High-Altitude Hunter-Gatherer Residential Occupations in ......pulmonary capacity (Frisancho et al.,...

NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST Vol 33(1) 35-79 2012

HIGH-ALTITUDE HUNTER-GATHERER RESIDENTIAL OCCUPATIONS IN WYOMINGrsquoS WIND RIVER RANGE

CHRISTOPHER MORGAN

University of Nevada Reno

ASHLEY LOSEY

Utah State University

RICHARD ADAMS

Colorado State University

ABSTRACT

High Rise Village is a hunter-gatherer residential site containing at least 52 house features at a mean elevation of 3200 m in Wyomingrsquos Wind River Range Fifteen radiocarbon dates place site occupation(s) between 4500 and 150 cal BP Though the 4500 cal BP dates likely result from an old wood problem dates between 2800 and 150 BP appear more sound particularly those between 1500 and 500 cal BP Comparison with other high-altitude residential site radiocarbon dates shows a trend of earlier high-altitude residential occupations to the east of the Great Basin This has important implications regarding Great Basin-Rocky Mountain culture histories in particular by calling into question both the Numic Spread hypothesis and the relationship of the site to Rocky Mountain-High Plains hunter-gatherer residential patterns More importantly these data emphasize the roles medieval climate and regional population densities may have played in condi-tioning late Holocene high-altitude hunter-gatherer lifeways across western North America

This project was funded by the National Geographic Society ndash Waitt Family Foundation Brigham Young University John Topman and Susan Redd Butler Foundation and Utah State University College of Humanities and Social Sciences

35

2012 Baywood Publishing Co Inc

doi httpdxdoiorg102190NA331d

httpbaywoodcom

36 MORGAN LOSEY AND ADAMS

This article reports preliminary results from excavations at a site known as High Rise Village (HRV) in Wyomingrsquos Wind River Range It uses these data to place the site in regional historical and evolutionary contexts and to explore generally-applicable hypotheses explaining high-altitude occupations in North America Focusing mainly on radiocarbon and other dating results and because the site is in a region associated as much with Great Basin cultural patterns (Shimkin 1947) as with Great Plains ones (Kornfeld et al 2010) these hypotheses target in part historical questions regarding regional population replacement via the so-called Numic Spread (Bettinger and Baumhoff 1982 Lamb 1958 Madsen and Rhode 1994 Sutton 1987) by groups spreading northeastward out of the Great Basin Conversely they also address the possi-bility of the sitersquos association with a middle and late Holocene High Plains pattern focused on group residential mobility and housepit construction and re-use (eg Smith 2005 Smith and McNees 2011) From evolutionary-ecological perspective population pressure and the effects of late Holocene climate changes contemporaneous with site occupations are considered as mechanisms explaining anomalous high-altitude residential lifeways region-wide It concludes with a discussion of future research trajectories and methodologies for the investigation of high-altitude adaptations both at HRV and in the region more generally

High Rise Village (48FR5891) is a large residential locus in the northeastern Wind River Range at elevations between 3320 and 3225 m (10560-10880 ft) in an area historically (and currently) occupied by Numic-speaking Eastern Shoshone groups (Figure 1) The site is large measuring approximately 440 m by 220 m (for a total area of about 19 acres (76 ha)) and contains at least 52 lodge pads (rock-ringed and flattened housefloors) and dense archaeological deposits containing flaked stone tools and debitage groundstone implements and very small quantities of animal bone and Intermountain Grayware sherds (Adams 2010 Mulloy 1958) At least three of the lodges contain what appear to be remnants of their superstructure consisting of multi-sided cribbed timbers as many as three courses high The site is on a steep (average slope is ~23 degrees) south-facing slope roughly two-thirds of which is below modern treeline within a dense subalpine whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) forest The remainder of the site is in alpine tundra Like many sites in alpine settings the availability of water is limited though a semi-permanent spring in the northwestern portion of the site delivers a trickle of water most years Site boundaries abut a principal mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis) migration corridor (Thorne et al 1979) Based on the data presented in this article the site appears to be a very large alpine-subalpine residential locus arguably a village site representing large seasonal popu-lation aggregations These began arguably as early as 4500 cal BP (but more likely around 2800 cal BP) and continued until perhaps as late as 150 cal BP If these generalizations are accurate the site would be the largest- oldest- and longest-occupied high-altitude village in North America As shown in this article however several of these generalizations are problematic hinging as they do on

WYOMINGrsquoS HUNTER-GATHERER RESIDENTIAL OCCUPATIONS 37

Fig

ure

1

Map

sh

ow

ing

lo

catio

n o

f H

RV

rela

tive t

o o

ther

hig

h-e

levatio

n s

tud

ies in

th

e A

meri

can

West

Su

mm

it L

ake

(2)

Piu

te P

ass

(3)

Kin

gs C

an

yo

n

(4)

Oq

uir

rh M

ts

(5)

Fis

hla

ke P

late

au

(6

) P

ah

van

t R

an

ge

(7)

Uin

ta M

ts

(1)

Ab

saro

ka M

ts

(9)

Teto

n M

ts

(10)

Gu

nn

iso

n B

asin

(1

1)

Co

lora

do

rsquos P

ark

sF

ron

t R

an

ge

(12)

Can

ad

ay S

urv

eys

(8)


determining the dynamic occupational history of the site with somewhat ques-tionable high-altitude chronological datasets

RESEARCH CONTEXT WORLDWIDE HIGH ELEVATION

ARCHAEOLOGY AND HUMAN ADAPTATION

Beyond the sitersquos empirical significance HRV is interesting because high-altitude village sites are extremely anomalous in North America and for high-altitude settings worldwide which tended to be used mainly as summer hunting grounds for prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups (Aldenderfer 2006) High-altitude hunting-oriented sites are found throughout the globe in the Caucasus (Adler et al 2006) the Ethiopian Plateau (Clarke and Kurishima 1979 Phillipson 2000) the Tibetan Plateau (Brantingham 2006 Madsen 2006) the Alps (Walsh 2005 Walsh et al 2006) the Zagros (Mortensen 1972) and the Andes (Aldenderfer 1998 Moore 1998 Reinhard 2002 Rick 1980 1988) Where chronological data are available low-intensity hunting in these locales was remarkably stable following initial occupation (Brantingham 2006 Nunez et al 2002 Phillipson 2000) Permanent or semi-permanent high-altitude villages with habitation structures are exceedingly rare and temporally constrained in most cases to within the last 5000-2000 years (Aldenderfer 2006) though there is evidence of arguably permanent high-altitude residential occupations as early as for instance about 8200 BP on the Tibetan Plateau (Brantingham et al 2003) Village sites are linked in nearly all contexts to substantial changes in basic economic pursuits especially shifts from hunting and gathering to either herding or agriculture (Aldenderfer and Zhang 2004 Phillipson 1977 Williams 2006) Some high-altitude structures appear ceremonial in function and are linked to the development of larger more complex forms of social organization in late prehistory especially in Andean South America (eg Aldenderfer 1991 Ceruti 2004 Janusek 2006)

Similar patterns pertain in North America save that evidence for intensive high-altitude residential settlement and village life is even less common and ceremonial structures are arguably quite rare (but see Brunswig et al 2009 Frison et al 1990 and Sutton 2004 for arguments for high-altitude ceremonial and shamanistic use of high altitudes in the central Rocky Mountains) Evidence for long-term low-intensity long-range hunting is abundant in Californiarsquos Sierra Nevada (Bennyhoff 1953 Hindes 1962 Stevens 2005) across the higher eleva-tions of the Great Basin (Canaday 1997 McGuire and Hatoff 1991 Zeanah 2000) and in the Rocky Mountains (Bender and Wright 1988 Benedict 1975 DeBloois 1983 Frison 2004 Frison et al 1990 Kornfeld et al 2010 Morris 1990 Stiger 2001 Stone 1999) High-altitude residential structures however are exceedingly rare They are found in perhaps two subalpine locations in the Sierra Nevada (Lathrap and D Shutler 1955 Morgan 2006 Wallace nd) two alpine locales in the Great Basin (Bettinger 1991 Thomas 1982) likely Historic


Period or Late Prehistoric structures very similar to those at HRV in Wyomingrsquos Absaroka Range (Scheiber and Finley 2010 Scheiber et al 2009) and perhaps in Utahrsquos Uinta Mountains (see especially Knoll 2003) though some features associated with the latter appear to be large caches rather than residential features (Johnson and Loosle 2002 Madsen et al 2000) Where chronological information is available building and living in high-altitude residential structures began in earnest roughly 1000 years ago and appear to have intensified shortly thereafter Combined this research indicates the extreme rarity of high-altitude residential settlements and the necessity of explaining their occurrence especially as they relate to climate change economic intensification population increase and migration

Explanations for anomalous high altitude residential occupations and their associated adaptations fall into two main camps In the first Aldenderfer (2006) defines high altitudes as areas above 2500 m (8200 ft) where hypoxia has its first substantive effects caloric requirements increase water is often in short supply mean biotic productivity and temperature are low snow oftentimes con-strains mobility and environmental variability and hence unpredictability is the norm Due to these limitations human adaptation often extends beyond the behavioral (Beall 2001 Hock 1970 Maumlkinen 2007) for instance via increased pulmonary capacity (Frisancho et al 1997) and decreased stature (Pawson and Huicho 2010) From this perspective high mountains are considered quintessen-tial marginal environments ripe for addressing the nature and causes of human behavioral and biological adaptation to extreme environments (Della Casa and Walsh 2007)

The second perspective however argues that marginality is relative dependent on the productivity and predictability of alternative and adjacent environments and the size and resource requirements of the human populations living therein In this vein it has long been noted that the Rocky Mountains were seasonally-productive habitats producing essential plant resources like camas and pine nut and more importantly forage and browse for the large ungulates upon which the mobile hunter-gatherers of the region often relied (Bender and Wright 1988 Black 1991 Kornfeld et al 2010) High altitudes it is argued were thus integral rather than marginal to prehistoric lifeways both in North America and worldwide (Walsh 2005 Walsh et al 2006 Wright et al 1980) Similarly mountains have been described as playing important social roles particularly with regard to group identity and in western Wyoming oral histories (Loendorf and Stone 2006 Nabokov and Loendorf 2004) and contact-period resistance and revital-ization movements (Scheiber and Finley 2011a 2011c)

