voltage runs down to 11.)V as

mar#ed above on the circuit then the LED) will become deactivated

and indicates that the battery voltage is become 11V and so on.

)


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Component used in this Project:-

1. TRAN!OR"#R

$. DIOD#

%. R#ITOR

&. CAPACITOR'. R#CTI!I#R

(. DC R#)A*

+. DC )OAD,DC )#D and DC !AN

1. PO#R UPP)*:

Po/er supp0is a reference to a source of electrical power. + de!ice or syste that

supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is

called a po/er supp0 unitor PU. The ter is ost coonly applied to electrical

4


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energy supplies, less often to echanical ones, and rarely to others. ;ere in our

application we need a /! D( power supply for all electronics in!ol!ed in the

project. This re


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The secondary induced !oltage VS, of an ideal transforer, is scaled fro the

priary VPby a factor e


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T3# CO"PON#NT O! A TRAN!OR"#R

Two coils of wire 3called windings6 are wound on soe type of core aterial. In

soe cases the coils of wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular cardboard

for. In effect, the core aterial is air and the transforer is called an +I%B(&%

T%+$F&%-%. Transforers used at low fre


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4RID5# R#CTI!I#R

+ bridge rectifier akes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangeent to achie!e fullB

wa!e rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with indi!idual diodes

wired as shown and with single coponent bridges where the diode bridge is wired

internally.

4asic operation

+ccording to the con!entional odel of current flow originally established by

"enjain Franklin and still followed by ost engineers today, current is assumedto

flow through electrical conductors fro the positi6e to the ne7ati6e pole. In

actuality, free electrons in a conductor nearly always flow fro the ne7ati6eto the

positi6epole. In the !ast ajority of applications, howe!er, the actualdirection of

current flow is irrele!ant. Therefore, in the discussion below the con!entional odel

is retained.

In the diagras below, when the input connected to the 0e2tcorner of the diaond is

positi6e, and the input connected to the ri7htcorner is ne7ati6e, current flows fro

the uppersupply terinal to the right along the red3positi!e6 path to the output, and

returns to the 0o/er supply terinal !ia the b0ue 3negati!e6 path.

1


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When the

input connected to the 0e2tcorner is ne7ati6e, and the input connected to the ri7ht

corner is positi6e, current flows fro the 0o/ersupply terinal to the right along

the red path to the output, and returns to the upper supply terinal !ia the b0ue

path.

In each case, the upper right output reains positi!e and lower right output negati!e.

ince this is true whether the input is +( or D(, this circuit not only produces a D(

output fro an +( input, it can also pro!ide what is soeties called @re!erse

polarity protection@. That is, it perits noral functioning of D(Bpowered

e


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a standard coercial coponent and is now a!ailable with !arious !oltage and

current ratings.

OUTPUT "OOT3IN5

For any applications, especially with single phase +( where the fullBwa!e bridge

ser!es to con!ert an +( input into a D( output, the addition of a capacitor ay be

desired because the bridge alone supplies an output of fiAed polarity but

continuously !arying or @pulsating@ agnitude 3see diagra abo!e6.

The function of this capacitor, known as a reser!oir capacitor 3or soothing

capacitor6 is to lessen the !ariation in 3or ?sooth?6 the rectified +( output !oltage

wa!efor fro the bridge. &ne eAplanation of ?soothing? is that the capacitor

pro!ides a low ipedance path to the +( coponent of the output, reducing the +(

!oltage across, and +( current through, the resisti!e load. In less technical ters,

any drop in the output !oltage and current of the bridge tends to be canceled by loss

of charge in the capacitor. This charge flows out as additional current through the

load. Thus the change of load current and !oltage is reduced relati!e to what would

occur without the capacitor. Increases of !oltage correspondingly store eAcess charge

in the capacitor, thus oderating the change in output !oltage current.

The siplified circuit shown has a wellBdeser!ed reputation for being dangerous,

because, in soe applications, the capacitor can retain a lethalcharge after the +(

power source is reo!ed. If supplying a dangerous !oltage, a practical circuit should#5


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include a reliable way to safely discharge the capacitor. If the noral load cannot be

guaranteed to perfor this function, perhaps because it can be disconnected, the

circuit should include a bleeder resistor connected as close as practical across the

capacitor. This resistor should consue a current large enough to discharge the

capacitor in a reasonable tie, but sall enough to iniiCe unnecessary power

waste.

