PowerPoint Presentation

High Performance MattersHow and why we need to change our current window design for Comfort, Health & ProfitBronwyn BarryDesign Director - One Sky HomesCo-President: Passive House CaliforniaCo-President: North American Passive House Network

AgendaHow Windows can Change the World An Introduction to your ColleaguesInspiration Gallery

Herring Haus

Climate & Location

What is our biggest Loser?

The following became constant: Window Area: 12m2Airtightness: 0.2 achWhat if we optimize this?

http://www.passivhaus.protolife.com

Windows are our BEST opportunity!

And offer a complex set of choices!

But is this possible?

Can Herring Haus Meet the Passive House Standard?

Only if we have better Windows!

Evolution of a Passive House Window:

Pazen ENERsignbf: 100 mmUw,: 0,68 W/(mK)opak: 0,106 W/(mK)Efficiency class : phAPazen: ENERsignPlusbf: 94 mmUW,: 0,65 W/(mK)opak: 0,02 W/(mK)Efficiency class : phAWinter ewithermbf: 154/169 mmUW,: 0,77 W/(mK)opak: 0,170 W/(mK)Efficiency class: phCPazen: Arctisbf: 94/94 mmUW,: 0,45 W/(mK)opak: 0,08 W/(mK)Efficiency class : phAFrames went from tall to widePerformance improved with less frame

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Source: ARCHnews Green Column, June 2009. Dan Johnson, danjoh99@gmail.comCan it Drip?Will it Drain?Can you set it back into the wall?

Looking from our Perspective

What if we changed the Spacer?

Never Mind Exterior Water

MouldPerfectSpacer: aluminiumStainless steelPlastic

CondensateIllustration PHI

CondensateIllustration PHIIllustration PHI

Illustration PHI

CondensateIllustration PHI-10C 20C, 14F 68 F 50%rh

Manage your interior condensation for:DurabilityHealth

With an indoor temperature of 20C and a relative indoor air humidity of 50%, there may be problems relating to mould if the surface temperature falls below 12.6C. In the Central European (cool, temperate) climate, in order to ensure an adequate surface temperature a temperature factor of at least 0.7 is necessary at the glazing edge (fRsi).The size of the linear thermal bridge at the glazing edge (g -value) depends on the window construction as well as the material used.The construction of Passive House windows can be optimised by a deeper glazing rebate upstand; however this often entails larger frame widths, which has a negative effect on the potential solar gains through the windows. Insulation inserts on the outside which shield the glazing edge from the cold are advantageous in this case.The second option is to choose suitable materials for the warm edge, i.e. the thermally separated glazing edge seal. Many manufacturers of profiles for spacers at the glazing edge have developed products made of materials (stainless steel foil or a combination of stainless steel and plastic) which allow a high standard of thermal separation. In contrast with aluminium profiles, heat losses can be greatly reduced with these. The slide shows that absence of mould (in cool temperate climates) can only be achieved by means of a plastic spacer.

Additional information:The materials for glazing edge seals have been improved considerably since the development of the Passive House window. Stainless steel spacers are at least as durable as aluminium spacers, the use of which can no longer be justified.Even less heat loss occurs with plastic spacers in which a metal foil is used to seal the gas filling. Today metal foils are located on the outside of the plastic body and the spacers are just as durable as the conventional solutions. Same is valid for a new generation of spacers, working with a plastic film, which is coated by a very thin metal layer to be absolutely tight.

min=14.93 C e = 0.019 W/(mK)min=14.93 Ce = 0.018 W/(mK)Uw,installed = 0.86 W/(mK)min=15.05 Ce = 0.010 W/(mK)min=15.02 Ce = 0.017 W/(mK)Uw,installed = 0.84 W/(mK)min=15.15 Ce = 0.123 W/(mK)min=15.09 Ce = 0.204 W/(mK)Uw,installed = 1.22 W/(mK)Location, location, location!Manage your location for:Performance DurabilityHealth

If a window is positioned properly in the insulation layer and if the frame is well-covered with insulation, then the value installation (linear thermal bridge due to installation) will be below 0 W/(mK), because the extended insulation of the frame makes the frame values better than the entered values. Improper installation can lead to a installation value much greater than 0.05 W/(mK). The diagram shows the considerable worsening of the U-values of the installed windows due to the increase in the installation thermal bridge.The effect on the installation thermal bridge by the chosen window position in the wall or the insulation is apparent:The optimum installation position in the middle reduces the installation Psi-value to 0.01 or 0.017 W/(mK). Here the window is positioned in the insulation layer and the frame is completely covered with insulation. Installation flush with the interior surface has a disastrous effect; heat losses are increased by a third. Solar gains decrease simultaneously (not shown here) due to the greater amount of shading by the reveal. Installation flush with the facade only leads to a slight worsening of the installation thermal bridge in this particular case (window is insulated on the outside). There is no shading by the reveal, so in terms of thermal efficiency, this type of installation may be more favourable than installation in the insulation layer. However, there is the question of the practicability of this type of installation.As a compromise between the installation thermal bridge and the cost-effectiveness of the installation, the PHI recommends installation directly in front of the wall in the insulation layer (inner side of the frame level fixed to the wall).