There is consequently a dichotomy between those like Aldenderfer (2006) who see high-altitudes as marginal high-cost risky environments where one would expect some sort of impetus (usually related to climate change or stressed lowland population-resource dynamics) forcing people into working harder and assuming the risk of living at altitude and those like Bender and Wright (1988)


and Walsh (2005) who see high altitudes as providing abundant-enough resources and perhaps social and ideological incentives to account for human colonization exploitation and residential use on their own

PREVIOUS RESEARCH AT HIGH RISE VILLAGE

At this point it is hard to classify prior work at HRV as preliminary though it is also clear that this earlier work only scratches the surface of the enormous research potential of the site In brief the site was discovered in 2006 by Richard Adams and a group of volunteers investigating high-altitude hunter-gatherer use of the range Since then attention has focused on identifying and dating several house features and characterizing the surface assemblage of the site (Adams et al 2006 2009 Morgan 2011) assessing the taphonomy of lodges with experimental archaeology (a brief description and photos in Wingerson 2009) analyzing intra-lodge assemblage variability for a University of Wyoming masterrsquos thesis (Koenig 2010) and hypothesizing about the role whitebark pine nut mountain sheep subsistence and late Holocene climatic fluctuations played in condi-tioning site occupation as part of a University of Wyoming doctoral dissertation (Adams 2010) In summary between 2007 and 2009 a total of 18 lodge interiors had been tested or excavated by Adams and his colleagues (Figure 2) producing copious amounts of mostly chert debitage several Late Prehistoric arrow points numerous handstones manos and millingslabs and a small quantity of frag-mented animal bone Hearths were discovered in two of these lodges Radiocarbon dates were generated from each as well as from charcoal recovered from lodge fill residue from a potsherd and from what appears to be part of Lodge CCrsquos superstructure an intact residential timber Dates range from 4000ndash130 rcyBP (as will be shown in Table 4) One of the most interesting results from the site was the substantial assemblage variability found when comparing Lodges CC and D separated in space by less than 10 m (but in time however by at least 550 years) Lodge CC contained mostly domestic items like milling tools and over 80 Inter-mountain Grayware sherds (Mulloy 1958) Lodge D contained mostly weapons and debitage suggesting perhaps a gendered division of space in at least this portion of the site (Adams 2010)

Based on this prior research Adams hypothesized that the site was a very large alpine-subalpine residential camp arguably a village site where men women and probably families gathered when the site was snow free (roughly late June to August or September) Site occupants subsisted on wild plants perhaps geophytes like biscuitroot (Lomatium spp and Cymopterus constancei) and whitebark pine nut which they processed with the abundant milling tools on-site They also probably hunted game like mountain sheep (possible sheep traps are below a ridge some 200 m east of the site) and perhaps marmot (Marmota flaviventris) or even ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura) though faunal remains recovered thus far are scant and mostly fragmentary precluding taxon identification Though the context

()

ra-) r

o-t

o-qq ~ rr

Figure 2 HRV site map showing environmental characteristics lodge distribution excavated lodges and

associated calibrated radiocarbon dates

WY

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ING

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UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

R R

ES

IDE

NT

IAL O

CC

UP

AT

ION

S

4

1


of some of the radiocarbon dates may be questionable (especially the later dates from potsherd residue and from Lodge CCrsquos superstructure) it is possible this pattern was established as early as 4000 rcyBP (~4500 cal BP) and continued until perhaps the Historic Period (Adams 2010)

2010 AND 2011 FIELD SEASONS AT

HIGH RISE VILLAGE

With this research context in mind and at the invitation of Richard Adams Utah State University began fieldwork at HRV in 2010 This work consisted of precision site mapping (Figure 2) lodge excavations and paleoenvironmental studies conducted in early summer 2010 and 2011

Site excavations focused on six lodges SS 49 22 26 W and 16 three of which (SS 22 and 49) had previously been partially excavated by Adams and his colleagues Lodges were excavated with small hand tools (trowel dustpan and whisk broom) following the natural stratigraphy of each feature (typically loose overburden an anthropogenic ldquoArdquo horizon and a weakly-developed subsoil) Cultural strata were excavated in 5 cm levels with site matrix passed through 18rdquo (3 mm) mesh with all cultural material bagged by provenience (lodge unit level and quad) Diagnostic artifacts were pedestalled and point-plotted prior to removal Unit level records were filled out for each completed level scaled profiles were made of diagnostic section walls and features supple-mented with digital photographs Soil samples were taken from each lodge for macrofloral analyses The total volume of excavated soil at the site in 2010 and 2011 was 285 m2 Table 1 describes findings by lodge lodge excavation summaries follow below

Lodge SS

Excavations at Lodge SS focused on expanding a 1 times 1 m unit (Unit 1) excavated by Adams and crew the preceding year One 05 times 1 m unit (Unit 2) was excavated adjacent to the south wall of Adamsrsquo Unit 1 and one 1 times 1 m unit (Unit 3) was excavated adjacent to the north wall of Adamsrsquo Unit 1 The backfill was also removed from Unit 1 resulting in a 1 m E-W times 25 N-S exposure excavated to a depth of 40 cmbs The unit contained abundant cultural material mostly debitage and two charcoal smear features

Lodge 49

The main goal of this excavation was recovering better dating samples from the lodge that generated the oldest radiocarbon dates at the site in prior excava-tions (~4000 BP) Two contiguous 1 times 1 m excavation units (ie a 1 times 2 m exposure) were excavated in the center of Lodge 49 to a depth of 40 cmbs The

Tab

le 1

A

ssem

bla

ge D

istr

ibu

tio

n b

y L

od

ge

Mam

mal

Pro

jectile

Lo

dg

e

Biface

Un

iface

Co

re

EM

Fa

Deb

itag

e

Man

o

bo

ne

b

Mill

ing

sla

b

po

intc

T

ota

l

16

21

12

78

02

34

28

08

22

25

02

65

93

16

6

26

32

1

43

64

23

91

10

37

73

49

22

3

93

11

2

98

2

SS

5

6

10

60

1

2

41

10

6

W

89

9

1

To

tal

12

4

2

1

4

11

00

4

6

75

1

5

20

1

19

29

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke

b all

ext

rem

ely

fra

gm

en

ted

c

inclu

din

g n

on

-dia

gn

ostic fra

gm

en

ts



units produced abundant cultural material mostly chert debitage Importantly a large charcoal lens containing fire-cracked rock was found near the base of Unit 1 and was sampled for radiocarbon assay

Lodge 22

One 1 times 1 m unit was excavated in the center of Lodge 22 to a maximum depth of 40 cmbs The cultural fill in the feature was shallow extending to no more than 30 cmbs An amorphous feature of grayish-white ash-stained anthropogenic soil and a lens of reddish oxidized soils were encountered in the northern half of the unit between 15 and 20 cmbs The feature appears to be a burned housefloor or a large swept-out hearth floor The unit contained a fair amount of debitage but little else Based on this the shallow cultural deposit and the amorphous nature of the feature it was determined other lodges might have higher data potential and excavation of the lodge was terminated after collecting carbon samples for dating

Lodge 26

One 1 times 15 m unit was excavated in the southern portion of Lodge 26 abutting the southern retaining wall and rubble fill of the lodge pad foundation to a maximum depth of 40 cmbs Excavations here produced abundant cultural material including three manos five Rose Spring arrow points and copious late-stage flaked stone reduction and retouch debris Importantly a charcoal feature was found between 20 and 30 cmbs in the southern half of the expo-sure this resulting in the collection of several carbon and soil samples Also intriguing was the exposure of the lodge foundation which indicated the movement and placement of large boulders in the southern downslope portion of the lodge foundation to create a retaining wall for the feature floor

Lodge W

One 05 times 05 m shovel probe was excavated as a test of Lodge W It was excavated to 30 cmbs and revealed a cultural deposit to 22 cmbs including a charcoal stain 12-13 cmbs in the northern portion of the probe The unit pro-duced substantial quantities of debitage

Lodge 16

One 1 times 1 m unit was excavated in the center of Lodge 16 to a depth of 25 cmbs The unit contained abundant cultural materials primarily chert debitage There was some charcoal staining which was sampled for radio-carbon and macrobotanical analyses In addition a 25 times 50 cm soil sample was collected immediately adjacent to the excavation unit for flotation and macro-botanical analysis

3340

bull AMS dated relict tree 3320

3260

3240

3200

Contour interval in meters 100 50 100 Meters


Paleoenvironment

A dendrochronologicaldendroclimatological survey of the HRV vicinity revealed a scattering of dead and downed whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) trunk remnants at 3355 m (11007 ft) elevation These remnants are well above modern timberline and are an indicator of past climate conditions that permitted upright straight-boled trees to live at higher elevations (eg LaMarche 1978) Seven remnants were found 30-50 m upslope of the site boundary Approximately 30 more were found in a moderately dense 70 times 50 m ldquoghost forestrdquo 100 m west of the site and 100-150 m above modern timberline (Figure 3) Samples of the outside rind were taken using a small handsaw from seven of these latter remnants for radiocarbon dating One sample was run at the University of Georgia Center for Isotopic Studies (UGAMS 9756) Results indicate the sampled tree died 960 rcyBP or 880 plusmn 50 cal BP using CalPal (Weninger and Joumlris 2008 Weninger et al 2012) Assuming the tree died ca 900 cal BP and based on the fact that whitebark pine can live to about 700 years suggests treelines were on the order of 100-150 m higher in elevation ca 1600-900 cal BP during (as explained in the succeeding section) what appears to be the main period of site occupation

Figure 3 Map showing relationship of relict treeline

to High Rise Village


PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS RESULTS

At this time results from the project are preliminary The site clearly contains numerous cut-and-fill lodge pad foundations with intact cultural deposits con-taining abundant flaked and ground stone artifacts and intact though often amorphous hearth features Most excavated lodges also produced small quantities of extremely fragmentary faunal bone the condition of which precludes taxon identification Several studies especially dendroclimatological macrofloral and zooarchaeological are in-progress and are not reported here The subsections below provide summaries of the more pertinent data generated thus far