"ecause a bleeder sets a iniu current drain, the regulation of the circuit, defined

as percentage !oltage change fro iniu to aAiu load, is ipro!ed.

;owe!er in any cases the ipro!eent is of insignificant agnitude.

The capacitor and the load resistance ha!e a typical tie constant E %( where C

and R are the capacitance and load resistance respecti!ely. +s long as the load

resistor is large enough so that this tie constant is uch longer than the tie of one

ripple cycle, the abo!e configuration will produce a soothed D( !oltage across the

load.

In soe designs, a series resistor at the load side of the capacitor is added. The

soothing can then be ipro!ed by adding additional stages of capacitorGresistor

pairs, often done only for subBsupplies to critical highBgain circuits that tend to be

sensiti!e to supply !oltage noise.

The idealiCed wa!efors shown abo!e are seen for both !oltage and current when

the load on the bridge is resisti!e. When the load includes a soothing capacitor,both the !oltage and the current wa!efors will be greatly changed. While the

!oltage is soothed, as described abo!e, current will flow through the bridge only

during the tie when the input !oltage is greater than the capacitor !oltage. For

eAaple, if the load draws an a!erage current of n +ps, and the diodes conduct for

#5H of the tie, the a!erage diode current during conduction ust be #5n +ps.

This nonBsinusoidal current leads to haronic distortion and a poor power factor in

the +( supply.

##


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In a practical circuit, when a capacitor is directly connected to the output of a bridge,

the bridge diodes ust be siCed to withstand the current surge that occurs when the

power is turned on at the peak of the +( !oltage and the capacitor is fully

discharged. oeties a sall series resistor is included before the capacitor to liit

this current, though in ost applications the power supply transforer?s resistance is

already sufficient.

&utput can also be soothed using a choke and second capacitor. The choke tends to

keep the current 3rather than the !oltage6 ore constant. Due to the relati!ely high

cost of an effecti!e choke copared to a resistor and capacitor this is not eployed

in odern e


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$orally we get fiAed output by connecting the !oltage regulator at the output of

the filtered D( 3see in abo!e diagra6. It can also be used in circuits to get a low D(

!oltage fro a high D( !oltage 3for eAaple we use 15/ to get /J fro #*J6.

There are two types of !oltage regulators #. fiAed !oltage regulators 31AA, 8AA6 *.

!ariable !oltage regulators32-)#6 In fiAed !oltage regulators there is another

classification #. !e !oltage regulators *. B!e !oltage regulators P&ITIJ

J&2T+0 %0'2+T&% This include 1AA !oltage regulators. The ost

coonly used ones are 15/and 1#*. 15/ gi!es fiAed /J D( !oltage if input

!oltage is in 3./J, *5J6.

The Capacitor !i0ter

The siple capacitor filter is the ost basic type of power supply filter. The

application of the siple capacitor filter is !ery liited. It is soeties used on

eAtreely highB!oltage, lowBcurrent power supplies for cathodeBray and siilarelectron tubes, which re


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FullBwa!e rectifier with a capacitor filter.

When this filter is used, the %( charge tie of the filter capacitor 3(#6 ust be short

and the %( discharge tie ust be long to eliinate ripple action. In other words,

the capacitor ust charge up fast, preferably with no discharge at all. "etter filtering

also results when the input fre


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;alfBwa!e rectifier with and without filtering.

!I)T#R#D

The !alue of the capacitor is fairly large 3se!eral icrofarads6, thus it presents a

relati!ely low reactance to the pulsating current and it stores a substantial charge.

#/


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The rate of charge for the capacitor is liited only by the resistance of the

conducting diode, which is relati!ely low. Therefore, the %( charge tie of the

circuit is relati!ely short. +s a result, when the pulsating !oltage is first applied to

the circuit, the capacitor charges rapidly and alost reaches the peak !alue of the

rectified !oltage within the first few cycles. The capacitor attepts to charge to the

peak !alue of the rectified !oltage anytie a diode is conducting, and tends to retain

its charge when the rectifier output falls to Cero. 3The capacitor cannot discharge

iediately.6 The capacitor slowly discharges through the load resistance 3%26

during the tie the rectifier is nonBconducting.

