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Transcript of Hey to Arable Plants
8/6/2019 Hey to Arable Plants
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I d e n t i f i c a t i o n k e y
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228
Identification key to arable plants
The following section is an identification key to the arable plants featured in
this book, along with any species with which they may be confused.
How to use the keyThe key starts with an introduction to plant familes and provides informationon the important features in the identification of species from that family.
The key is ordered by flower characteristics (number of petals, shape, size andcolour). The information realting to each species is presented as shown below:
In each of the flower categories details of the key identification features of each
plant are given along with, in the case of plants featured in the book, therelevant page number where a full description of the plant can be found.
DESCRIPTION
Known for stinging hairs; male and female flowers on different plants.
Flowers small and greenish; leaves flat and mealy looking; plants formerly usedas food-plants. Genera include: Chenopodium.
4–5 petals which may be un-notched, notched or dissected; leaves nearly alwaysopposite at right-angles to the adjacent ones. Genera include: Agrostemma,Ceratstium, Silene, Spergula, Spergularia.
Leaves alternate with flowers in small cluster. Genera include: Fallopia,Polygonum.
Woody plants; leaves are palmately-lobed and very soft. Pink/mauve showyflowers have five petals. Genera include: Lavatera.
Flowers pansy-shaped; five sepals and petals plus spur. Genera include: Viola .
4 white or yellow petals arranged in the shape of a cross; many plants in thisfamily taste of mustard. Some species have unequal petals e.g. Wild Candytuft.Genera inlcude: Alyssum, Arabis, Capsella, Coronopus, Diplotaxis, Iberis, Raphanus,Teesdalia, Thlaspi.
5-petalled flowers; narrow pointed sepals.
Flowers pea-shaped comprising upper petals and wings and the lower two fusedto form keel; leaves pinnate, terminating in a tendril.
Simple leaves; 6 pink petals and 4–6 stamens which do not protrude.
Plants contain white milky substance (latex); leaves are simple. The herbalistGerard compared the flower-head to that of a juggler’s hands.
Leaves deeply lobed – hand-like in Geranium and pinnate in Erodium ; flowers5-petalled with prominent stamens.
Heads of flowers resemble an umbrella and originally provided many of ourvegetables and herbs. NB Some members of this family are poisonous. Flowersvary and can be white, tinged pink or yellow-green. Genera include: Aethusa,Anthriscus, Apium, Bunium, Bupleurum, Petroselinum, Scandix, Torilis.
Twining plant, flowers greenish-white, leaves heart shaped.
Twining plants with heart-shaped leaves and white or pink funnel-shapedflowers.
Flowers often unfurl on one side, changing colour from pink to blue; bristlystems and leaves. Genera include: Anchusa, Buglossoides, Cynoglossum Echium,Lithospermum, Myosoti s.
Characteristic plants which have square stems, paired leaves and lipped flowers.Mostly scented. Genera: Lamium, Mentha, Stachys.
Stems often square; flowers often have a two-lipped corolla; leaves opposite oralternate. Genera: Antirrhinum, Chaenorrhinum, Kickxia, Misopates, Veronica .
Bell-shaped flowers.
Scrambling plants with square stem with leaves in whorls around it; 4-petalledflowers in whorls.
Small flowers borne in clusters. Genera: Valeriana, Valerianella.
A large group in which the flower is composed of an inflorescence which mayhave disc florets, ray florets (Dandelion) or both (e.g. Daisy). Genera: Anthemis,Bellis, Centaurea, Chamomilla, Chrysanthemum, Cynara, Filago, Hypochaeris .