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Consider the Halfie (the mid-wall installation)

min=15.05 Ce = 0.010 W/(mK)min=15.02 Ce = 0.017 W/(mK)Uw,installed = 0.84 W/(mK)

http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/429524?format=EBOK

Be cautious with Interior Insulation!

Historic Renovations are Still Possible

Model carefully to eliminate potential cold surfaces

A less risky implementation variant is the installation of casement windows. However casement windows are much more expensive than ordinary Passive House windows.

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What windows am I using?

First Net Zero Energy new home in California

Hows are they performing?http://oneskyhomes.com/about/presentations/cottle-zne-home-measures-plus-energy-performance

Local vs Imports show up on the thermal camera

Retrofit in Sunnyvale, CAPassive House is the perfect target for retrofits

Remove the Nailing FlangeSaving the siding from future removalCreating better drainage at the Sill

Requirements for windows

Climate regionHygiene criterion fRsi =0,25 mK/W UW [W/(mK)]UW,installed [W/(mK)]GlazingArctic0.800.40 0,070.45 0,08Quadruple/VacuumCold0.750.60 0,1060.65 0,114Triple/QuadrupleCool, temperate0.700.80 0,140.85 0,15TripleWarm, temperate0.651.00 0,1761.05 0,185Double/TripleWarm0.551.20 0,211.25 0,22DoubleHot0.551.20 0,211.25 0,22Double anti sunVery hot0.651.00 0,1761.05 0,185Triple anti sun

UW,installed 1.05 W/(mK)0.85 W/(mK)1.05 W/(mK)UW,installed 0.65 W/(mK)UW,installed 0.45 W/(mK)UW,installed 1.25 W/(mK) 0,22 BTU/(hftF)What performance level does North America need?

Green values: BTU/(hftF)

Design temperature a for fRsi: minimum average temperature over several daysMaximum water activity:aW 0.80

Water activity higher than 0.80 can lead to mold growth. To prevent mold growth, the minimum temperature of inner surfaces must be higher than 12.6 C, when rHi is 50%.

The lower the designed for ambient temperature (a), the more is required of the exterior envelope.

The temperature factor fRsi [-] is a good indicator for the hygiene criterion. To prevent mold growth, fRsi must increase with decreasing temperature

Source: With Permission from the Passive House Institute

i = 20C 68Fdanger of mold growthmold growth free

LA 0.51Washington 0.70Minneapolis0.75Winnipeg 0.79Design temperature a for fRsi: minimum average temperature over several daysLow U-value is not enough

The hygiene criterion is mainly about moisture. If there is too much moisture, mould can appear. For reasons of hygiene and to prevent damage to the historic substance, conditions, under which mould can grow, should be avoided. In the actual context important kinds of mould and fungus can grow, if the moisture in a pore of a material or at the surface of the material is over 80% rh. Because the relative moisture varies by the temperature, at a given relative indoor air humidity and indoor air temperature (i), the temperature of the inner surface is crucial whether mould can grow or not. A proper indicator for the temperature and by that for the hygiene criterion is the temperature factor fSi.As well as for the comfort criterion, the hygiene criterion depends on the outside temperature, because at a given window, the temperature of the inner surface (Si) of the window is directly influenced by the outside temperature. For mould needs some time to grow, not the average temperature of the coldest day but the average temperature of coldest several days is decisive for the specific design outside temperature (a) to determine the temperature factor. The figure shows the temperature factor for mould free conditions plotted against the design outside temperature and the required factors for some European cities. The coldest point at the inner surface of a window is in most cases the glass edge. To achieve the hygiene criterion, different measures are needed in the climates of Europe. Warm glass edges are recommended anyway.

Comfort is KING (of sales)

Minimum temperature of inner surfaces:si op -4,2 K

Due to comfort, this criterion limits the minimum average temperature of the surface of a building component. Minimum surface temperature can deviate from average operative room temperature by a maximum of 4.2Kelvin. A larger difference can lead to cold air drafts and radiant heat loss.