Flaked Stone

An analysis of a stratified-random sample of 833 flakes distributed between the six lodges excavated in 2010 and 2011 indicates debris from biface retouch and manufacture dominates the debitage assemblage Like debitage from most other high-elevation contexts (eg Morgan et al 2012 Thomas 1982) most waste flakes (586) represent small very late-stage core reduction biface thinning and pressure retouch (Figure 4) Interestingly though sample size is fairly small and the distribution of diagnostic flake types appears similar between lodges (Table 2) the difference in debitage assemblages between lodges is statistically significant (p = 00105 Fisherrsquos exact test) This is mainly the result of substantially more pressure flakes in Lodge 22 and a relatively higher proportion of late interior core reduction debris in Lodge 49 but does not detract from the initial generalization that debris from tool manufacture dominates the sitersquos debitage assemblage regardless of lodge (and ostensibly period of occupation)

Most toolstone consists of locally-available Wind River cherts along with a very small quantity of locally-available quartzite and extralocal obsidian and basalt (Bohn 2007 Branson and Branson 1941 Connor and Kunselman 1995 Kunselman 1994 Kunselman 1998 Scheiber and Finley 2011b Smith 1999 Snoke 1993) Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrographic (for methods see GRL 2012) analysis of 27 obsidian specimens indicates 78 of the assem-blage comes from western Wyoming sources (Crescent H Teton Pass Lava Creek Tuff Obsidian Cliff and Huckleberry Tuff) with trace amounts coming from as far away as Bear Gulch and Malad Idaho (see Table 3 and Figure 5)

Groundstone

Arguably as important as the high number of lodge pad foundations is the quantity of groundstone at the site all of the 52 identified lodges are associated with either a mano millingslabmetate or handstone (Adams 2002 Adams 2010) Combined with Adamsrsquo data a total of 57 manos or mano fragments have been identified Many groundstone processing tools are made on non-local basalts likely from nearby Absaroka or other sources (Figure 1) (Smedes and Prostka 1972) The abundance of milling tools (manos and milling slabs) likely evinces plant processing perhaps of locally-abundant whitebark pine nut or even pemmican

~----------------------

140 +------------------

120

100

80 +-----------------lt

60

40 +--------------lt

20

0 ---bull middot-----bull -----Primary Secondary Early Late Biface Pressure Shatter Decort Decor Interior Interior Thinning

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

50

100

50

0 12+mm 6middot12mm 3bull6mm lt3mm

160

Figure 4 Debitage analysis results left flake type right flake size

WY

OM

ING

rsquoS H

UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

R R

ES

IDE

NT

IAL O

CC

UP

AT

ION

S

4

7

Tab

le 2

D

eb

itag

e A

naly

sis

by L

od

ge

Co

re r

ed

uctio

n s

tag

e

To

ol m

an

ufa

ctu

rer

eto

uch

N

on

-dia

gn

ostic

Earl

yLate

Biface

Lo

dg

e

Pri

mary

S

eco

nd

ary

in

teri

or

inte

rio

r th

inn

ing

P

ressu

re

Sh

att

er

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

T

ota

l

16

00

61

62

69

12

37

10

6

22

16

41

93

13

54

01

03

23

9

26

05

72

74

32

94

11

00

25

8

49

01

01

11

03

17

25

67

SS

12

39

30

11

28

38

12

2

W

3

03

69

65

9

41

To

tal

5

14

2

3

88

1

49

9

3

14

3

31

2

83

3


Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

Clif

fH

uckle

berr

y T

uff

Bear

Gu

lch

M

ala

d

So

urc

e

WY

W

Y

WY

W

Y

WY

ID

ID

Co

un

t1

08

11

15

1

Descri

ptio

nD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e

1 b

iface fra

gm

en

t1

EM

Fa

Eu

clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

m

19

1 k

m

21

8 k

m

24

9 k

m

dis

tan

ce

fro

m H

RV

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke



Figure 5 Identified obsidian sources relative to High Rise Village

Residue Analysis

A protein-residue study was conducted by the Laboratory of Archaeological Science at California State University Bakersfield on a projectile point a small scraper and two manos recovered from buried contexts at the site A wide range of antisera were tested of particular potential relevance Chenopodiaceae camas Lomatium bitterroot bear deer and sheep All results were negative

Dating

Chronometric data come from diagnostic projectile points obsidian hydration and radiocarbon dates Projectile point types recovered from buried contexts are exclusively Late Prehistoric Most (n = 15) are of the Rose Springs corner-notched variety five of these from Lodge 26 Six Late Prehistoric (ie Shoshonean) points


(one Tri-notch three small Desert Side-notched and two Cottonwood Triangular) were also recovered (Thomas 1981) Combined these data suggest site occu-pation between roughly 1500 and 150 BP with a strong Rose Springs signal ca 1500-600 BP Obsidian hydration measurements (n = 17) range from 097 to 297 (on Bear Gulch Crescent H Teton Pass Huckleberry Tuff Obsidian Cliff and Malad obsidians) Though obsidian chronologies and hydration curves are not well established in the region these data likely indicate occupations in the last 3000 years (Connor and Kunselman 1995 Smith 1999) Fifteen radio-carbon dates range from 4000-130 rcyBP (Table 4) Of particular note are the 4000+ yr dates from hearth features in Lodges 16 and 49 These are consistent with the date on lodge fill Adams generated from Lodge 49 in 2008 Also intriguing are the 1400-1100 yr dates from Lodge 26 consistent with the five Rose Springs points recovered there

In summary there is problematic evidence (see below) in the form of four radiocarbon dates for occupation of the site beginning as early as 4480 cal BP Three AMS dates from Lodge SS indicate an occupation (or occupations) between approximately 2810 and 1480 cal BP This latter date and four other dates from Lodges D W and 26 are consistent with the dominant Rose Springs projectile point assemblage ranging from ca 1470-770 cal BP The later AMS dates (ca 450-160 cal BP) from Lodge CC are consistent with the Tri-Notch Desert Side-notched and Cottonwood point typologies Combined these data suggest a possible early occupation just prior to 4000 cal BP perhaps sporadic occupations between approximately 2800 and 1900 cal BP a substantial occupation (or series of occupations) between 1500 and 500 cal BP and perhaps a later occupation after 500 cal BP At present patterning is not readily evident in the spatial distribution of lodge radiocarbon dates though dates for adjacent lodges W and SS appear to cluster at approximately 1450 cal BP (Figure 2)

Based on these preliminary data the site appears to represent multi-family seasonal residential occupations focused to a large degree on processing wild plant foods perhaps whitebark pine nut or geophytes like biscuitroot This pattern may have become established as early as 4500 years ago but likely much later between 2800 and 1500 years ago and persisted until nearly historic times There appears however to be fairly strong evidence that this pattern held mainly between 1500 and 500 cal BP

EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Several challenges are entailed by the HRV data these focused mainly on dating First however is the poor preservation of specimens by which to reconstruct subsistence Ongoing flotation and macrofloral analyses have identified almost no seeds residue analyses produced no data and faunal remains though present are so fragmentary as to preclude (in most cases) taxon identification

Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)


Second in terms of dating it is possible HRV occupants burned ldquoold woodrdquo in their campfires (Schiffer 1986 Thomas 1994) Whitebark pine can live as long as 700 years and there are ldquoghost forestsrdquo of dead trees above timberline in the range that may date to warmerdrier climatic episodes for example during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly or the middle Holocene (eg Benedict et al 2008 LaMarche 1973) As shown in the preceding subsection on paleo-environment AMS dating of a downed tree near HRV suggests timberline was at least 100 m higher in elevation ca 900 cal BP (Figure 3) It is thus possible the sitersquos radiocarbon dates are significantly older than the occupations they date perhaps by as much as 1500 (ie a 700-year whitebark pine lifespan added to a 900-year-old tree remnant) to 3000 years (ie dating to the middle Holocene) Importantly the fact that no diagnostic projectile points have been recovered from site excavations that might indicate occupation during the Middle Archaic (eg McKean) suggests the oldest dates from the site (ie those centered around 4500 cal BP) represent burning mid-Holocene wood in much later campfires Supporting this assertion is the fact that the 4500-year-old radiocarbon dates from Lodge 16 pre-date the dominant projectile point type from this lodge (ie Rose Springs) by some 3000 years In two of the lodges that generated both radiocarbon dates and diagnostic projectile points (Lodges CC and 26) however radiocarbon dates bracket the range of dates associated with artifacts quite well In any event given the likelihood of a substantial ldquoold woodrdquo problem at the site arguments for Archaic mid-Holocene occupation of the site are clearly moot

Related to dating is the very concept of village a term which has been asso-ciated with HRV since its discovery The term has a long history of use and misuse in archaeology yet hinges upon the idea that villages represent clustered human settlements in rural areas typically marked by grouped dwellings repre-senting the living quarters of anywhere from as little as 5 to 10 (more often described as hamlets) to 30 families or more (Carneiro 2002 Flannery 1972 Marcus 1976) These are typically permanent and associated with agricultural economies but can also be transient and associated with hunter-gatherer ones as well (eg along the western coast of North America (Rick 2007)) Villages and the associated term hamlet thus entail more than five economically-inter-dependent families living close together in residential structures either perma-nently or on a semi-sedentary basis (Binford 1990) Within this context the features at HRV could conceivably not entail village life at all Rather over a span of perhaps as many as 3000-4500 years they could just as easily represent a palimpsest of small group or even single-family occupations and house building Better temporal control and recovery of datable material from additional lodges would help clarify this problem but until it is resolved calling the site a ldquovillagerdquo is as much an artifact of the local vernacular and the sitersquos research history as it is based on economic or demographic information suggesting the manifes-tation of village or even hamlet lifeways Palimpsest or not however the site


nonetheless represents a striking departure from the norm in terms of the sheer quantity of hunter-gatherer residential features present at high altitude

REGIONAL COMPARISONS

The most important studies for making comparisons with other high-altitude hunter-gatherer residential behaviors are Thomasrsquo (1982 1994) work in the Toquima Range in south-central Nevada and Bettingerrsquos (1991) work in the White Mountains above Owens Valley in eastern California Beyond their own citations these studies are more than adequately discussed and summarized elsewhere (Bettinger 1996 2008 Canaday 19974-11 Grayson 1993261-269 Janetski 1985 201017-18 Zeanah 2000) The crux of these studies is that around 1100 years ago at Alta Toquima and probably a bit later at the 13 residential sites Bettinger identified in the White Mountains a long-lived logistical alpine hunting pattern began giving way to a residential one focused on house construction intensive plant food gathering and processing (often of foodstuffs transported from the lowlands) and increasing reliance on hunting smaller-bodied game (Grayson 1991) Bettinger attributes this shift to population increase causing resource stress in Owens Valley a phenomenon he argues was associated with the migration of Numic speakers with an intensive seed-based economic focus into the region some time between about 1000 and 600 BP Thomas (1994) is far more equivocal arguing that Numic expansion is irrelevant to the patterns he identified at Alta Toquima Needless to say the topic is contentious

