High Nature Value Farmland in Europe, Conference in Vilm ... · High nature value farmland in...
Transcript of High Nature Value Farmland in Europe, Conference in Vilm ... · High nature value farmland in...
Federal Departement of Economic Affairs DEAFederal Office for Agriculture FOAG
High Nature Value Farmland in Europe, Conference in Vilm, 14th – 18th June 2010
HNV farmland in Switzerland Agriculture and biodiversityCurrent situation & trends
Erika LoserSwiss Federal Office for Agriculture
2High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Swiss agriculture
Jura10%
Lowlands 30%
Mountains 60%
3High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
AreaFacts and figures
Non productive areas7,800 km2 19 %
Built-up areas2,500 km2 6 %
Agricultural land 10,300 km2 25 %
Lakes and Rivers2,900 km2,
7 %
Forest12,000 km2
29 %
Alpine pastures
5,800 km2
14 %
4High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
• 1.0 million ha agricultural land (about 75% grassland)
• 0.6 million ha alpine summer pastures
• 64 000 farms (60% full-time)
Facts and figures: current situation
Agricultural Production
Degree of self-sufficiency (joules)
• Vegetal products 41 %• Animal products 94 %• Total 59 %
5High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Facts and figures: current situation
Swiss agriculture: Structure
Farm sizeCows per dairy farm
ha
Num
ber o
f cow
s
6High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Habitat changes and trends
From 1997/2001 to 2002/2007: Mire area declined by 1%, plus decrease in mire quality
dryer, more nitrogen indicator plants
Mires
1800: 250‘000 ha1900: 190‘000 ha Today 30‘000 ha
Area declined by 85%
Quelle: Lachat et al. 2010
7High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Habitat changes and trends
Quelle: Lachat et al. 2010, Photo: G. Volkart
Dry meadows and drypastures
1900: 760‘000 haArea declined by 25-30% between 1980 and 1995/2005 Today: 37‘000 ha(Since 1900 decline by 95%!)
8High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Habitat trends: Traditional orchards
Quelle: BFS
2001 2.9 millions of trees;
today less than 2.3 millions
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9High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Habitat changes: landscape structures11 years of land amelioration: Evolution of semi-natural habitatsWintersingen 1983/1994Extensive meadows -71%Stone heaps -67%Cavities -67%Ditches -63%Stone walls -50%Fallow land -48%Moist patches -41%Dolines/sinkholes -40%Flowering meadows -35%Terraces -35%Shrubland -32%Structured forest edge -30%Little valleys -17%Hedgerows -13%Rivers -9%Tracks -7%Solitary trees -3%
Münstertal 1972 and 2002
Tafeljura BL 1971 and 1996
Quellen: Tanner et al., K. Ewald
10High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Changes in species diversityVascular plants in meadows and pastures
- In the last 120 years, the number of species by square meter has decreased by 50%. The number of indicator species for ecological quality has dropped to one third.- Today we need a surface 120 times larger to find the same number of species as 120 years ago.
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Quelle: N. Richner, C. Rechsteiner
11High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Index diversity of plant communities
Changes & trends in species diversityVascular plants in meadows and pastures- Nutrient indicator plants continue to increase. Swiss meadows and pastures are losing their diversity.
Source: Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland
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Source: N. Richner
MAA1
Folie 11
MAA1 Nutrient indicator?Anita Maric Fasel; 02.06.2010
12High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Changes and trends in species diversityRuderal plants / Segetal flora
Out of 743 ruderal plants, 42 % are endangered.
From 1991 to 2002, the threat increased for 30 % of them.
Cross compliance has led to lower degree of threats in 6% of species living in crop
Permanent soil cover in vineyards reduces erosion but affects floristic diversity
Sources: Moser et al., Landolt, Fotos: ART; Markus Jenny
13High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Trends in groups of organismsBirds- Swiss Bird Index has been stable since 1900- Winners: Yellowhammer, rook - Losers: Tree pipit, skylark, whinchat- regional and local differences may be important
Source: Sierro et al.; Swiss Ornithological Institute
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The Red-backed Shrike profits of agro-environmental schemes, Klettgau
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14High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Changes and trends in species diversityButterflies in the region of Basel
regional biodiversity is still decreasing
Source: Altermatt et al., Walter et al., picture: K.Schneider
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Tafeljura
Faltenjura
15High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Varieties and breeds: positive trends
for livestock and most cropsLoss trend stopped / breed diversity is increasing
16High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010 Source: Walter et al.
