HIGH SPEED NETWORKS
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P13ITE05 High Speed Networks
UNIT - I
Dr.A.Kathirvel
Professor & Head/IT - VCEW
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UNIT - I
Frame Relay Networks
Asynchronous transfer mode
ATM protocol architecture
ATM logical connection
ATM cell and service categories – AAL
High speed LANs: Fast, Gigabit ethernet, Fiber channel
Wireless LANs
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Introduction
Packet-Switching Networks
Switching Technique
Routing
X.25
Frame Relay Networks
Architecture
User Data Transfer
Call Control
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Packet-Switching Networks
Basic technology the same as in the 1970s One of the few effective technologies for long
distance data communications Frame relay and ATM are variants of packet-
switching Advantages:
- flexibility, resource sharing, robust, responsive
Disadvantages: Time delays in distributed network, overhead penalties
Need for routing and congestion control
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Circuit-Switching
Long-haul telecom network designed for voice
Network resources dedicated to one call
Shortcomings when used for data:
Inefficient (high idle time)
Constant data rate
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Packet-Switching
Data transmitted in short blocks, or packets
Packet length < 1000 octets
Each packet contains user data plus control
info (routing)
Store and forward
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Chapter 4 Frame Relay 7
Figure 4.1 The Use of Packets
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Chapter 4 Frame Relay 8
Figure 4.2 Packet
Switching: Datagram
Approach
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Advantages over Circuit-Switching
Greater line efficiency (many packets can go
over shared link)
Data rate conversions
Non-blocking under heavy traffic (but
increased delays)
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Disadvantages relative to Circuit-Switching
Packets incur additional delay with every node
they pass through
Jitter: variation in packet delay
Data overhead in every packet for routing
information, etc
Processing overhead for every packet at every
node traversed
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Chapter 4 Frame Relay 11
Figure 4.3 Simple Switching Network
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Switching Technique
Large messages broken up into smaller packets
Datagram
Each packet sent independently of the others
No call setup
More reliable (can route around failed nodes or congestion)
Virtual circuit
Fixed route established before any packets sent
No need for routing decision for each packet at each node
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Chapter 4 Frame Relay 13
Figure 4.4 Packet
Switching: Virtual-
Circuit Approach
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Routing
Adaptive routing
Node/trunk failure
Congestion
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X.25
3 levels
Physical level (X.21)
Link level (LAPB, a subset of HDLC)
Packet level (provides virtual circuit
service)
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Chapter 4 Frame Relay 16
Figure 4.5 The Use of Virtual Circuits
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Chapter 4 Frame Relay 17
Figure 4.6 User Data and X.25
Protocol Control Information
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Frame Relay Networks
Designed to eliminate much of the overhead in X.25
Call control signaling on separate logical connection
from user data
Multiplexing/switching of logical connections at layer
2 (not layer 3)
No hop-by-hop flow control and error control
Throughput an order of magnitude higher than X.25
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Chapter 4 Frame Relay 19
Figure 4.7 Comparison of X.25 and
Frame Relay Protocol Stacks
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Chapter 4 Frame Relay 20
Figure 4.8 Virtual Circuits and Frame
Relay Virtual Connections
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Frame Relay Architecture
X.25 has 3 layers: physical, link, network
Frame Relay has 2 layers: physical and data link (or
LAPF)
LAPF core: minimal data link control
Preservation of order for frames
Small probability of frame loss
LAPF control: additional data link or network layer
end-to-end functions
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LAPF Core
Frame delimiting, alignment and transparency
Frame multiplexing/demultiplexing
Inspection of frame for length constraints
Detection of transmission errors
Congestion control
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LAPF-core Formats
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User Data Transfer
No control field, which is normally used for:
Identify frame type (data or control)
Sequence numbers
Implication:
Connection setup/teardown carried on separate
channel
Cannot do flow and error control
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Frame Relay Call Control
Frame Relay Call Control
Data transfer involves:
Establish logical connection and DLCI
Exchange data frames
Release logical connection
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Frame Relay Call Control
4 message types needed
SETUP
CONNECT
RELEASE
RELEASE COMPLETE
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ATM Protocol Architecture
Fixed-size packets called cells
Streamlined: minimal error and flow control
2 protocol layers relate to ATM functions:
Common layer providing packet transfers
Service dependent ATM adaptation layer (AAL)
AAL maps other protocols to ATM
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Protocol Model has 3 planes
User
Control
management