FAMILY
UrticaceaeNETTLE
ChenopodiaceaeGOOSEFOOT
CaryophyllaceaePINK
PolygonaceaeKNOTWEED
MalvaceaeMALLOW
ViolaceaeVIOLET
BrassicaceaeCABBAGE
PrimulaceaePRIMROSE
FabaceaePEA
LythraceaeLOOSESTRIFE
EuphorbiaceaeSPURGE
GeranaceaeCRANE’S-BILL
ApiaceaeCARROT
SolanaceaePOTATO
ConvolvulaceaeBINDWEED
BoraginaceaeBORAGE
LamiaceaeDEAD-NETTLE
ScrophulariaceaeFIGWORT
CampanulaceaeBELLFLOWER
RubiaceaeBEDSTRAW
ValerianaceaeVALERIAN
AsteraceaeDAISY
IMPORTANT IDENTIFICATION FEATURES
Distinctive and well-known plant.
Leaf shape.
Different genera within this group can be told bylooking at the styles which number from 2–5.
Sheath at base of leaves is an ochrea (pl. ochreae).The size, shape and colour of these are diagnostic.
Fruit and sepal characteristics.
Flower characteristics, leaf shape and spur.
Fruit shape diagnostic - either long and thin (siliqua)or broad and short (silicula).
Flower colour and sepal length.
Flower colour; shape of seed pod and number of seeds.
Distinctive.
The distinctive, specialised flower head found inspurges whih is made up of glands and cyathium.
Fruit resembles bill of stork.
Leaves, fruits, presence or absence of bracts and timeof appearance of the plant.
Inconspicuous flower; seed characteristics; twining.
Large flowers; leaf shape; twining.
Leaf and flower characteristics.
Shape of leaf, flower details – colour,spots orposition on plant.
Variable group; the important features depend on thegenus.
Flower and fruit characteristics.
Shape and location of seed.
Fruits are diagnostic.
Variable group; the important features depend on thegenus and include: flower shape and size; position of leaves; and whether or not the plant contains latex.
AN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT FAMILIES
DESCRIPTION
Recognised by warm, shiny 5-petalled yellow flowers;leaves generally dissected – wedge-shaped or 3-lobed; hairs variable. Genera include:Adonis , Consolida ,Myosurus , Ranunculus .
Scarlet/orange, 4-petalled single flowers with slightly crumpled appearance.
Plants of cultivated or disturbed ground which gained their name from theFrench for burnt earth, Fume terre, as they look scorched in appearance; thinstems, hairless and 2-lipped flowers form short racemes; alternate leaves whichare much-divided.
FAMILY
RanuculaceaeBUTTERCUP
PapaveraceaePOPPY
FumariaceaeFUMITORY
IMPORTANT IDENTIFICATION FEATURES
Flower size, fruit or position of sepals.
Fruit capsules diagnostic.
Rounded fruit, flower size and position and shape of sepals.
AN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT FAMILIES
229
GERANIACEAE 204 Musk Stork's-bill
Common Stork's-bill
Erodium moschatum
Erodium cicutarium
LEAF: pinnate with toothed or lobedsegments divided halfway to midrib;musky scent when bruised.
LEAF: pinnate with toothed or lobedsegments divided fully to midrib;no musky scent when bruised.
FROM COMMON STORK’S-BILL:leaf shape; musk smell
FROM MUSK STORK’S-BILL: leaf shape
Flowers with 5 equal petals: 10-15mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
General description
Family name
Simplifedrepresentationof flowershape andcolour
Flower colourPage numberof speciesaccountwhererelevant
English name Scientific name Description of aspecies’ key features – with those thatare important toidentification in boldtext
The keydifferencesbetweensimilar species
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PAPAVERACEAE 174
176
178
180
182
RUBACEAE 80
152
Corn Cleavers
Cleavers
False Cleavers
Field Madder
Galium tricornutum
Galium aparine
Galium spurium
Sherardia arvensis
PLANT:pale green; scrambling;stems sharply4-angled; up to 80cm long. LEAVES: narrow,arranged in whorls of 6–8; up to 50mmlong by 5mm wide. FLOWER: greenish-white;in groups of 3; 1·0–1·5mm wide.FRUIT: spherical; covered in papillae; onstrongly recurved stalks;3 mm wide.
