HHD REVISION HHD REVISION NOTESNOTES

UNIT FOURUNIT FOUR

AOS 2 AOS 2

PROMOTING HEALTH & PROMOTING HEALTH & DEVELOPMENT GLOBALLY.DEVELOPMENT GLOBALLY.

Key Terms…Key Terms… Life expectancy.Life expectancy.

This refers to the number of years a newborn child could be expected to live, based on current mortality rates for that country.

Mortality rates.Mortality rates.This refers to deaths caused by disease, illness or other environmental factors.

Morbidity rates.Morbidity rates.This refers to the prevalence & incidence of disease & illness.

Burden of disease.Burden of disease.This refers to the amount of life lost due to ill health and disability experienced by a country’s population.

Key Bodies…Key Bodies…

UN United Nations WHO World Health Organisation NGOs Non Government Org. AUSAID Australia International Aid UNICEF United Nations International

Children’s Emergency Fund. The World Bank

Industrialised countries.Industrialised countries.

Industrialised countries usually have : Healthy economy based on trade. Established healthcare & education systems. Established infrastructure. High life expectancy. High literacy rates. High immunisation rates. Low U5 infant mortality rates Adequate sanitation & access to water High GNP & GDP*

Industrialised countries cont.Industrialised countries cont.

GNP : GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCTGNP : GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT..

Calculated by measuring the total value of all goods & services produced annually on which a price can be placed. This is divided by the number of people in the country…so it gives an average of the wealth of each individual. (if shared equally among the population.)

GDP : GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT.GDP : GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT.

An indicator of the wealth of a country & its level of economic activity.

Industrialised countries- egs.Industrialised countries- egs.

Examples of Industrialised countries include :AustraliaUSAJapanCanadaUK

Developing Countries.Developing Countries. Developing countries usually have :

Less access to technology Poor industry..resulting in a low GNP Limited trade arrangements Poorly developed infrastructure High rates of poverty Limited health care Low literacy rates Short life expectancy (due to disease & armed conflict) High U5 infant & maternal mortality rates Lack of adequate shelter Limited access to appropriate sanitation & water supply Low immunisation rates

Developing Countries – Why ?Developing Countries – Why ?

Colonialism Many parts of Africa were colonised by European countries who

exploited the raw materials & resources. Debt

Poor nations were encouraged to borrow funds to build infrastructure..but corruption was an issue. Now taking loans out just to pay interest on other loans.

Trade Developing countries are vulnerable to the global market and

price fluctuations. Multinationals call the shots.Conflict

Does not really encourage stabilityNatural disasters

Floods & droughts do not really help.Universal apathy

What’s in it for them????

Developing Countries – egs.Developing Countries – egs.Examples of Developing countries include :SudanCambodiaPapua New GunieaEthiopiaSomalia

Most developing countries are found in the Sub-Saharan African region and central

Asia.

WHO.WHO.

WHO stands for

WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION.

It is an agency of the UNITED NATIONS.

It’s objective is

The attainment, by all people of the world of the highest possible level of health.

More on WHO a bit later…

WHO Regions.WHO Regions.

There are 6 WHO regions.

AFRICA

THE AMERICAS

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

EUROPE

SOUTH EAST ASIA

WESTERN PACIFIC

Factors contributing to health & Factors contributing to health & development in developing countries.development in developing countries.POVERTY The World bank identifies as people living on less than US$1 per

day are living in abject or extreme poverty.

People do not have their needs met in relation to basic human requirements such as food, shelter, clean water, health care & education.

They do not have the opportunity & choice to improve their living standards.

(2002) a child born has a 1in 4 chance being born into poverty, a life of poor health, missed education & increased violence, insecurity & discrimination.

Factors contributing to health & Factors contributing to health & development in developing countries.development in developing countries.POVERTY Cont. A country that is experiencing poverty is unable to provide

resources such as safe water & sanitation, education, social security & a public health system.