While this research is certainly the most significant of its class in the region (and in North America more generally) and provides the material most ready for comparison to HRV a number of other studies have been conducted that specifically target high altitude residential occupations in the two decades or more since Thomas and Bettinger first published their work (Figure 1) Perhaps the most ambitious of these was Canadayrsquos (1997) surveys of five of the high mountain ranges of central Nevada (the Toiyabe and Snake ranges and Ruby Jarbridge and Deep Creek mountains) While Canadayrsquos research focused specifically on determining aboriginal alpine land-use patterns across the central Great Basin he found very few sites in a rather large (considering the fact that it focused mainly on relatively narrow ridgetops) survey of over 7500 acres A few had one or two stacked-rock features he interpreted were used as hunting blinds rather than as residential features (an interpretation consistent with what Thomas found in the Toquima Range) Using regional projectile point chronologies he concluded that most of the alpine Great Basin was used sporadically for hunting mainly since the middle Holocene Partly because of Canadayrsquos work (and numerous others in the Rockies Great Basin and Sierra Nevada) it became more-or-less safe to say that high elevations in the American West were used by prehistoric hunter-gatherers mainly for long-range hunting and that the alpine villages of the Toquimas and Whites were notable and unique exceptions to the rule (eg Grayson 1993)


But this generalization overlooks more recent research on the periphery of the Great Basin in the Sierra Nevada the Utah ranges of the eastern Great Basin and immediately north of the Winds in the Absarokas each of which has identified residential use of subalpine-alpine ecozones though certainly not on the scale reported by Thomas and Bettinger In the Sierra Nevada directly across Owens Valley from the White Mountains there is a village site very similar to those in the White Mountains This site called ldquoSummit Lakerdquo is just below treeline at an elevation of 2895 m (9500 ft) The site contains at least nine multi-course rock-ringed house depressions a very well-developed midden several pestles and seven bedrock milling stations containing at least 41 bedrock mortars Based on the presence of Owens Valley Brownware sherds the site likely dates to between 600 and 150 BP no radiocarbon dates have been yet generated from the site (Morgan 2004 2006) Summit Lake likely represents the Sierran version of the pattern Bettinger identified in the Whites both linked to a larger settlement system focused on Owens Valley Other large alpine artifact scatters several with midden development are also documented but as-yet unsampled in the higher portions of the range above north-central Owens Valley (Morgan et al 2005) Additionally based on survey and obsidian hydration data generated in the high Sierra overlooking the southern end of Owens Valley Stevens (2002 2005) argues that people intensified their use of high elevations building rock ring features and leaving behind well-developed middens beginning around 1350 BP a pattern more-or-less consistent with (but a little earlier than) what Bettinger revealed in the Whites

On the other side of the Great Basin in Utah several studies point to intensified use of subalpine-alpine settings including residential use during the Formative At 2389 m (7840 ft) in the Oquirrh Mountains Janetski (1985) argues use of a hunting camp intensified along with Fremont foraging and horticultural intensifi-cation in the valley below (see also Janetski 1997) He identifies a similar pattern at two sites near 2700 m (9000 ft) on the Fishlake Plateau with site use switching to a residential focus and more intensive exploitive patterns between about 1700 and 700 BP (Janetski 2010) Morgan et al (2012) identify a nearly identical pattern developing above treeline at a site known as Pharo Heights at 2865 m (9400 ft) in south-central Utahrsquos Pahvant Range ca 1700 BP They argue this high-altitude residential base served as a central place that increased returns on high-elevation logistical hunting a pattern consistent with the overall trend of Fremont intensification during the Formative In eastern Utah in the high elevations of the Uinta Mountains Knoll (2003) makes a similar argument that high-elevation residential structures at nearly 3300 m (11000 ft) served as seasonally-occupied central places geared mainly towards increasing returns on Fremont logical sheep hunting between approximately 1600 and 1300 BP Also in the Uintas Watkins (2000) used groundstone residue analysis and radiocarbon dates to argue that alpine processing of wild plants intensified between approxi-mately 3700 and 700 years ago In summary there is evidence of increased


exploitation and seasonal residential use of subalpine and alpine settings in at least four of Utahrsquos mountain ranges between about 1700 and 700 BP a pattern closely corresponding in time to Formative Period intensification (Madsen and Simms 1998)

Closer to HRV several lines of evidence point to residential use of alpine and other settings in Wyoming At the Lookingbill Site situated at 2620 m (8600 ft) elevation in the Absaroka Mountains Kornfeld et al (2001) docu-ment over 10000 years of human occupation including groundstone use in Late PaleoindianEarly Archaic times (Shepherd 1992) as well as occupations temporally corresponding to those at HRV between 2860 and 360 rcyBP Also in the Absarokas Eakin (2005) and Scheiber and Finley (2010 2011c) document residential features including cut-and-fill lodge foundations like those at HRV in the higher elevations of the range a pattern initially mentioned by Frison (see Kornfeld et al 2010402-404) Dating is tentative at this point but asso-ciation with Shoshonean and historic artifacts suggests a very late Prehistoric or ethnohistoric timeframe for at least some of these features Adams (2010) documents five additional sites in the Wind River Range with residential features similar to though far fewer than those at HRV Though not at high elevation the high steppes (ie at elevations between approximately 1700 and 2300 m (5500-7500 ft)) of southwestern Wyoming have produced numerous housepit residential sites (eg Moore 2007 Smith 2003 Smith and Reust 2004) dating to the mid-Holocene ca 9100-3900 cal BP with most dating between about 6850 and 4500 cal BP (Smith and McNees 2005 2011) but also a period of housepit construction between ca 1800 and 1000 cal BP (Smith 2005) These have been linked to repetitive seasonal residential use of the region by hunter-gatherers at least partially dependent on stored and processed plant resources particularly geophytes like biscuitroot (Cymopterus bulbosus and Lomatium spp) (Smith and McNees 1999)

Finally to explore this topic in just a bit more temporal depth widening diet breadth and plant processing in the Rocky Mountains has deep historical antecedents Several researchers have identified processing tools in places like the parks in the Colorado Rockies at elevations as high as 2400 m (8000 ft) Pitblado (2003) for instance notes that it is not uncommon for late Paleoindian and early Archaic sites in the southern Rockies to contain at least some ground-stone She suggests plant processing was part of high mountain economies by the earliest Holocene and that this pattern likely pertained in various permutations through the Archaic Worth noting however is Benedictrsquos (1992) confounding argument that long-term base-camps and processing sites are unknown above 3000 m (10000 ft) in Coloradorsquos front range In any event it appears that at least subalpine settings in the Rockies were used for more than just hunting since at least the early Holocene and that plant processing at altitude has deep historical antecedents in the Rocky Mountains


Within this broad regional context a few trends stand out The first is a reiteration high-altitude plant processing is not an anomaly in many parts of the Rocky Mountains during the Archaic The second is also quite clear intensified and residential use (in various permutations and levels of intensity) of high altitudes across the American West appears to develop in many places after about 1800 cal BP The oldest radiocarbon dates (as well as the widest temporal range) for this type of pattern comes from the east-northeast particularly at HRV (Figure 6)

There is of course substantial temporal overlap particularly in the critical period of time between about 1800 and 600 BP when nearly all of the radiocarbon dates from HRV Alta Toquima and the high elevation sites from Utah cluster From this perspective the pre-1800 cal BP dates at HRV and nearly all of Bettingerrsquos dates from the White Mountains are the outliers to this wider pattern Notably both are situated at opposite ends of the Great Basinrsquos considerable geographic extent

This pattern is made clearer when considering the summary statistics describing the distribution of regional high-altitude radiocarbon dates As Thomas (1994) has already noted median 14C dates indicate the main occupations at Alta Toquima precede those in the White Mountains by some 500 years a conclusion borne out by the mean of these data as well (Table 5) When the data from Utah and Wyoming are entered into the comparison the data are especially intriguing Save Janetskirsquos two sites on the Fishlake Plateau all of the eastern Great Basin-Rocky Mountain high-altitude residential sites are older in terms of both mean and median than either Alta Toquima or the White Mountains villages on the order of 200 to over 1100 years Though there is considerable overlap in actual radiocarbon dates there are potentially important temporal discontinuities reflected in the statistical variation of dates from different mountain ranges For example when boxplots are generated from these data there is little overlap in the interquartile ranges of HRV Alta Toquima and the White Mountains with a trend toward younger dates toward the west (Figure 7) Admittedly looking at statistical variation in radiocarbon dates rather than actual dates (which ostensibly represent the actual dates when hearths and other features were actually used) is a very rough way of comparing regional occupations but the data here presented clearly show dates (and occupations) trending younger without substantial overlap as one moves from east to west

To cope with this problem and develop a more robust picture of the occu-pational histories of regional high-altitude residential sites 1-sigma calibrated summed probability distributions were generated for each of the six loci described above by pooling all published high-altitude radiocarbon dates associated with residential sites from each range (ie the data in Table 5) and using Calib 61 (Stuiver and Reimer 1993) and the Intcal09 calibration curve (Reimer et al 2009) to generate summed radiocarbon probability distributions for each locale (for a

I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0

bull bull bull Q bull bull

bullbull

bullbullbullbullbullbullbull West-Southwest

Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)

bull Pahvant Range (UT)

Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)

Figure 6 Sorted scatterplot of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates from high-elevation residential sites

in the Mountain-Intermountain West

58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S


Table 5 High Altitude Mountain-Intermountain Uncalibrated Radiocarbon

Dates (BP) and Summary Statistics

Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994

Knoll 2003 Morgan et

al nd

Janetski

2010

160 plusmn 60 220 plusmn 70 60 plusmn 60 1720 plusmn 40 180 plusmn 70 130 plusmn 40