PLANT: dark green;scrambling; stems sharply4-angled; up to 120cm long.LEAVES: narrow, arranged in whorls of 6–8;
up to 50mm long by 2–3mm wide.FLOWER: greenish white; in groups of 2–5;4–8 leaf-like bracts; 2mm wide.FRUIT: spherical; green or purplish; covered inhooked bristles on straight stalk; 4–6mmwide.
PLANT:dark green; scrambling;stems sharply4-angled; up to 60cm long. LEAVES: narrow,arranged in whorls of 6–8;5–18 mm long.FLOWER: greenish; in groups of 3–9;2–3 leaf-like bracts; 1mm wide.FRUIT: spherical; blackish; covered in hookedbristles on straight stalk; 1·5–3mm wide.
PLANT: prostrate, mat forming;5–40 cm.LEAVES: lower leaves broadly spear-shaped inwhorls of 4; upper leaves narrow; prickly-
edged in whorlsof 6. FLOWER: lilac;in denseshort-stalked clusters of 4–10; 2–3mm wide.
FROM CLEAVERS AND FALSECLEAVERS: seed stalksrecurved; seeds coveredin papillae
seed stalks straight; seedswith hooked bristles
seed stalks straight; seedswith hooked bristles
FROM OTHER CLEAVERS:flower colour and four-leavedwhorl of lower leaves
diagnostic
Babbington’s Poppy
Common Poppy
Long-headed Poppy
Prickly Poppy
Rough Poppy
Papaver dubium ssp. lecoquii
Papaver rhoeas
Papaver dubium
Papaver argemone
Papaver hybridum
HEIGHT: up to 60cm. FLOWER: pinkish-red,unblotched; persist usually only for a singleday;anthers yellow to brown; 50mm wide.SEED CAPSULE: elongated; without prickles;20–25mm long.
HEIGHT: up to 80cm. FLOWER: brightscarlet often blotched black at base; anthersblue-black; 80mm wide.SEED CAPSULE: seed capsule spherical withflattened top; without prickles; 10–20mmlong.
HEIGHT: up to 80cm. FLOWER: pinkish-red,unblotched; persist usually only for a singleday;anthers brown to blue-black; 50mmwide. SEED CAPSULE: elongated;withoutprickles; 20–25mm long.
HEIGHT: up to 50cm. FLOWER: orange-red,unblotched; persist usually only for a singleday;50 mm wide.SEED CAPSULE: seed capsule long andnarrow; with prickles; 20–25mm long.
HEIGHT: up to 50cm. FLOWER: scarlet, blackblotches at base; persist usually only for asingle day. SEED CAPSULE: spherical; withprickles; 10–15mm wide.
seed capsule bristle-free (left );FROM LONG-HEADED POPPY:latex exuded from stem turnsyellow on contact with theair
seed capsule distinctive (left )
seed capsule bristle-free (left );FROM BABBINGTON’S POPPY:latex exuded from stem turnswhite on contact with theair
seed capsule distinctive (left )
seed capsule distinctive (left )
Flowers with 4 ±equal petals: >10mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
Flowers with 4 equal petals: <10mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
Broad-leaved Spurge
Petty Spurge
Dwarf Spurge
Sun Spurge
Black-bindweed
EUPHORBIACEAE
POLYGONACEAE
Euphorbia platyphyllos
Euphorbia peplus
Euphorbia exigua
Euphorbia helioscopia
Fallopia convolvulus
LEAF: narrowly oblong; pointed at tip;serrated edge; arranged alternately up stem.FRUIT:seed capsule nearly spherical; coveredin small warts; 3mm wide.
HEIGHT: 10–30cm.LEAF: oval, broader towards tip; 5–30mmlong, arranged alternately on stem.FRUIT:seed capsule rounded, triangular;2mm wide.