Biodiversity changes in Swiss agri-cultural areas: Changes and trends
1900-1990 1991-2010
ML Jura Alps ML Jura Alps
habitats
Arable land
Grassland
Dry meadows and pastures
Wet meadows and pastures
Vineyards
Traditional orchards (n° of trees)
Hedge ( length)
Groups of organisms
Birds
Butterflies
Grasshoppers
Segetal flora of ruderal places
Flora of dry meadows and pastures
Flora of wet meadows and pastures
Flora of productive meadows
Varieties and breeds
Varieties&cultivar
Livestock breeds
17High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Quelle: Walter et al.
Biodiversity changes in Swiss agricultural areas : changes & trends
-1900-1990: Sharp decline of biodiversity on almost all levels and in all regions
starting from a very high level of biodiversity-1990-2010: slower decline on most levels
starting from a mostly low to medium level in the Jura Mountains and in the mountain areas-1990-2010: moderate positive development in the Central Plateau
from a very low to a low levelPositive development in the trends of
conservation of varieties and breeds
18High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
changes in Swiss agricultural landscape: diversity of species related to agriculture
areas of deficit: potential for promotion
Historical situation (19th-20th century) Largest species diversitynext to alpine meadows and pasturesin climatically mild valley systems
Current situation: (data from 1982)Biggest losses of species diversity observed in the Central Plateau and S-Tessin; urban agglomerations function as substitute habitats
Source: WWF&Birdlife CH 2009
19High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
The swiss agriculture regions with high nature value, NGO-study 2009
Base: Flora- and Fauna-data (from national databases)Selection of species related to agriculture (derived from data on ecological and habitat preferences, expert assessments) Groups of organisms: phanerophyta 1518, pulmonata 8, odonata 36, orthoptera 68, neuroptera 2, lepidoptera 186, hymenoptera 84, coleoptera 30, amphibia 11, reptilia 10, aves 45, mammalia 4 species analysedtotally 1‘100‘000 observations analysed Point data clustered in biogeographic sectors (Welten & Suter 1982)
sector value: weighted sum of species present in the sector (depending on link to agriculture and endangerment and international responsibility of Switzerland)Historical situation current situation=only recent data (>1982)
20High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Biodiversity in Swiss agricultural landscape arable land: current situation restoration potential
areas of deficit: potential for restoration/promotion
Species connected to humid meadows and pastures
21High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Outlook : Swiss HNVF data how to achieve compatibility with the EU?
Selection of relevant land cover classes (Corine) for CH (problems with arable land, all? vineyards, greenland*?)(Refinement of the drafts of land cover maps with expert rules)Addition of biodiversity data layers with European coverage
• Natura 2000 network• Important Bird areas IBAs• Prime Butterfly areas IPAs
Addition of national biodiversity data sets • Inventory of fens and of dry meadows/dry pastures• mire landscapes of national importance• Alluvial zones and others?