210 plusmn 50 220 plusmn 70 1350 plusmn 40 250 plusmn 80 420 plusmn 50



260 plusmn 50 620 plusmn 80 930 plusmn 80 1210 plusmn 25



300 plusmn 60 710 plusmn 70 1570 plusmn 40








490 plusmn 70 1260 plusmn 90





1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0

Radiocarbon Years BP

0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est

full methodological description see B

amforth and G

rund 20121770) Though

inferring occupational and population histories with these m

ethods is a subject of som

e debate (William

s 2012) these methods can provide nuance w

hen attempt-

ing to reconstruct such histories (Anderson et al 2011 S

teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem

porally-constrained very late H

olocene occupations the Alta T

oquima curve show

s occupations m

ainly between 1500 and 500 cal B

P and the U

tah dates are all constrained to the late H

olocene many corresponding to F

remontF

ormative

occupations between roughly 1800 and 1000 cal B

P (F

igure 8) The H

RV

curve is clearly the anom

aly of the bunch with w

hat appear to be a series of punctuated occupations betw

een roughly 2800 and 150 cal BP

(assuming the oldest dates

represent old wood burned by later site occupants) w

ith the most robust occu-

pational signal between roughly 1600 and 500 cal B

P In sum

this analysis indicates that the older high-altitude residential sites are indeed on the eastern periphery

of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-

altitude villages of eastern California and central N

evada show little or no

overlap in occupation and that HR

V likely has a long-running dynam

ic and perhaps punctuated occupational history unlike those seen at other high-altitude residential sites save perhaps to som

e degree those on the Fishlake P

lateau in central U

tah


TWO EMPIRICAL AND TWO REGIONAL HYPOTHESES

Based on the chronological data generated thus far from HRV on preceding summaries of the regional archaeology and relative to the brief research context developed at the beginning of this article it is possible to formulate some empirically-guided hypotheses to help drive future research at HRV and in other regional high-altitude settings This hypothesis-building exercise is divided into two subsections The first focuses on empirical questions mainly on the chron-ology of occupation at HRV and implications derived from the two main alter-native interpretations of this chronology The second considers the implications of the preliminary results from HRV in regional context exploring potential linkages between high-elevation residential sites in terms of both culture history and adaptation

Empirical Hypotheses

These two hypotheses consider two alternatives that the dates at HRV evince long-term repeated and perhaps punctuated late Holocene hunter-gatherer occu-pation or that they represent an adaptation centered on the period between approximately 1500 and 500 BP

1 Pre 1800 cal BP 14C dates at High Rise Village are legitimate and the

quantity of residential features indicates village-size group aggregations

If any of the dates prior to about 1800 cal BP represent large-scale residential groups aggregations then HRV would be the oldest village above 3000 m (10000 ft) in North America and one of the earlier examples of high-altitude village life anywhere in the world It might thus be considered one origin for intensive residential alpine lifeways in North America Equally important is the fact that the dates from HRV thus far point to punctuated but consistent reoccupations and residential construction from arguably 4500 but more likely from about 2800 to 150 years ago Due to the uniqueness of the large-scale high-altitude residential lifeway entailed by the site this time depth suggests certainly adaptational and arguably cultural continuity over the course of roughly the last three millennia of the Holocene If true this would argue against the Lamb (1958) model for the Numic spread and the idea that Mountain Shoshone Eastern Shoshone Numic speakers became emplaced in the area in very late prehistory perhaps as late as the last 500 years or so (see Larson and Kornfeld 1994 Wright 1978) It also argues against the idea that high-elevation intensifi-cation of the type seen at Alta Toquima and the White Mountains was strictly a Numic phenomenon that developed out of intensive western Great Basin-California hunter-gatherer lifeways unless of course the Numa have much deeper historical roots across central Nevada and western Wyoming as several researchers working in Wyoming attest (Husted and Edgar 2002 Loendorf and

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

High Rise Village (WY)

0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP

Wh ite Mountains (CA)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP


Figure 8 Calibrated summed probability distributions (using IntCal09 at

1 Sigma) for intermountain-mountain radiocarbon dates Pahvant Range

distribution not summed as its curve represents a single date

500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0

Uinta Mountains (UT) Cal curve

intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Fishlake Plateau (UT) Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872

Pahvant Range (UT) 1740plusmn40

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0


Figure 8 (Contrsquod)


Stone 2006 Nabokov and Loendorf 2004 Scheiber and Finley 2010 2011b) Finally on the outside chance that the earliest 4500 cal BP dates at the site are legitimate (they do account for almost 13 of the radiocarbon dates from the site) the residential occupations and intensive processing documented at HRV could be linked to or represent the terminal most intensive (due to the higher caloric costs of working at altitude) expression of the Mid-Holocene seasonal residential transhumance pattern (at least partly predicated on geophyte exploitation) that Smith and McNees (2011) identify for greater southwestern Wyoming

2 Occupation at High Rise Village was between 1500 and 500 BP

This possibility ignores dating outliers accounts for the ldquoold woodrdquo problem and argues that the majority of the radiocarbon obsidian hydration and projectile point data represent the actual residential occupations at the site If true such a scenario entails substantial overlap with other high-altitude residential occupa-tions in the greater region particularly those in the Uintas Pahvants Fishlake Plateau and Toquima Range In terms of paleoenvironmental-paleoclimatic context these data might indicate that warming and drying trends during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (eg Jones et al 1999) desiccated surrounding valleys and plains reducing returns on gathering and hunting thereby creating a ldquopushrdquo factor encouraging intensified occupation and exploitation of higher elevation A warmer and drier period in the Wind River Range is implied by Dahmsrsquo (2002) glacial chronology between 1500 and 350 BP suggesting the generalized medieval pattern applies to the local setting Such conditions may also have increased growing season and biotic productivity at altitude creating a ldquopullrdquo factor eliciting the same This scenario also allows for the possibility of an affiliation with a return to residentially-mobile housepit utilization on the steppes surrounding the Wind River Range ca 1800-500 cal BP (Smith 2005) It also allows for potential culture-historical discontinuities Such discontinuities would allow for the recent emplacement of Numic speakers in western Wyoming after 500 BP in accordance with what Lamb (1958) and others model for the Numic Spread (Larson and Kornfeld 1994 Sutton 1987)

Regional Hypotheses

The following two questions ask the more general question ldquowhat if any is the relationship of HRV to other regional high-altitude residential manifestationsrdquo in terms of null and alternative hypotheses

1 There are no significant relationships between regional

high-elevation residential occupations

Based on differences in elevation (eg from 2700 to nearly 3600 m (9000-12000 ft)) lack of overlap in the standard deviations and interquartile ranges of


radiocarbon dates from east to west and differences in culture and adaptation (eg Fremont forager-farmers on the Fishlake Plateau versus central Nevada NumicShoshonean hunter-gatherers) it is possible each instance represents either a specialized local cultural variation or an adaptation to very specific and local ecological or historical circumstances This possibility essentially comprises a null hypothesis acting as a foil to regional archaeo-ethnological inquiry

2 There are significant relationships between regional


Based on similarities in lithic assemblages (in terms of reduction strategy and technology if not material type) construction of residential structures and general environmental settings (ie subalpine-alpine) it is possible to develop two sub-sidiary hypotheses under this heading one historical the other evolutionary The first is that these similarities represent the diffusion of a mountain-centered intensive hunter-gatherer high-altitude adaptation focused on seasonal residential occupation and structure construction hunting and either intensive collection and processing of high-elevation plant foods or transport of such resources to high-elevation locales This would mean intensive residential use of subalpine-alpine environments developed first in North Americarsquos largest mountain range the Rockies over a period of time spanning perhaps 1300 years or more (roughly 2800-1500 BP) Such an adaptation could conceivably be rooted in the late Paleoindian-Early Archaic high-elevation processing strategies that developed in the Rockies in the early Holocene (Husted and Edgar 2002) andor in the large-scale movement of residentially mobile groups at least partly reliant on intensive geophyte exploitation into the Rocky Mountains and High Plains during the middle Holocene (Smith and McNees 2011) Permutations of these behaviors might then have been incorporated into the development of the intensive forager-farmer lifeways of the Eastern Great Basin during the Formative and even-tually by groups living in the western Great Basin and even Californiarsquos Sierra Nevada by 400-500 BP Evidence supporting this hypothesis is of course scant beyond the simple chronological data presented in this article and a methodology recalling Clark Wisslerrsquos (1923) anachronistic age-area concept but is presented here mainly to reemphasize the spatio-temporal trajectory of high-altitude inten-sification across the American West during the late Holocene

Much more likely however the patterns seen at HRV and other similar locales entail local responses to fundamental similar evolutionary-ecological contexts These might include increasing population densities economic intensification (both foraging-based and agricultural) climate change or some combination of these factors Increasing population densities and economic intensification may very well pertain in places like Owens Valley and along the Formative Period Wasatch Front where such phenomena are fairly well documented (eg Bouey 1979 Delacorte 1994 Massimino and Metcalfe 1999 Scharf 2009 Talbot and


Wilde 1989) In central Nevadarsquos Toquima Range such an argument is harder to support given the low population densities recorded in regional ethnographies (Steward 1938) and the depth of time these ethnographies are thought to represent (Thomas 1973) In contrast the climate change permutation of this hypothesis is attractive in one sense because it provides a pan-regional explanation for why people might choose to more intensively exploit and occupy high altitudes at about the same period of time during the generally warmer and drier but also markedly variable conditions of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly This perspec-tive however is confounded by two factors

1 the main occupations in the White Mountains and Fishlake Plateau appear to correspond to ostensibly limiting conditions associated with the onset of the Little Ice Age after the Mediaeval Climatic Anomaly (Bettinger 1991 Campell and McAndrews 1993) and

2 climatersquos effects on resources and their distribution is always local (Mann 2002 Mayewski et al 2004 Stenseth et al 2002) meaning the effects of the variable Medieval Climatic Anomaly (Bradley et al 2001 Hughes and Diaz 1994a 1994b Stine 2000 but see Herweijer et al 2007 and Cook et al 2010) may very well have been quite different across the broad expanse of the Mountain West

Add to this the possibility derived from the first empirical hypothesis described in the preceding subsection (that HRV was occupied over a 3000 year or more period of time spanning late Holocene neoglacials medieval warming and the Little Ice Age) (Dahms 2002 Fall et al 1995) and the initially-attractive climate-change hypothesis loses much of its appeal