LEAF: narrow, parallel-sided.FRUIT:seed capsule nearly spherical;smooth;2mm wide.
LEAF: wedge-shaped,broader towards tip;whorl of leaf-like bracts below umbel.FRUIT: seed capsule seed capsule nearlyspherical; smooth;3–5mm wide.
LEAF: green,heart-shaped; 2–6cm long.SEED: triangular and black 5mm long.
FROM PETTY SPURGE ANDSUN SPURGE: serrated leavesand warty fruits
much-branched
small size
FROM BROAD-LEAVED SPURGEAND DWARF SPURGE: whorlof leaf-like bracts; wartlessfruits
flowers very inconspicuous incomparison withCONVOLVULACEAE (page 234);twines anti-clockwise
196
198
200
58
Thale Cress
Shepherd’s-purse
Shepherd's Cress
Perfoliate Penny-cress
Field Penny-cress
Wild Candytuft
Small Alison
Flixweed
BRASSICACEAE Arabidopsis thaliana
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Teesdalia nudicaulis
Thlaspi perfoliatum
Thlaspi arvense
Iberis amara
Alyssum alyssoides
Decurania sophia
STEM LEAVES: small and very narrow.SEED POD:long, thin and curved slightly
upwards; 10–18mm long.HEIGHT: 3–40cm; from basal rosette.STEM LEAVES: spear-shaped.SEED POD: inverted, notched triangle shape;6–9mm wide.
HEIGHT: 8–45cm; from basal rosette.STEM LEAVES: absent from central stem.SEED POD: spoon-shaped; 4mm wide.
STEM LEAVES: oval with basal lobes claspingstem. FLOWER: 2·0–2·5mm wide.FRUIT:heart-shaped; central part entirelycircled by broad wings; on stalks parallel tothe ground; 5mm long by 4mm wide.
STEM LEAVES: oblong with auricles claspingstem. FLOWER: 4–6mm wide.FRUIT:circular; central part entirely circled
by broad wings; on upwardly curving stalks;12–20mm wide.
LEAVES: lower spoon-shaped, upper spear-shaped.FLOWER: petals of unequal size.FRUIT: round with triangular projectingwings; 4–5mm wide.
LEAVES: spear-shaped with star-like hairsgiving a grey appearance. FLOWER: fades towhite over time. FRUIT:spherical; 3mm wide.
HEIGHT: 30–80cm.STEM LEAVES: pinnately divided.SEED POD:long, thin and curved slightlyupwards; 15–25mm long.
shape of seed pod distinctive
shape of seed pod distinctive
shape of seed pod distinctive
FROM FIELD PENNY-CRESS:fruit shape distinctive (left )
FROMPERFOLIATE PENNY-CRESS:fruit shape distinctive (left )
characteristic flower and fruitshape
combination of yellow flowersand star-shaped hairsdiagnostic
tall plant; yellow flowers;pinnate leaves
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166
164
70
54
Flowers with 0 petals: <10mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
Flowers with 4 ±equal petals: <10mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
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POLYGONACEAE
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
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56
202
Cornfield Knotgrass
Knotgrass
Northern Knotgrass
Equal-leaved Knotgrass
Four-leaved Allseed
Corn Spurrey
Polygonum rurivagum
Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum boreale
Polygonum arenastrum
Polycarpon tetraphyllum
Spergula arvensis
PLANT: scrambling-erect, branched; to 30 cm.LEAVES: long and thin;grey-green; ochreaebrownish-red below; leaf stalks enclosed inochreae; 15–35mm long by 2–4mm wide;ochreae 10mm long.FLOWER: pinkish; 1–2 clustered.FRUIT: projects slightly from flower;3·0mm× 1·5mm.