Families living in poverty have low incomes & therefore few opportunities & choices to improve their situation.

The cycle of poverty & its deprivation is very hard to break.

There is also a direct link between poverty & ill health….lower levels of nutrition, education & healthcare.

Factors contributing to health & Factors contributing to health & development in developing countries.development in developing countries.EDUCATION. There are hundreds of millions of children in developing

countries who do not attend school.

Nearly ¼ of the world’s population is illiterate…nearly ¾ are women.

This lack of education & knowledge can have a definite impact on the health status of the individual.

The inability to access info. on such issues as AIDS, prenatal care etc. can have a huge impact.

Instead of going to school many children have to go out to work in the fields or look after their family.

Factors contributing to health & Factors contributing to health & development in developing countries.development in developing countries.CULTURAL ATTITUDES TO WOMEN. The status & treatment of women lags behind that of men in

most areas including access to education, employment & legal rights.

As children they are kept busy with domestic duties which include carting water from log distances. These duties leave little or no time for education.

They tend to feed their husbands & sons before themselves which can lead to malnourishment in times of food shortages.

Women do not have a great deal of control over their lives. They are often economically dependent on others for survival.

They tend to marry young & have huge families that they must support.

Factors contributing to health & Factors contributing to health & development in developing countries.development in developing countries.CONFLICT. War & conflict are two underlying factors that contribute to

poverty.

Spend more money on defence and arms at the expense of education, health care, food etc.

Conflict can occur between countries or between groups within a country.

Causes injury & loss of life…warfare & landmines

Local population may be forced to leave their homes & farms in search of safety…may not be able to grow their own food.

Factors contributing to health & Factors contributing to health & development in developing countries.development in developing countries.

LACK OF ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE. Lack of trained health care workers. Lack of $ spent on health care (more on defence). People unable to afford the necessary health care. Long distances to travel. Lack of access to the appropriate medicines. Lack of education & knowledge to access health care.

Add the complicating factor of the prevalence of infectious diseases such as AIDS, diarrhoea, cholera, malaria…

Factors contributing to health & Factors contributing to health & development in developing countries.development in developing countries.

SAFE WATER & SANITATION. Unsafe drinking water can result in the spread of

disease such as cholera, malaria & hookworm.

Not having access to a safe water supply also impacts on the ability to grow crops & keep cattle alive.

Factors contributing to an unsanitary environment

include : Poor access to amenities to wash, cook & toilet Overcrowded living conditions Inappropriate housing & poor drainage Insufficient knowledge about how disease spreads

Factors contributing to health & Factors contributing to health & development in developing countries.development in developing countries.

LIVING IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY

LIVING IN POVERTY

poor shelterlimited moneylimited food

LIMITED ACCESS TO EDUCATION.

limited chance to develop skillslimited knowledge

CULTURAL BARRIERS.

limited opportunities for women

limited chance of educationwork long hoursviolence

large families to look after

LIMITED ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE

lack of trained health workerslack of access to medicinelong distances to travel

CONFLICT - CIVIL WAR & LANDMINES

money spent on armsdeath & destruction

WATER & SANITATION ISSUES

infectious disease

Globalisation.Globalisation.

It has led to a more interdependent & interconnected world.

Includes : An increase in the trade of goods & services Integration of financial markets Access to advanced technology Development of multinational corporations Opened up global markets

Globalisation…impact on developing Globalisation…impact on developing countries.countries.

Mixed news…some say it contributes to ongoing poverty others see it as a tool that can be used to reduce poverty.

From a negative point : It weakens their position Creates harmful competition Takes power away from the people Causes deterioration of the environment. It also introduces tobacco, alcohol & processed foods ..so

developing diseases of affluence.

The main message is developing countries need HELP if they are to take advantage of the benefits

of globalisation.

Types of Aid.Types of Aid.

One of the most important ways to improve global health is through the provision of aid.

EMERGENCY RELIEFMedicine etc to disaster areas – short term.