CONCLUSION

The preceding leaves a conundrum how to best explain regional high-altitude residential manifestations without relying on local historical circumstance or on gross generalizations about paleoenvironmental change In ecological-adaptive context such explanations would have to rely on comparisons of proxies for resource productivity population density and high-altitude economic behaviors and their intensity from across the mountain-intermountain West Estimates for resource productivity of course are necessary to determine population-resource dynamics and would have to rely on very localized proxy records derived from locations nearby high altitude residential sites and villages Fortunately these are often available For instance some of the oldest tree ring records in the world are near the White Mountains villages very old stands of whitebark pine from which a late Holocene dendroclimatological record are currently being derived from samples in and near HRV and alpine and subalpine lakes and wet meadows amenable to pollen assay are near HRV on Utahrsquos Fishlake Plateau and at Alta Toquima Estimating prehistoric population densities is of course fraught with


difficulty but the key to this in the context of explaining high-altitude residential patterns is paradoxically to be found in the lowlands and valleys below high-elevation villages If high-elevation villages are part of a lowland-highland settle-ment dynamic then it stands to reason that reconstructing the population histories demographics and settlement patterns of lowland camps and villages would clarify the population parameters associated with high-altitude residential living

When it comes to determining high-altitude economic effort the first part of this equation is intrinsically linked to the population density question which hinges on determining the size of the groups who occupied HRV and other high-altitude residential sites In this context teasing out the difference between palimpsests of many small occupations versus larger ones entails generating much larger dating samples while controlling for the old wood problem (by dating only short-lived taxa like Artemisia spp) from multiple residential features In a related vein determining the type and intensity of high-attitude subsistence economies (eg diet breadth and affiliated return rates) is hampered by the poor preservation of floral and faunal remains at many high-altitude sites problems that might be solved not only by refined residue analyses but also by more cutting-edge analyses like ancient DNA taxon identification of faunal remains (eg Wilson et al 2011) Finally with regard to the subject of identifying addi-tional high-altitude residential sites from which to derive new subsistence and other economic data additional prospection is clearly required recognizing that hunter-gatherers built houses far more often than they are identified archaeo-logically and that their identification can rely as much on artifact patterning as on well-defined features (eg Surovell and Waguespack 2007) The preceding thus argues what a lot of papers do finding and sampling more sites is required and more robust methods are necessary to tease out patterning in data generated from these studies But this clicheacute is all the more apt because of the difficulty of explaining the anomalous nature of high-altitude hunter-gatherer residential behaviors behaviors that hold such promise for explaining human adaptation to marginal high-altitude and high latitude (altitudersquos ecological analog) environ-ments worldwide

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks go to excellent anonymous criticism provided by North American

Archaeologist reviewers the Shoshone National Forest Mountain Air Heli-copters Meredith and Tory Taylor Heath and Sarah Woltman at Bear Basin Outfitters Molly Westby Matt Stirn and Bryon Schroeder for technical management and logistical support Thanks also to field school students and student volunteers Nathan Giles Peter Yaworsky Cheryl Howell Jason Patten John Farrell Dennis Kuhnel Lowell Sagers Chris Davies Forrest Kranda Haylee Toland Ben Fowler Dallin Webb Dayna Reale and Luke Trout Richard Hughes Robert Yohe and Summer Gibbons provided additional


analyses Discussions with Robert Bettinger Robert Kelly and David Hurst Thomas led to several of the ideas presented in this article any errors or omissions however are solely those of the authors

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Note The preceding article was subjected to formal peer review prior to being accepted for publication

Direct reprint requests to

Christopher Morgan Department of Anthropology University of Nevada Reno 1664 N Virginia St Reno NV 89557-0096 e-mail ctmorganunredu

Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure


This article reports preliminary results from excavations at a site known as High Rise Village (HRV) in Wyomingrsquos Wind River Range It uses these data to place the site in regional historical and evolutionary contexts and to explore generally-applicable hypotheses explaining high-altitude occupations in North America Focusing mainly on radiocarbon and other dating results and because the site is in a region associated as much with Great Basin cultural patterns (Shimkin 1947) as with Great Plains ones (Kornfeld et al 2010) these hypotheses target in part historical questions regarding regional population replacement via the so-called Numic Spread (Bettinger and Baumhoff 1982 Lamb 1958 Madsen and Rhode 1994 Sutton 1987) by groups spreading northeastward out of the Great Basin Conversely they also address the possi-bility of the sitersquos association with a middle and late Holocene High Plains pattern focused on group residential mobility and housepit construction and re-use (eg Smith 2005 Smith and McNees 2011) From evolutionary-ecological perspective population pressure and the effects of late Holocene climate changes contemporaneous with site occupations are considered as mechanisms explaining anomalous high-altitude residential lifeways region-wide It concludes with a discussion of future research trajectories and methodologies for the investigation of high-altitude adaptations both at HRV and in the region more generally

High Rise Village (48FR5891) is a large residential locus in the northeastern Wind River Range at elevations between 3320 and 3225 m (10560-10880 ft) in an area historically (and currently) occupied by Numic-speaking Eastern Shoshone groups (Figure 1) The site is large measuring approximately 440 m by 220 m (for a total area of about 19 acres (76 ha)) and contains at least 52 lodge pads (rock-ringed and flattened housefloors) and dense archaeological deposits containing flaked stone tools and debitage groundstone implements and very small quantities of animal bone and Intermountain Grayware sherds (Adams 2010 Mulloy 1958) At least three of the lodges contain what appear to be remnants of their superstructure consisting of multi-sided cribbed timbers as many as three courses high The site is on a steep (average slope is ~23 degrees) south-facing slope roughly two-thirds of which is below modern treeline within a dense subalpine whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) forest The remainder of the site is in alpine tundra Like many sites in alpine settings the availability of water is limited though a semi-permanent spring in the northwestern portion of the site delivers a trickle of water most years Site boundaries abut a principal mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis) migration corridor (Thorne et al 1979) Based on the data presented in this article the site appears to be a very large alpine-subalpine residential locus arguably a village site representing large seasonal popu-lation aggregations These began arguably as early as 4500 cal BP (but more likely around 2800 cal BP) and continued until perhaps as late as 150 cal BP If these generalizations are accurate the site would be the largest- oldest- and longest-occupied high-altitude village in North America As shown in this article however several of these generalizations are problematic hinging as they do on


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Lodge 22


Lodge 26


Lodge W


Lodge 16


3340


3260

3240

3200



Paleoenvironment







Flaked Stone



Groundstone


~----------------------

140 +------------------

120

100

80 +-----------------lt

60

40 +--------------lt

20


500

450

400

350

300

250

200

50

100

50


160


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Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

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ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

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e

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Sam

ple

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c

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83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

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56

26

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56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

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27

L2

6-E

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67

LW

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LS

S-E

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14

L2

2-E

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18

L4

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58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

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DG

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C-2

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58

91

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C

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91

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h

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h

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12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

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5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

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5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

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40

42

0plusmn

50

84

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40

10

70

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0

15

70

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0

27

00

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0

38

80

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0

40

00

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0

11

50

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0

13

80

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0

14

70

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0

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50

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0

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0

44

50

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0

44

80

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16

0 plusmn

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10

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0

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0


a C

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rate

d w

ith

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al

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07

(W

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in p

ress)

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ity o

f G

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ter

for

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plie

d Iso

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tud

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aly

tic In

c F

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all

un

calib

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ate

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m B

eta

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aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

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SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

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xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

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resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

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P (F

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P In sum


of the

Great

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in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

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1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


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intcal0914c

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1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure


Fig

ure

1

Map

sh

ow

ing

lo

catio

n o

f H

RV

rela

tive t

o o

ther

hig

h-e

levatio

n s

tud

ies in

th

e A

meri

can

West

Su

mm

it L

ake

(2)

Piu

te P

ass

(3)

Kin

gs C

an

yo

n

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Oq

uir

rh M

ts

(5)

Fis

hla

ke P

late

au

(6

) P

ah

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t R

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ka M

ts

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n M

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nn

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n B

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4

1




HIGH RISE VILLAGE



Lodge SS


Lodge 49


Tab

le 1

A

ssem

bla

ge D

istr

ibu

tio

n b

y L

od

ge

Mam

mal

Pro

jectile

Lo

dg

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iface

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08

22

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16

6

26

32

1

43

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23

91

10

37

73

49

22

3

93

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2

98

2

SS

5

6

10

60

1

2

41

10

6

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4

2

1

4

11

00

4

6

75

1

5

20

1

19

29

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ext

rem

ely

fra

gm

en

ted

c

inclu

din

g n

on

-dia

gn

ostic fra

gm

en

ts




Lodge 22


Lodge 26


Lodge W


Lodge 16


3340


3260

3240

3200



Paleoenvironment







Flaked Stone



Groundstone


~----------------------

140 +------------------

120

100

80 +-----------------lt

60

40 +--------------lt

20


500

450

400

350

300

250

200

50

100

50


160


WY

OM

ING

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UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

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ES

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ION

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4

7

Tab

le 2

D

eb

itag

e A

naly

sis

by L

od

ge

Co

re r

ed

uctio

n s

tag

e

To

ol m

an

ufa

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N

on

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ostic

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16

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72

74

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11

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49

01

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2

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69

65

9

41

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tal

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14

2

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88

1

49

9

3

14

3

31

2

83

3


Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

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1 b

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clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

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19

1 k

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21

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24

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dis

tan

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m H

RV

a In

form

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ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke




Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

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dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

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ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

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h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

