PLANT: erect-spreading;to 200cm.LEAVES: long oval; green; ochreae silvery-white,
brownish at base; leaf stalks enclosed inochreae; 25–50mm long by 5–15mm wide;ochreae 5mm long.FLOWER: pink to greenish-white;1–2 clustered.FRUIT: enclosed within flower; 3-sided,all equal; 3·0mm× 1·5mm.
PLANT: erect-spreading;to 100cm.LEAVES: spoon-shaped;green; ochreae silvery orbrownish; leaf stalks project from ochreae;30–50mm long by 5–18mm wide;ochreae 5mm long.FLOWER: white with pinkish edges;1–2 clustered.FRUIT: enclosed within flower; 3-sided,all broad; 4·0mm× 2·5mm.
PLANT: prostrate, mat-forming; to 30cm.LEAVES: round-oval; hairless; green; ochreaereddish-brown; leaf stalks enclosed in ochreae;20mm long by 5mm wide;ochreae 5mm long.FLOWER: greenish-white or pink; 2–3 clusteredFRUIT: enclosed within flower; 3-sided, twobroad and one narrow; 1·5mm × 2·5mm.
PLANT: prostrate;to 15 cm.LEAVES: oval,arranged in whorls.FLOWER: white; 2–3mm wide.
PLANT: scrambling, slender; stem branchingfrom the base; to 60cm.LEAVES: narrow, parallel-sided;in whorls of 4.FLOWER: white; not notched; in loose,
branched clusters.
Leaf shape and size; longochreae; fruit projection
leaf shape and size; fruitshape
leaf shape and size; leaf stalkprojecting from ochreae; fruitshape
leaf shape and size; flowerclusters; fruit shape
whorled arrangement of leaves diagnostic. The similarchickweeds, and mouse-earsdo not have whorled leaves.
unmistakable
Flowers with 5 equal petals: 2– 8mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
PRIMULACEAE 172
172
172
Blue Pimpernel
Scarlet Pimpernel(blue-flowered form)
Scarlet Pimpernel
Anagallis arvensis ssp.foemina
Anagallis arvensis
Anagallis arvensis
FLOWER: blue;narrow petalsdonot overlap;stalks shorter than leaves;sepals longer than petals.
FLOWER: blue or lilac; petalsoverlap;stalks longer than leaves;sepals shorter than petals.
FLOWER: orange-red or pink; stalks longerthan leaves;sepals shorter than petals.LEAF: underside covered in black dots.
petals do not overlap;sepallength;flower stalk length
petals overlap; sepal length;flower stalk length
flower colour
Flowers with 5 equal petals: 10–12mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
Breckland Speedwell
Fingered Speedwell
Spring Speedwell
Wall Speedwell
GreenField-speedwell
GreyField-speedwell
CommonField-speedwell
SCROPHULARIACEAE Veronica praecox
Veronica triphyllos
Vernonica verna
Veronica arvensis
Veronica agrestis
Veronica polita
Veronica persica
PLANT: erect, sometimes branched.LEAF: toothed but not deeply divided.FLOWER: blue, streaked dark blue; longerthansurroundingcalyx; 3mm wide; longstalk.FRUIT: capsule bi-lobed; longer than broad aslong;seeds cup-shaped.
PLANT: erect, sometimes branched.LEAF: divided into 3 parallel lobes; upperleaves stalkless. FLOWER: deep blue; shorterthan surrounding calyx; 3–4mm wide;long
stalk. FRUIT: capsule deeply bi-lobed; as broadas long; seeds cup-shaped.
PLANT: erect, sometimes branched.LEAF: pinnately lobed with 5–7 segments.FLOWER: sky blue;2–3mm wide; short stalk.FRUIT: capsule bi-lobed; broader than long.
PLANT: erect, sometimes branched.LEAF: toothed leaves.FLOWER: blue; shorter than surroundingcalyx;1 mm wide; without stalk.FRUIT: capsule bi-lobed; as broad as long;seeds flat.