The rate of discharge of the capacitor is deterined by the !alue of capacitance and

the !alue of the load resistance. If the capacitance and loadBresistance !alues are

large, the %( discharge tie for the circuit is relati!ely long.

+ coparison of the wa!efors shown in figure 4B#7 3!iew + and !iew "6 illustrates

that the addition of (# to the circuit results in an increase in the a!erage of the output

!oltage 3a!g6 and a reduction in the aplitude of the ripple coponent 3r6 which isnorally present across the load resistance.

$ow, let?s consider a coplete cycle of operation using a halfBwa!e rectifier, a

capaciti!e filter 3(#6, and a load resistor 3%26. +s shown in !iew + of figure 4B#, the

capaciti!e filter 3(#6 is assued to be large enough to ensure a sall reactance to the

pulsating rectified current. The resistance of %2is assued to be uch greater than

the reactance of (# at the input fre


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the downward slope as indicated by the solid line on the wa!efor in !iew ". In

contrast to the abrupt fall of the applied ac !oltage fro peak !alue to Cero, the

!oltage across (# 3and thus across %26 during the discharge period gradually

decreases until the tie of the neAt half cycle of rectifier operation. Leep in ind

that for good filtering, the filter capacitor should charge up as fast as possible and

discharge as little as possible.

Figure 4B#+. B (apacitor filter circuit 3positi!e and negati!e half cycles6.

P&ITIJ ;+2FB(9(2

Figure 4B#". B (apacitor filter circuit 3positi!e and negati!e half cycles6.

$0+TIJ ;+2FB(9(2

#


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ince practical !alues of (# and %2ensure a ore or less gradual decrease of the

discharge !oltage, a substantial charge reains on the capacitor at the tie of the

neAt half cycle of operation. +s a result, no current can flow through the diode until

the rising ac input !oltage at the anode of the diode eAceeds the !oltage on the

charge reaining on (#. The charge on (# is the cathode potential of the diode.

When the potential on the anode eAceeds the potential on the cathode 3the charge on

(#6, the diode again conducts, and (# begins to charge to approAiately the peak

!alue of the applied !oltage.

+fter the capacitor has charged to its peak !alue, the diode will cut off and the

capacitor will start to discharge. ince the fall of the ac input !oltage on the anode is

considerably ore rapid than the decrease on the capacitor !oltage, the cathode


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+nother thing to keep in ind is that the ripple coponent 3 r6 of the output !oltage

is an ac !oltage and the a!erage output !oltage 3a!g6 is the dc coponent of the

output. ince the filter capacitor offers a relati!ely low ipedance to ac, the ajority

of the ac coponent flows through the filter capacitor. The ac coponent is therefore

bypassed 3shunted6 around the load resistance, and the entire dc coponent 3or a!g6

flows through the load resistance. This stateent can be clarified by using the

forula for M(in a halfBwa!e and fullBwa!e rectifier. First, you ust establish soe

!alues for the circuit.

#8


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+s you can see fro the calculations, by doubling the fre


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circuits that ust supply a relati!ely large load current. 'sing the siple capaciti!e

filter in conjunction with a fullBwa!e or bridge rectifier pro!ides ipro!ed filtering

because the increased ripple fre


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Diodes= %ectification, freeBwheeling, etc

Nener diode= Joltage control, regulator etc.

Tunnel diode= (ontrol the current flow, snobbier circuit, etc

R#ITOR

The flow of charge through any aterial encounters an opposing force siilar in

any respects to echanical friction .this opposing force is called resistance of the

aterial .in soe electric circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in for of

resistor. %esistor used fall in three categories , only two of which are color coded

which are etal fil and carbon fil resistor .the third category is the wire wound

type ,where !alue are generally printed on the !itreous paint finish of the coponent.