Up-scaling of the original data to a suitable level of detail polygons illustrated e.g. in 1 km2-grid (Czechoslovakia)
22High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Policies and Instruments to preserve HNVF in Switzerland based on theFederal Law on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage :Protection and maintenance of nature and lands-cape with central governmental financial contribution• Biotopes of national and regional importance
(dry grasslands 43%, fens 40%, amphibian sites 67% and alluvial zones 2% on agricultur. land; totally <10% of agricultural land)
• Protection of speciesNot restricted to agricultural surfacesImplementation only partly successful or satisfying
23High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Policies and instruments to preserve HNVF in Switzerland based on agricultural law:
Bis 1992 • no explicit promotion of biodiversity or HNVF• no measures for conservation of genetic resources• land ameliorations: no specific measures
1993 Promotion of cross compliance ecological compensation areas (ECA)
1997 NAP-PGREL Conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
1999 Measures for animal genetic resources1999 PEP: minimal 7% resp. 3.5% ECA per farm2001 Introduction of the Ordinance on Eco-Quality:
promotion of biological quality & interlinking2008 Environmental objectives for agriculture UZL2009 Concept development of direct payments WDZ2009 UZL-Operationalisation project starting
24High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Type Ausgestaltung objectives
BFF-contribution (Quality and interlinking)BFF = Biodiversitätsförderfläche
Permanent payments for BFF-Types per ha agricultural land & alp. zone (incl. law of nature protection)
Conservation and promotion of biodiversity and habitats (including bio-topes of nat. importance)
Improvement measures
Single payments for specific measures
Achieve the necessary level of quality
Species promotion measures
Single and permanent payments for specific measures
Promotion of demanding target species
Functional biodiversity on production area
Permanent payments per ha, „hole farm approach“ (e.g. „Bio“)
Promotion of soil fertility and ecosystem services
Concept WDZ (development of direct payments)
Contributions/measures for biodiversity
25High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
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Art. 104 BVAliment.safety
Culturated landscapeDecentralized population of the countryMaintenance of natural ressources
Promotion of environment- and animal-friendly production types
Structural and social base criteria (Eintretens-/Begrenzungskrit.)
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Concept WDZ
Contributions for adaptationMaking the development socially reliable/supportable
Proof of ecological performance PEP
Foto: H. Schiess
26High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Development of agriculture policyI II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV
WTO(falls Einigung 10)
Bot. Parl. Beratung Inkrafttreten
Inkrafttreten Referendum Inkrafttreten
Weiterentwickl. Direktzahlungen
Bericht erarbeiten WAK-S/N
Bericht Po Stadler
Bericht erarbeiten WAK-S/N
Zahlungsrahmen:ZR 2008-11 Inkrafttreten
ZR 2012-13 Aussprache Bot. Parl. Beratung Inkrafttreten
ZR 2014-17 VNL Parl. Beratung Inkrafttreten
Legende: Verhandlung Bundesratsbeschluss
Vorarbeiten Verwaltung Parlamentsbeschluss
Vernehmlassung Volksabstimmung
Botschaft Inkrafttreten
Parlament
Referendum und Volksabstimmung
Umsetzung
Begleitmass-nahmen
AG; Bericht zH. EVD
2014
Listen bereinigen
FHAL Verhandlungen Bot.
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2008 2009 2010 2011
Parl. Beratung
2012 2013 2014
Vertiefung Konsultationen
Botschaft
Aussprache Parl. BeratungRevision LwG (WDZ, SV, M S, ev. BGM ) Vernehmlassungsunterlage
VNL Botschaft Inkrafttreten
27High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Thanks for your attention!
© D. Kampmann
28High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Trends in the agricultural sector
Quelle: BFS, F. Kohler, P. Murbach
Area used for agricultural purposes: 1901/1997: -32%2‘240‘000 ha / 1‘530‘000 ha
Number of employees in agriculture :1905/2007:-75%700‘000 / 173‘000Average farm size 1905/2007: +325%4 ha / 17 ha
29High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Evolution of some key numbers in the agricultural sector
Quelle: BFS, F. Kohler, P. Murbach
Number of pigs 1901/2007: +190%550‘000 / 1‘600‘000
Dairy cows, milk production 1905/2007: -4% +115%740‘000 / 710‘000, 1.8 Mio. t / 3.9 Mio.
Number of goats 1905/2007: -77%350‘000 / 80‘000
Number of sheep 1905/2007: +100%220‘000 / 440‘000
30High nature value farmland in European countries: e.g.Switzerland
The Swiss political approach to ensure ecological compensation in agricultural landscape, Erika Loser, BLW, 17.06.2010
Changes in groups of organismsMammalsThe numbers of ermines and weasels have greatly diminished.Hares have benefited from ECA in arable areas, but in food growing areas their numbers decline. The hare densities (3 individuals/100 ha) is still very low and below the density necessary for hunting practices, according to the estimations of biologists (15-19 individuals/ 100 ha).
Source: J. Fischer, Swiss Ornithological Institute, picture: M. Jenny
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