PLANT: trailing, mat-forming; much-branched.LEAF:oval; green;toothed edges;5–15mmacross. FLOWER: pale blue with white lowerlobe and centre; 5mm wide; flower stalk
shorter than leaves. FRUIT: bi-lobed witherect lobes;broader than long.
PLANT: trailing, mat-forming; much-branched.LEAF:oval; greyish-green; 5–15mm across.FLOWER: bright blue with lower lobeoccasionally paler blue; 5mm wide; flowerstalk shorter than leaves. FRUIT: bi-lobedwith erect lobes; broader than long.
PLANT: trailing, mat-forming; much-branched.LEAF:oval; dark green; 10–30mm across.FLOWER: bright blue with lower lobesometimes paler blue or white; 8–12mmwide; flower stalk longer than leaves.FRUIT: bilobed with spreading lobes;2x asbroad as long.
leaf shape; flower colour
leaf shape; flower colour
leaf shape; flower colour
leaf shape; flower colour
seed shape diagnostic (left )
seed shape diagnostic (left )
seed shape diagnostic (left )
186
188
190
192
194
Flowers with 4 unequal petals: <12mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
VALERIANACEAE 86
88
90
92
Broad-fruitedCornsalad
CommonCornsalad
Keeled-fruitedCornsalad
Narrow-fruitedCornsalad
Valerianella rimosa
Valerianella locusta
Valerianella carinata
Valerianella dentata
FLOWER: white-pinkish.SEED CAPSULE: distinctive shape;1·5mm wide.
FLOWER: white-pale blue.SEED CAPSULE: distinctive shape;1·8–2·5mm wide.
FLOWER: white-pale blue.SEED CAPSULE: distinctive shape;0·8–1·4mm wide.
FLOWER: white-pinkish.SEED CAPSULE: distinctive shape;0·75mm wide.
seed shape diagnostic (left )
seed shape diagnostic (left )
seed shape diagnostic (left )
seed shape diagnostic (left )
Flowers with 5 equal petals: 2mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
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Corn Buttercup
Hairy Buttercup
Bulbous Buttercup
Prickly-fruitedButtercup
Small-floweredButtercup
Creeping Buttercup
Meadow Buttercup
Mousetail
RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus arvensis
Ranunculus sardous
Ranunculus bulbosus
Ranunculus muricatus
Ranunculus parviflorus
Ranunculus repens
Ranunculus acris
Myosurus minimus
PLANT:much-branched. LEAF: 3–5-lobed.FLOWER: bright lemon yellow; 12mm wide.SEED: round, covered in 2mm spines;8 mmlong.
PLANT: erect,branched. LEAF: hairy, toothedlower 3-lobed; upper less lobed.FLOWER: 5-petalled; pale yellow; sepals bentback; 12–25mm wide.SEED: round, no spines;2–3mm wide.
PLANT:erect. LEAF: 3-lobed,middle lobe long
stalked, rounded in outline.FLOWER: bright yellow; sepals bent back;15–30mm wide.SEED: ovate with short beak;3mm wide.
PLANT:erect. LEAF: lower 3–5-lobed; upperless lobed. FLOWER: yellow; sepals bent back;15mm wide. SEED: ovate with spines and ahooked beak at one end; 7–8mm long.
PLANT:spreading, branched.LEAF: yellowish-green, shallow lobes.FLOWER: pale yellow; hairy sepals bent back;3mm wide. SEED: round with a short beakand covered in short hooks; 2·5–3·0mm.
PLANT:erect, stoloniferous. LEAF: 3-lobed,middle lobe long stalked, triangular inoutline. FLOWER: glossy, golden yellow; hairy
sepals not bent back; 20–30mm wide.SEED: roundish with short curved beak.
PLANT:erect, not stoloniferous.LEAF: 2–7-lobed, pentagonal or rounded inoutline.FLOWER: glossy bright yellow; hairysepals not bent back; 18–25mm wide.SEED: rounded with short, hooked beak.