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Logical Connections
VCC (Virtual Channel Connection): a logical
connection analogous to virtual circuit in X.25
VPC (Virtual Path Connection): a bundle of VCCs
with same endpoints
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 31
Figure 5.2
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Advantages of Virtual Paths
Simplified network architecture
Increased network performance and reliability
Reduced processing and short connection setup time
Enhanced network services
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VCC Uses
Between end users
Between an end user and a network entity
Between 2 network entities
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 35
Figure 5.3
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VPC/VCC Characteristics
Quality of Service (QoS)
Switched and semi-permanent virtual channel
connections
Cell sequence integrity
Traffic parameter negotiation and usage monitoring
(VPC only) virtual channel identifier restriction
within a VPC
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Control Signaling
A mechanism to establish and release VPCs
and VCCs
4 methods for VCCs:
Semi-permanent VCCs
Meta-signaling channel
User-to-network signaling virtual channel
User-to-user signaling virtual channel
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Control Signaling
3 methods for VPCs
Semi-permanent
Customer controlled
Network controlled
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ATM Cells
Fixed size
5-octet header
48-octet information field
Small cells reduce delay for high-priority cells
Fixed size facilitate switching in hardware
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Header Format
Generic flow control
Virtual path identifier (VPI)
Virtual channel identifier (VCI)
Payload type
Cell loss priority
Header error control
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 41
Figure 5.4
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Generic Flow Control
Control traffic flow at user-network interface (UNI)
to alleviate short-term overload conditions
When GFC enabled at UNI, 2 procedures used:
Uncontrolled transmission
Controlled transmission
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Header Error Control
8-bit field calculated based on remaining 32 bits of
header
error detection
in some cases, error correction of single-bit errors in
header
2 modes:
error detection
Error correction
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 45
Figure 5.5
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 46
Figure 5.6
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 47
Figure 5.7
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Service Categories
Real-time service
Constant bit rate (CBR)
Real-time variable bit rate (rt-VBR)
Non-real-time service
Non-real-time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR)
Available bit rate (ABR)
Unspecified bit rate (UBR)
Guaranteed frame rate (GFR)
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 49
Figure 5.8
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ATM Adaptation Layer (ATM)
Support non-ATM protocols
e.g., PCM voice, LAPF
AAL Services
Handle transmission errors
Segmentation/reassembly (SAR)
Handle lost and misinserted cell conditions
Flow control and timing control
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Applications of AAL and ATM
Circuit emulation (e.g., T-1 synchronous TDM
circuits)
VBR voice and video
General data services
IP over ATM
Multiprotocol encapsulation over ATM (MPOA)
LAN emulation (LANE)
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AAL Protocols
AAL layer has 2 sublayers:
Convergence Sublayer (CS)
Supports specific applications using AAL
Segmentation and Reassembly Layer (SAR)
Packages data from CS into cells and unpacks at
other end
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 53
Figure 5.9
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 54
Figure 5.10
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AAL Type 1
Constant-bit-rate source
SAR simply packs bits into cells and unpacks
them at destination
One-octet header contains 3-bit SC field to
provide an 8-cell frame structure
No CS PDU since CS sublayer primarily for
clocking and synchronization
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AAL Type 3/4
May be connectionless or connection oriented
May be message mode or streaming mode
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 58
Figure 5.12
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AAL Type 5
Streamlined transport for connection oriented
protocols
Reduce protocol processing overhead
Reduce transmission overhead
Ensure adaptability to existing transport protocols
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Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite 60
Figure 5.13
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Emergence of High-Speed LANs
2 Significant trends
Computing power of PCs continues to grow
rapidly
Network computing
Examples of requirements
Centralized server farms
Power workgroups
High-speed local backbone
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Classical Ethernet
Bus topology LAN
10 Mbps
CSMA/CD medium access control protocol
2 problems:
A transmission from any station can be received by
all stations
How to regulate transmission
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Solution to First Problem
Data transmitted in blocks called frames:
User data
Frame header containing unique address of
destination station
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 65
Figure 6.1
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CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Carrier Detection
If the medium is idle, transmit.