()

ra-) r

o-t

o-qq ~ rr



WY

OM

ING

rsquoS H

UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

R R

ES

IDE

NT

IAL O

CC

UP

AT

ION

S

4

1




HIGH RISE VILLAGE



Lodge SS


Lodge 49


Tab

le 1

A

ssem

bla

ge D

istr

ibu

tio

n b

y L

od

ge

Mam

mal

Pro

jectile

Lo

dg

e

Biface

Un

iface

Co

re

EM

Fa

Deb

itag

e

Man

o

bo

ne

b

Mill

ing

sla

b

po

intc

T

ota

l

16

21

12

78

02

34

28

08

22

25

02

65

93

16

6

26

32

1

43

64

23

91

10

37

73

49

22

3

93

11

2

98

2

SS

5

6

10

60

1

2

41

10

6

W

89

9

1

To

tal

12

4

2

1

4

11

00

4

6

75

1

5

20

1

19

29

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke

b all

ext

rem

ely

fra

gm

en

ted

c

inclu

din

g n

on

-dia

gn

ostic fra

gm

en

ts




Lodge 22


Lodge 26


Lodge W


Lodge 16


3340


3260

3240

3200



Paleoenvironment







Flaked Stone



Groundstone


~----------------------

140 +------------------

120

100

80 +-----------------lt

60

40 +--------------lt

20


500

450

400

350

300

250

200

50

100

50


160


WY

OM

ING

rsquoS H

UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

R R

ES

IDE

NT

IAL O

CC

UP

AT

ION

S

4

7

Tab

le 2

D

eb

itag

e A

naly

sis

by L

od

ge

Co

re r

ed

uctio

n s

tag

e

To

ol m

an

ufa

ctu

rer

eto

uch

N

on

-dia

gn

ostic

Earl

yLate

Biface

Lo

dg

e

Pri

mary

S

eco

nd

ary

in

teri

or

inte

rio

r th

inn

ing

P

ressu

re

Sh

att

er

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

T

ota

l

16

00

61

62

69

12

37

10

6

22

16

41

93

13

54

01

03

23

9

26

05

72

74

32

94

11

00

25

8

49

01

01

11

03

17

25

67

SS

12

39

30

11

28

38

12

2

W

3

03

69

65

9

41

To

tal

5

14

2

3

88

1

49

9

3

14

3

31

2

83

3


Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

Clif

fH

uckle

berr

y T

uff

Bear

Gu

lch

M

ala

d

So

urc

e

WY

W

Y

WY

W

Y

WY

ID

ID

Co

un

t1

08

11

15

1

Descri

ptio

nD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e

1 b

iface fra

gm

en

t1

EM

Fa

Eu

clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

m

19

1 k

m

21

8 k

m

24

9 k

m

dis

tan

ce

fro

m H

RV

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke




Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure




HIGH RISE VILLAGE



Lodge SS


Lodge 49


Tab

le 1

A

ssem

bla

ge D

istr

ibu

tio

n b

y L

od

ge

Mam

mal

Pro

jectile

Lo

dg

e

Biface

Un

iface

Co

re

EM

Fa

Deb

itag

e

Man

o

bo

ne

b

Mill

ing

sla

b

po

intc

T

ota

l

16

21

12

78

02

34

28

08

22

25

02

65

93

16

6

26

32

1

43

64

23

91

10

37

73

49

22

3

93

11

2

98

2

SS

5

6

10

60

1

2

41

10

6

W

89

9

1

To

tal

12

4

2

1

4

11

00

4

6

75

1

5

20

1

19

29

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke

b all

ext

rem

ely

fra

gm

en

ted

c

inclu

din

g n

on

-dia

gn

ostic fra

gm

en

ts




Lodge 22


Lodge 26


Lodge W


Lodge 16


3340


3260

3240

3200



Paleoenvironment







Flaked Stone



Groundstone


~----------------------

140 +------------------

120

100

80 +-----------------lt

60

40 +--------------lt

20


500

450

400

350

300

250

200

50

100

50


160


WY

OM

ING

rsquoS H

UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

R R

ES

IDE

NT

IAL O

CC

UP

AT

ION

S

4

7

Tab

le 2

D

eb

itag

e A

naly

sis

by L

od

ge

Co

re r

ed

uctio

n s

tag

e

To

ol m

an

ufa

ctu

rer

eto

uch

N

on

-dia

gn

ostic

Earl

yLate

Biface

Lo

dg

e

Pri

mary

S

eco

nd

ary

in

teri

or

inte

rio

r th

inn

ing

P

ressu

re

Sh

att

er

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

T

ota

l

16

00

61

62

69

12

37

10

6

22

16

41

93

13

54

01

03

23

9

26

05

72

74

32

94

11

00

25

8

49

01

01

11

03

17

25

67

SS

12

39

30

11

28

38

12

2

W

3

03

69

65

9

41

To

tal

5

14

2

3

88

1

49

9

3

14

3

31

2

83

3


Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

Clif

fH

uckle

berr

y T

uff

Bear

Gu

lch

M

ala

d

So

urc

e

WY

W

Y

WY

W

Y

WY

ID

ID

Co

un

t1

08

11

15

1

Descri

ptio

nD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e

1 b

iface fra

gm

en

t1

EM

Fa

Eu

clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

m

19

1 k

m

21

8 k

m

24

9 k

m

dis

tan

ce

fro

m H

RV

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke




Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Tab

le 1

A

ssem

bla

ge D

istr

ibu

tio

n b

y L

od

ge

Mam

mal

Pro

jectile

Lo

dg

e

Biface

Un

iface

Co

re

EM

Fa

Deb

itag

e

Man

o

bo

ne

b

Mill

ing

sla

b

po

intc

T

ota

l

16

21

12

78

02

34

28

08

22

25

02

65

93

16

6

26

32

1

43

64

23

91

10

37

73

49

22

3

93

11

2

98

2

SS

5

6

10

60

1

2

41

10

6

W

89

9

1

To

tal

12

4

2

1

4

11

00

4

6

75

1

5

20

1

19

29

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke

b all

ext

rem

ely

fra

gm

en

ted

c

inclu

din

g n

on

-dia

gn

ostic fra

gm

en

ts




Lodge 22


Lodge 26


Lodge W


Lodge 16


3340


3260

3240

3200



Paleoenvironment







Flaked Stone



Groundstone


~----------------------

140 +------------------

120

100

80 +-----------------lt

60

40 +--------------lt

20


500

450

400

350

300

250

200

50

100

50


160


WY

OM

ING

rsquoS H

UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

R R

ES

IDE

NT

IAL O

CC

UP

AT

ION

S

4

7

Tab

le 2

D

eb

itag

e A

naly

sis

by L

od

ge

Co

re r

ed

uctio

n s

tag

e

To

ol m

an

ufa

ctu

rer

eto

uch

N

on

-dia

gn

ostic

Earl

yLate

Biface

Lo

dg

e

Pri

mary

S

eco

nd

ary

in

teri

or

inte

rio

r th

inn

ing

P

ressu

re

Sh

att

er

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

T

ota

l

16

00

61

62

69

12

37

10

6

22

16

41

93

13

54

01

03

23

9

26

05

72

74

32

94

11

00

25

8

49

01

01

11

03

17

25

67

SS

12

39

30

11

28

38

12

2

W

3

03

69

65

9

41

To

tal

5

14

2

3

88

1

49

9

3

14

3

31

2

83

3


Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

Clif

fH

uckle

berr

y T

uff

Bear

Gu

lch

M

ala

d

So

urc

e

WY

W

Y

WY

W

Y

WY

ID

ID

Co

un

t1

08

11

15

1

Descri

ptio

nD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e

1 b

iface fra

gm

en

t1

EM

Fa

Eu

clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

m

19

1 k

m

21

8 k

m

24

9 k

m

dis

tan

ce

fro

m H

RV

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke




Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure



Lodge 22


Lodge 26


Lodge W


Lodge 16


3340


3260

3240

3200



Paleoenvironment







Flaked Stone



Groundstone


~----------------------

140 +------------------

120

100

80 +-----------------lt

60

40 +--------------lt

20


500

450

400

350

300

250

200

50

100

50


160


WY

OM

ING

rsquoS H

UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

R R

ES

IDE

NT

IAL O

CC

UP

AT

ION

S

4

7

Tab

le 2

D

eb

itag

e A

naly

sis

by L

od

ge

Co

re r

ed

uctio

n s

tag

e

To

ol m

an

ufa

ctu

rer

eto

uch

N

on

-dia

gn

ostic

Earl

yLate

Biface

Lo

dg

e

Pri

mary

S

eco

nd

ary

in

teri

or

inte

rio

r th

inn

ing

P

ressu

re

Sh

att

er

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

T

ota

l

16

00

61

62

69

12

37

10

6

22

16

41

93

13

54

01

03

23

9

26

05

72

74

32

94

11

00

25

8

49

01

01

11

03

17

25

67

SS

12

39

30

11

28

38

12

2

W

3

03

69

65

9

41

To

tal

5

14

2

3

88

1

49

9

3

14

3

31

2

83

3


Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

Clif

fH

uckle

berr

y T

uff

Bear

Gu

lch

M

ala

d

So

urc

e

WY

W

Y

WY

W

Y

WY

ID

ID

Co

un

t1

08

11

15

1

Descri

ptio

nD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e

1 b

iface fra

gm

en

t1

EM

Fa

Eu

clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

m

19

1 k

m

21

8 k

m

24

9 k

m

dis

tan

ce

fro

m H

RV

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke




Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

3340


3260

3240

3200



Paleoenvironment







Flaked Stone



Groundstone


~----------------------

140 +------------------

120

100

80 +-----------------lt

60

40 +--------------lt

20


500

450

400

350

300

250

200

50

100

50


160


WY

OM

ING

rsquoS H

UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

R R

ES

IDE

NT

IAL O

CC

UP

AT

ION

S

4

7

Tab

le 2

D

eb

itag

e A

naly

sis

by L

od

ge

Co

re r

ed

uctio

n s

tag

e

To

ol m

an

ufa

ctu

rer

eto

uch

N

on

-dia

gn

ostic

Earl

yLate

Biface

Lo

dg

e

Pri

mary

S

eco

nd

ary

in

teri

or

inte

rio

r th

inn

ing

P

ressu

re

Sh

att

er

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

T

ota

l

16

00

61

62

69

12

37

10

6

22

16

41

93

13

54

01

03

23

9

26

05

72

74

32

94

11

00

25

8

49

01

01

11

03

17

25

67

SS

12

39

30

11

28

38

12

2

W

3

03

69

65

9

41

To

tal

5

14

2

3

88

1

49

9

3

14

3

31

2

83

3


Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

Clif

fH

uckle

berr

y T

uff

Bear

Gu

lch

M

ala

d

So

urc

e

WY

W

Y

WY

W

Y

WY

ID

ID

Co

un

t1

08

11

15

1

Descri

ptio

nD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e

1 b

iface fra

gm

en

t1

EM

Fa

Eu

clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

m

19

1 k

m

21

8 k

m

24

9 k

m

dis

tan

ce

fro

m H

RV

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke




Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure




Flaked Stone



Groundstone


~----------------------

140 +------------------

120

100

80 +-----------------lt

60

40 +--------------lt

20


500

450

400

350

300

250

200

50

100

50


160


WY

OM

ING

rsquoS H

UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

R R

ES

IDE

NT

IAL O

CC

UP

AT

ION

S

4

7

Tab

le 2

D

eb

itag

e A

naly

sis

by L

od

ge

Co

re r

ed

uctio

n s

tag

e

To

ol m

an

ufa

ctu

rer

eto

uch

N

on

-dia

gn

ostic

Earl

yLate

Biface