PLANT:erect, from basal rosette; 2–15cmtall. LEAF: narrow, linear rosette leaves;flowering stem leafless. FLOWER:inconspicuous, small yellow-green petalswhich soon fall. SEED: narrow, conical seed-bearing receptacle elongates after flowering.
seed shape diagnostic (left )
no stem tuber at base;seed shape (left )
tuberous corm at base
seed shape diagnostic (left )
small flowers and seed shapediagnostic (left )
stolons;leaf shape, sepals notbent back
leaf shape;sepals not bentback
‘mouse's-tail' seed receptacleis unmistakable (left )
62
64
66
68
156
Flowers with 5 equal petals: 3–30mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
VIOLACEAE
RANUNCULACEAE
158
160
150
Field Pansy
Wild Pansy
Larkspur
Forking Larkspur
Eastern Larkspur
Viola arvensis
Viola tricolor
Consolida ajacis
Consolida regalis
Consolida orientalis
FLOWER: 8–20mm; pale yellow/cream incolour with deep yellow or occasionally violet-blue centre; upper petals sometimes pale blueor purple;petals inclined to formshallow cup; sepals as long as petals.
FLOWER: 15–25mm; violet blue or tricolouredviolet/pink, white and yellow; petals flat;sepals shorter than petals.
LEAF:finely-divided.FLOWER:2–5mm; bractsas long as flower stalks. SEED POD: hairy.
LEAF:3-lobed. FLOWER: bracts longer thanflower stalks. SEED POD: hairless.
LEAF:3-lobed. FLOWER:bracts much shorterthan flower stalks. SEED POD: hairless.
FROM WILD PANSY: flowershape;sepal length
FROM FIELD PANSY: flowershape;sepal length
bract length and seed podcharacteristics
bract length and seed podcharacteristics
bract length and seed podcharacteristics
Flowers with 5 unequal petals and spur: 10-25 mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
GERANIACEAE 204 Musk Stork's-bill
Common Stork's-bill
Erodium moschatum
Erodium cicutarium
LEAF: pinnate with toothed or lobedsegments divided halfway to midrib;musky scent when bruised.
LEAF: pinnate with toothed or lobedsegments divided fully to midrib;no musky scent when bruised.
FROM COMMON STORK’S-BILL:leaf shape; musk smell
FROM MUSK STORK’S-BILL: leaf shape
Flowers with 5 equal petals: 10-15mm diameter KEY DIFFERENCES
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
MALVACEAE
74
76
82
214
F lw r w i
5equal l : 15 i rKEY DIFFERENCESCAMPANULACEAEBORAGINACEAECONVULVULACEAE216218136
V
G
CommonGromwell
H B i wFLu i
LihospermumofficinaleCalystegiasepiumConvulvulus arvens is
PLANT:stemwith
l . F R UI T l y l i i l 3 0 l .
SEED:tr iangular androunded;greyishblack.
vi 3–5 wi .
seed- shapediagnostic
l l w u il k l v i
lea veins distinctive;habitat
FROMBLACK-BINDWEEDF l w w i 5 u ll BELL- TRUMPET-SHAPEDKEYDIFFERENCES4
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236
Corn Parsley
Stone Parsley
Greater Pignut
Common Pignut
Shepherd’s-needle
Thorow-wax
False Thorow-wax
APIACEAE Petroselinum segetum
Sison amomum
Bunium bulbocastaneum
Conopodium majus
Scandix pecten-veneris
Bupleurum rotundifolium
Bupleurum subovatum
PLANT: erect; stem hollow; hairy below,hairless above; green to purple; up to 100cm.LEAF:pinnately divided; smell of parsley if crushed. FLOWER: greenish-white; 1mm. UMBEL: 3–6 rays; 2–5 bracts;2–5 bracteoles; 10–50mm.