If the medium is busy, continue to listen until the channel is idle, then transmit immediately.
If a collision is detected during transmission, immediately cease transmitting.
After a collision, wait a random amount of time, then attempt to transmit again (repeat from step 1).
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 67
Figure 6.2
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 68
Figure 6.3
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Medium Options at 10Mbps
<data rate> <signaling method> <max length>
10Base5
10 Mbps
50-ohm coaxial cable bus
Maximum segment length 500 meters
10Base-T
Twisted pair, maximum length 100 meters
Star topology (hub or multipoint repeater at central
point)
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 70
Figure 6.4
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Hubs and Switches
Hub
Transmission from a station received by central hub
and retransmitted on all outgoing lines
Only one transmission at a time
Layer 2 Switch
Incoming frame switched to one outgoing line
Many transmissions at same time
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 72
Figure 6.5
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Bridge
Frame handling done
in software
Analyze and forward
one frame at a time
Store-and-forward
Layer 2 Switch
Frame handling done
in hardware
Multiple data paths
and can handle
multiple frames at a
time
Can do cut-through
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Layer 2 Switches
Flat address space
Broadcast storm
Only one path between any 2 devices
Solution 1: subnetworks connected by routers
Solution 2: layer 3 switching, packet-
forwarding logic in hardware
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 75
Figure 6.6
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 76
Figure 6.7
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 77
Figure 6.8
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 78
Figure 6.9
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 79
Figure 6.10
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 80
Figure 6.11
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Benefits of 10 Gbps Ethernet over ATM
No expensive, bandwidth consuming conversion
between Ethernet packets and ATM cells
Network is Ethernet, end to end
IP plus Ethernet offers QoS and traffic policing
capabilities approach that of ATM
Wide variety of standard optical interfaces for 10
Gbps Ethernet
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Fibre Channel
2 methods of communication with processor:
I/O channel
Network communications
Fibre channel combines both
Simplicity and speed of channel communications
Flexibility and interconnectivity of network communications
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 83
Figure 6.12
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I/O channel
Hardware based, high-speed, short distance
Direct point-to-point or multipoint communications link
Data type qualifiers for routing payload
Link-level constructs for individual I/O operations
Protocol specific specifications to support e.g. SCSI
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Fibre Channel Network-Oriented Facilities
Full multiplexing between multiple destinations
Peer-to-peer connectivity between any pair of ports
Internetworking with other connection technologies
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Fibre Channel Requirements
Full duplex links with 2 fibres/link 100 Mbps – 800 Mbps Distances up to 10 km Small connectors high-capacity Greater connectivity than existing multidrop channels Broad availability Support for multiple cost/performance levels Support for multiple existing interface command sets
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 87
Figure 6.13
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Fibre Channel Protocol Architecture
FC-0 Physical Media
FC-1 Transmission Protocol
FC-2 Framing Protocol
FC-3 Common Services
FC-4 Mapping
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Wireless LAN Requirements
Throughput
Number of nodes
Connection to backbone
Service area
Battery power consumption
Transmission robustness and security
Collocated network operation
License-free operation
Handoff/roaming
Dynamic configuration
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 90
Figure 6.14
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IEEE 802.11 Services
Association
Reassociation
Disassociation
Authentication
Privacy
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 92
Figure 6.15
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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 93
Figure 6.16
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Questions ?