%esistors are in ohs and are represented in 0reek letter oega, looks as an

upturned horseshoe. -ost electronic circuit re


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T*P# O! R#ITOR

!I9#D A)U# R#ITOR

It includes two types of resistors as carbon fil and etal fil .These two types areeAplained under

CAR4ON !I)" R#ITOR

During anufacture, at in fil of carbon is deposited onto a sall ceraic rod. The

resisti!e coating is spiraled away in an autoatic achine until the resistance

between there two ends of the rods is as close as possible to the correct !alue. -etal

leads and end caps are added, the resistors is co!ered with an insulating coating and

finally painted with colored bands to indicate the resistor !alue

(arbon Fil %esistors

+nother eAaple for a (arbon **555 &hs or ** LiloB&hs also known as **L

at /H tolerance= "and # %ed, #st digit "and * %ed, *nd digit "and ) &range,

)rd digit, ultiply with Ceros, in this case ) Cero?s "and 4 0old, Tolerance, /H

"#TA) !I)" R#ITOR

-etal fil and etal oAides resistors are ade in a siilar way, but can be ade

ore accurately to within Q*H or Q#H of their noinal !ale there are soe

difference in perforance between these resistor types, but none which affects their

use in siple circuit.

*)


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IR# OUND R#ITOR

+ wire wound resistor is ade of etal resistance wire, and because of this, they can

be anufactured to precise !alues. +lso, high wattage resistors can be ade by using

a thick wire aterial. Wire wound resistors cannot be used for high fre


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touching each other. 9ou can easily ake a capacitor fro two pieces of aluinu

foil and a piece of paper. It won?t be a particularly good capacitor in ters of its

storage capacity, but it will work.

In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like this=

When you connect a capacitor to a battery, hereRs what happens=

The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negati!e terinal of the battery

accepts electrons that the battery is producing.

The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positi!e terinal of the battery loses

electrons to the battery.

T#TIN5

To test the capacitors, either analog eters or specia

*/


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l digital eters with the specified function are used. The nonBelectrolyte capacitor

can be tested by using the digital eter.

-ulti G eter ode = (ontinuity Positi!e probe = &ne end $egati!e probe =

econd end Display = O5O3beep sound occur6 O&2O %esult = Faulty &L

)#D

2D falls within the faily of PB$ junction de!ices. The light eitting diode 32D6

is a diode that will gi!e off !isible light when it is energiCed. In any forward biased

PB$ junction there is, with in the structure and priarily close to the junction, a

recobination of hole and electrons. This recobination re


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R#)A*

The relay takes ad!antage of the fact that when electricity flows through a coil, it

becoes an electroagnet. The electroagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is

attached to a switch. o the switch?s otion 3&$ and &FF6 is controlled by the

current flowing to the coil, or not, respecti!ely.

+ !ery useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different

parts of a circuit. It will allow a low !oltage circuit 3e.g. /JD(6 to switch the power

in a high !oltage circuit 3e.g. #55 J+( or ore6.

The relay operates echanically, so it can not operate at high speed.

Interna0 circuit o2 Re0a

*


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Re0as

There are any kind of relays. 9ou can select one according to your needs. The

!arious things to consider when selecting a relay are its siCe, !oltage and current

capacity of the contact points, dri!e !oltage, ipedance, nuber of contacts,

resistance of the contacts, etc. The resistance !oltage of the contacts is the aAiu

!oltage that can be conducted at the point of contact in the switch. When the

aAiu is eAceeded, the contacts will spark and elt, soeties fusing together.

The relay will fail. The !alue is printed on the relay

CIRCUIT DIA5RA"

*1


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+bout Proteus

Proteus is a great electrical suite for circuit siulation purposes.

Proteus is a Jirtual yste -odeling and circuit siulation application. The

suite cobines iAed ode circuit siulation, aniated coponents and

icroprocessor odels to facilitate coBsiulation of coplete icrocontroller

based designs.

Proteus also has the ability to siulate the interaction between software

running on a icrocontroller and any analog or digital electronics connected

to it.

&!er!iew of Proteus

*8

B112V

D1LED-RED

D2LED-RED

D3LED-RED

D4LED-RED

100%

RV1

100ohm

Volts

+11.9

D5

DIODE

RL112V +347

D6LED-RED

R1550ohm

B112V

D1LED-RED

D2LED-RED

D3LED-RED

D4LED-RED

100%

RV1

100ohm

Volts

+11.8

D5

DIODE

RL112V +386

D6LED-RED

R1550ohm


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CONC)UION:-

Finally we design our desire odule for changing supply source using relay and a

digital switch. ItRs ha!ing lots of use in industries

!uture cope: -

ItRs a sall approach towards plc odule. In future e!erywhere Pl( going to

ipleent, itRs tie for autoation coes in earlier days.

)5


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High Voltage AC Load Using Small Plc Module_2

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