BILATERALOne government to another – usually on infrastructure.

MULTILATERALGovernments give to org. (WHO & UN) – reach more people.

NON GOVERNMENTNGOs provide aid directly to communities.

WHOWHO WHO defines Health as a state of complete physical,

mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Strategic directions include : Reducing excess mortality, morbidity & disease… Promoting healthy lifestyles & reducing risk factors… Developing health systems that equitably improve

health outcomes… Framing the policy to do it in…

UNUN The UN is not an international government but rather a forum

where all 191 member states have the opportunity to voice their opinion and vote on global issues.

Some specialised agencies of the UN include International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank & WHO.

UN key purposes are : To maintain international security To develop friendly relations among nations To co-operate in solving international problems & promoting respect

for human rights To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations.

NGOs.NGOs. NGO :Non Government Organisations.

They are not aligned to a specific government and strive to maintain neutrality.

These organisations undertake such activities as emergency relief, food security, education, health care etc.

Examples include : World Vision, Red Cross, Oxfam, CARE, Doctors without Borders, UNICEF.

AusAid.AusAid. This organisation manages Australia’s international aid program.

It is funded by the federal government.

It works with the Un, NGOs, other governments, Australian companies etc to develop projects that address the causes & consequences of poverty.

Its aims are : Improve the financial & economic management in gov. Maximise the benefits from trade & technology. Support gov. stability by improving vital services…such as education,

health care, water & sanitation. Strengthen regional security. Promote sustainable approaches to environmental management.

Sustainable Primary health care… Sustainable Primary health care… definition.definition.

Uses a community development approach in the planning & implementation of a strategy so

it meets the needs of the community.

It is accessible to all & is delivered in a culturally appropriate way.

Sustainable Primary health care…Sustainable Primary health care…the main elements.the main elements.

SAFE WATER & SANITATIONSAFE WATER & SANITATION

FOOD & NUTRITIONFOOD & NUTRITION

MATERNAL & CHILD HEALTHMATERNAL & CHILD HEALTH

IMMUNISATIONIMMUNISATION

CURATIVE CARECURATIVE CARE

ESSENTIAL DRUGSESSENTIAL DRUGS

HEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH EDUCATION

TRADITIONAL MEDICINETRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Sustainable Primary health care…Sustainable Primary health care…the benefits.the benefits.

Involves the individual, family & community.

Needs of the local community are considered.

Involves the community in the implementation.

Trains local health workers.

Focuses on preventative health care..helps the community become self sufficient.

Cost effective.

Sustainable Primary health care…Sustainable Primary health care…evaluating the effectiveness.evaluating the effectiveness.

Determining the success of a strategy : Does it involve the local community ? Does it focus on women ? Is the aid reaching those most in need ? Does it focus on education ? Is it sustainable ? Does it empower people ? Does it respect cultural values ? Is it accessible ?

Sustainable Primary health care…Sustainable Primary health care…examples.examples.

Oral Rehydration therapy (ORT) Growth monitoring Baby-friendly hospitals Immunisation campaigns Education through drama …and lots more…

Sustainable development…Sustainable development…definitiondefinition

Meeting the needs of people today without reducing the options available to generations in

the future.

Promoting growth while protecting the environment.

Involves the community & teaches skills & knowledge necessary to enable people to take

control of their lives.

Sustainable development…Sustainable development…the main elements.the main elements. SOCIAL

Empower people to take control of their lives. Respect the values & knowledge of the people. Promote equity.

ECONOMIC Promote employment opportunities Promote economic growth Invest in education to improve skills etc. Have access to appropriate technology, transport

ENVIRONMENTAL Protect natural resources. Reduce energy use & pollution. Encourage responsible use of natural resources.

Sustainable development…Sustainable development…the benefits.the benefits.

Promotes independence rather than dependency on handouts or continual aid.

Ensures that short term benefits do not come at the expense of long term environmental damage.

Eg. Teaching farmers about crop rotation.