This criterion defines the maximum thermal transmittance coefficient of a building component:

RSi =0.13 mK/W, op = 22C 0,738 hft/(BTU) 71,6FLos Angeles 1.35 W/(mK) 0,238 BTU/(hftF)Washington 0.85 W/(mk) 0,15 BTU/(hftF)Minneapolis 0.67 W/(mK) 0,118 BTU/(hftF)Winnipeg 0.60 W/(mK) 0,106 BTU/(hftF)Mexico-City 2,0 W/(mK) 0,35 BTU/(hftF)(min. 12 h mean value) [C]

Information on different climates

The temperature of the inner surface depends on the outside temperature, different measures has to be taken in different climates. Besides the outside temperature, the inner surface temperature depends on the thermal quality of an element, indicated by its U-value [W/(mK)]. This fact results in different u-values for different climates. Depending on the design-outside temperature (average temperature of the coldest day in a year), the U-value, required to achieve the comfort criterion can be calculated by the equation in the slide, Where is: Rsi: The internal heat transfer resistance (in case of vertical windows 0,13 mK/W)op:Operative (perceived) room temperature [C]a:Design-outside temperature [C]

Radiator to balance low surface temperatures and to stop the cold- air

No radiator necessary, if surface temperature is not more than 4.2 K below the operative room temperature

The Passive House Standard is defined by thermal comfort!A Passive House is a building, for which thermal comfort (ISO 7730) can be achieved solely by post-heating or post-cooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to achieve sufficient indoor air quality conditions without the need for additional recirculation of air.

The SmartWin Co-operativeFounded by Franz FreundorferFourteen small producers operating across EU

SmartWin HistoricalPassive House Window renovation for a 600 year old building

http://www.passiv.de/komponentendatenbank/files/pdf/zertifikate/zd_propassivhausfenster_smartwin-historic_en.pdfSmartWin Historic: U-window = 0.7 W/m2K

SmartWin Phased Retrofit ProfileDesigned for the Building to be insulated later

SmartWin Arctic: U-window = 0.6 W/m2K http://www.passiv.de/komponentendatenbank/files/pdf/zertifikate/zd_propassivhausfenster_smartwin-arctic_en.pdf

Optiwin the other CooperativePassive House Windows from Ireland to Austria (and coming soon to North America?)

Optiwin LIGNUMA: U-window = 0.79 W/m2K http://www.passiv.de/komponentendatenbank/files/pdf/zertifikate/zd_optiwin_lignuma_en.pdf

The Innovator behind ENERsignGnter Pazen has been designing Passive House windows for 25 Years!

Pazen Arctis: U-window = 0.6 W/m2K http://www.passiv.de/komponentendatenbank/files/pdf/zertifikate/zd_pazen_enersign-arctis-stern_en.pdf

Synergist, California (Making it Local!)Source: www.synergistwindows.com

Synergist Window: U-window = 0.79 W/m2K http://www.passiv.de/komponentendatenbank/files/pdf/zertifikate/zd_casagrande_synergist_en.pdf

Fat moves in Thinner Frames

Image 1: SmartWin(Propassivhausfenster.net) 2.Enersign.de, Image 3: passivehausfenster.at , Image 4: walchfenster.at

Good Frame Design Includes:Strength Durability Insulation, Drainage and various options for installation.

Big Moves in Thin GlassMaximum total gas gap: 36 mm; minimum emissivity: 3 %

Beyond state of the art: Anti dew (hard)-coating on the outside Vacuum glazing Multi-foil glazing

0,75 W/(mK)=0,132 BTU/(hftF) 0,55W/(mK)=0,1 BTU/(hftF) 0,35W/(mK)=0,06 BTU/(hftF)

0,520,29

State of the art for glazing is the triple pane glazing with two low e coatings and argon filling Ug = 0,70 0,52 possibleTo achieve the requirement in terms of comfort and hygiene for arctic regions, quadruple panes with krypton fillings will be necessary39

Crystal Ball GazingSuper Performance from Thin Film Source: SuperWindows.euInvis 160 = Ug 0.15 W/m2K

Rvalue: 38 (Invis) and Rvalue: R10 (ENERsign)40

Frame Venting and Corner GlazingSource: Presenters own images from International Passive House Conference, Germany

Blast from the PastSource: Presenters own images from Aachen, Germany

Resources to Learn More:

Passive House Institute www.passivehouse.comNorth American Passive House Networkwww.naphnetwork.org

http://naphn15.canphi.ca/

Customers of the Future:

Bronwyn BarryDesign Director - One Sky HomesCo-President: Passive House CaliforniaCo-President: North American Passive House Network

Thank You!