Lo

dg

e

Pri

mary

S

eco

nd

ary

in

teri

or

inte

rio

r th

inn

ing

P

ressu

re

Sh

att

er

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

T

ota

l

16

00

61

62

69

12

37

10

6

22

16

41

93

13

54

01

03

23

9

26

05

72

74

32

94

11

00

25

8

49

01

01

11

03

17

25

67

SS

12

39

30

11

28

38

12

2

W

3

03

69

65

9

41

To

tal

5

14

2

3

88

1

49

9

3

14

3

31

2

83

3


Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

Clif

fH

uckle

berr

y T

uff

Bear

Gu

lch

M

ala

d

So

urc

e

WY

W

Y

WY

W

Y

WY

ID

ID

Co

un

t1

08

11

15

1

Descri

ptio

nD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e

1 b

iface fra

gm

en

t1

EM

Fa

Eu

clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

m

19

1 k

m

21

8 k

m

24

9 k

m

dis

tan

ce

fro

m H

RV

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke




Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

~----------------------

140 +------------------

120

100

80 +-----------------lt

60

40 +--------------lt

20


500

450

400

350

300

250

200

50

100

50


160


WY

OM

ING

rsquoS H

UN

TE

R-G

AT

HE

RE

R R

ES

IDE

NT

IAL O

CC

UP

AT

ION

S

4

7

Tab

le 2

D

eb

itag

e A

naly

sis

by L

od

ge

Co

re r

ed

uctio

n s

tag

e

To

ol m

an

ufa

ctu

rer

eto

uch

N

on

-dia

gn

ostic

Earl

yLate

Biface

Lo

dg

e

Pri

mary

S

eco

nd

ary

in

teri

or

inte

rio

r th

inn

ing

P

ressu

re

Sh

att

er

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

T

ota

l

16

00

61

62

69

12

37

10

6

22

16

41

93

13

54

01

03

23

9

26

05

72

74

32

94

11

00

25

8

49

01

01

11

03

17

25

67

SS

12

39

30

11

28

38

12

2

W

3

03

69

65

9

41

To

tal

5

14

2

3

88

1

49

9

3

14

3

31

2

83

3


Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

Clif

fH

uckle

berr

y T

uff

Bear

Gu

lch

M

ala

d

So

urc

e

WY

W

Y

WY

W

Y

WY

ID

ID

Co

un

t1

08

11

15

1

Descri

ptio

nD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e

1 b

iface fra

gm

en

t1

EM

Fa

Eu

clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

m

19

1 k

m

21

8 k

m

24

9 k

m

dis

tan

ce

fro

m H

RV

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke




Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Tab

le 2

D

eb

itag

e A

naly

sis

by L

od

ge

Co

re r

ed

uctio

n s

tag

e

To

ol m

an

ufa

ctu

rer

eto

uch

N

on

-dia

gn

ostic

Earl

yLate

Biface

Lo

dg

e

Pri

mary

S

eco

nd

ary

in

teri

or

inte

rio

r th

inn

ing

P

ressu

re

Sh

att

er

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

T

ota

l

16

00

61

62

69

12

37

10

6

22

16

41

93

13

54

01

03

23

9

26

05

72

74

32

94

11

00

25

8

49

01

01

11

03

17

25

67

SS

12

39

30

11

28

38

12

2

W

3

03

69

65

9

41

To

tal

5

14

2

3

88

1

49

9

3

14

3

31

2

83

3


Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

Clif

fH

uckle

berr

y T

uff

Bear

Gu

lch

M

ala

d

So

urc

e

WY

W

Y

WY

W

Y

WY

ID

ID

Co

un

t1

08

11

15

1

Descri

ptio

nD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e

1 b

iface fra

gm

en

t1

EM

Fa

Eu

clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

m

19

1 k

m

21

8 k

m

24

9 k

m

dis

tan

ce

fro

m H

RV

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke




Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Tab

le 3

X

RF

Resu

lts S

um

mary

Cre

scen

t H

T

eto

n P

ass

Lava C

reek T

uff

Ob

sid

ian

Clif

fH

uckle

berr

y T

uff

Bear

Gu

lch

M

ala

d

So

urc

e

WY

W

Y

WY

W

Y

WY

ID

ID

Co

un

t1

08

11

15

1

Descri

ptio

nD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

eD

eb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e amp

Deb

itag

e

1 b

iface fra

gm

en

t1

EM

Fa

Eu

clid

ian

10

4 k

m

10

7 k

m

16

8 k

m

17

8 k

m

19

1 k

m

21

8 k

m

24

9 k

m

dis

tan

ce

fro

m H

RV

a In

form

al ed

ge-m

od

ifie

d fla

ke




Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure



Residue Analysis


Dating








Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure







Tab

le 4

R

ad

iocarb

on

Date

s fro

m H

igh

Ris

e V

illag

e

14

Lab

Lab

co

de

Sam

ple

ID

Lo

dg

e

Co

nte

xt

C a

ge

Cal B

Pa

CA

ISb

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

CA

IS

Beta

c

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

Beta

83

82

83

80

83

83

83

78

83

79

83

81

97

56

26

91

56

24

85

65

24

59

81

29

02

19

26

38

53

26

24

95

29

02

20

26

24

60

L2

6-E

U2

-FS

27

L2

6-E

U1

-FS

67

LW

-SP

1-F

S3

LS

S-E

U3

-FS

14

L2

2-E

U1

-FS

18

L4

9-E

U1

-FS

58

HR

V 1

61

3-0

11

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E C

C-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E C

C

FR

58

61

LO

DG

E S

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E D

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-2

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E S

S-1

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

FR

58

91

LO

DG

E 4

9

26

26 W SS

22

49

16

CC

CC S D SS

SS

49

49

Heart

h

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal le

ns

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Bu

rned

flo

or

Heart

h

Ch

arc

oal sm

ear

Sh

erd

resid

ue

Str

uctu

ral tim

ber

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

Heart

h

Lo

dg

e fill

12

10

plusmn 2

5

14

80

plusmn 2

5

15

60

plusmn 2

5

19

90

plusmn 2

5

22

20

plusmn 2

5

39

60

plusmn 2

5

40

10

plusmn 2

5

13

0plusmn

40

42

0plusmn

50

84

0plusmn

40

10

70

plusmn 3

0

15

70

plusmn 4

0

27

00

plusmn 4

0

38

80

plusmn 3

0

40

00

plusmn 4

0

11

50

plusmn 5

0

13

80

plusmn 3

0

14

70

plusmn 4

0

19

50

plusmn 4

0

22

40

plusmn 6

0

44

50

plusmn 4

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0

16

0 plusmn

10

0

45

0plusmn

80

77

0plusmn

50

10

00

plusmn 4

0

14

80

plusmn 5

0

28

10

plusmn 4

0

43

30

plusmn 6

0

44

80

plusmn 4

0


a C

alib

rate

d w

ith

CalP

al

20

07

(W

en

ing

er

et

al

20

12

) u

sin

g t

he H

ulu

calib

ratio

n d

ata

set

(Wen

ing

er

an

d J

oumlri

s

in p

ress)

b U

niv

ers

ity o

f G

eo

rgia

Cen

ter

for

Ap

plie

d Iso

top

e S

tud

ies

c B

eta

An

aly

tic In

c F

lori

damdash

all

un

calib

rate

d d

ate

s fro

m B

eta

An

aly

tic p

revio

usly

rep

ort

ed

in

Ad

am

s (

20

10

)





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure





















I East-Northeast

4000

3500

c al

3000 (II

C 0 2500 c u 2 2000 C

Cl

1500 I

0 1000 0

0

500

0 I _

0

0

0

0


bullbull


Count of 14C Dates

oHRV

bull Uinta UT)


Fishlake (UT)

Alta Toquima (NV)

bull White Mts (CA)



58

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure




Location White

Mts

Alta

Toquima

Uinta

Mts Pahvant

Fishlake

Plat HRV

Citation Bettinger

1991

Thomas

1994


al nd

Janetski

2010





















1420 plusmn 80

1590 plusmn 80

1840 plusmn 80

Mean 449 936 1108 1720 760 2069

Std Dev 358 445 713 na 581 1346

1st Quartile 268 640 1028 na 285 1140

Median 345 940 1355 1720 650 1570

3rd Quartile 468 1265 1435 na 1095 3290

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

0 0

0 0 0


0 0

0 0 0

HRV

0 0

Uinta Mts

0 0 0

IPahvant Range

I Fish lake Plateau

Alta Toquima

g sect 0 0

60

MO

RG

AN

LO

SE

Y A

ND

AD

AM

S

Fig

ure

7

Bo

xp

lots

of u

ncalib

rate

d ra

dio

carb

on

date

s fro

m h

igh

-ele

vatio

n

resid

en

tial s

ites in

the In

term

ou

nta

in W

est


amforth and G




e debate (William


hen attempt-


teele 2010) Not

surprisingly the

curve for

the W

hite M

ountains sites

indicate tem



oquima curve show

s occupations m


P and the U



remontF

ormative


P (F

igure 8) The H

RV









P In sum


of the

Great

Basin and

in the

Rocky

Mountains

that the high-







lateau in central U

tah









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure









0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma


0 500 1000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP

Alta Toquirna (NV)

Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 cal BP


Sumprob

0plusmn0

Cal curve

intcal09 14c

1 sigma

0 500 1 000 1 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 calBP





500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

500

0 500

0 500

Sump rob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c 1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3500 4000 4 5 00 cal BP

Sumprob

0plusmn0


intcal0914c

1 sigma

ca lBP

r J

1 1000 1500 2000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4000 4500

calBP

Beta-26872


Cal curve

intcal0914c

1 sigma

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

calBP

-

-

-

-

0







Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure





Regional Hypotheses
















CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure












CONCLUSION





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure




ACKNOWLEDGMENTS





REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure



REFERENCES CITED














































pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure
























pp 387-414






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure






























































































































pp 85-99 RICK J W































































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure















































































Structure Bookmarks

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

High-Altitude Hunter-Gatherer Residential Occupations in ......pulmonary capacity (Frisancho et al.,...

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Transcript of High-Altitude Hunter-Gatherer Residential Occupations in ......pulmonary capacity (Frisancho et al.,...