PLANT: erect; stem solid; hairless; greyish-green; up to 80cm. LEAF:pinnately divided;smell of petrol if crushed. FLOWER:white; 1mm. UMBEL: 3–6 rays; 2–4 bracts;
2–4 bracteoles; 10–40mm.PLANT:erect, much-branched;stem solid;hairless; 50–100cm. LEAF:3-pinnate; veryfinely divided; sheathing stem.FLOWER: white; 2mm. UMBEL: 10–20 rays;numerous bracts and bracteoles;30–80 mm.
PLANT: erect, much-branched; stem hollowafter flowering; hairless; up to 60cm.LEAF:2-pinnate; very finely divided;sheathing stem. FLOWER: white; 1–3mm.UMBEL: 6–12 rays; 0–5bracts and bracteoles.SEED: seeds with long curved spines, formedin pairs; 13mm long;30–70mm.
LEAF:finely divided; narrow, parallelsegments; leaves join round stem. FLOWER:white; 1mm. UMBEL: 2 rays; 0 bracts;
numerous bracteoles.SEED: characteristic, elongated needle-like fruit;up to 50mm long.
LEAF: round to oval; upper leavessurround stem. FLOWER: yellowish;clusterssurrounded by green petal-like bracteoles.
LEAF: narrowly oval. FLOWER: yellowish;clusters surrounded by green petal-likebracteoles.
distinctive scent of parsleyfrom crushed leaves; highlyirregular umbels
distinctive unpleasant scent of petrol from crushed leaves
characteristic leaf shape
FROM GREATER PIGNUTHollow stem, fewer bractsand bracteoles
seed shape diagnostic
FROM FALSE THOROW-WAX:leaf shape
leaf shape
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184
210
Flowers tiny with 5 ±equal petals: IN UMBRELLA-LIKE CLUSTERS KEY DIFFERENCES
BORAGINACEAE 222 Purple Viper’s-bugloss
Viper's-bugloss
Echium plantagineum
Echium vulgare
LEAF: base leaves oval with distinct lateralveins; stem leaves narrowly oval;up to 15 cmlong by 3cm wide. FLOWER: bell-shaped;2 projecting stamens; 20–25mm long.SEED: seed pyramidal; pitted and warty.
LEAF: base leaves oval with no apparentlateral veins; stem leaves narrowly oval;40mm long by 4mm wide. FLOWER: bell-shaped; 3–5 vivid pink projecting stamens;15–18mm long. SEED:angular; wrinkled.
FROM VIPER’S-BUGLOSS:number of stamens
FROM PURPLE VIPER’S-BUGLOSS: number of stamens
Flowers with petals ±fused: BELL-SHAPED COROLLA KEY DIFFERENCES
LYTHRACEAE
RANUNCULACEAE
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Grass-poly
Pheasant’s-eye
Lythrum hyssopifolia
Adonis annua
PLANT: erect with branched stem, sometimesprostrate; in damp grassland. LEAF: small;lower leaves oval, upper leaves narrow andoval or spear-shaped; large leafy stipules atbase of true leaves. FLOWER: 6-petalled;pink; usually 2–3 clustered; 5 mmwide.
LEAF: bright green; finely dissected. FLOWER:5–8-petalled; deep red with dark basalspots on petals; resembles an anemone;15–25mm wide. SEED-HEAD: elongated oval.
can be confused withKnotgrass(page 233), which differsin having papery stipuleswhich sheath the stem at thebases of the leaves andflowers 1–2 clustered
unmistakable when flowering;when not in flower could bemistaken for a mayweed(page 242) but these are
hairy,have broader leaf segments and are a muchdarker green in colour
Flowers with 5 or more equal petals: KEY DIFFERENCES
Small Bur-parsley
Knotted Hedge-parsley
Spreading Hedge-parsley
Upright Hedge-parsley
Fool's Parsley
Wild Carrot
Cow Parsley
APIACEAE Caucalis platycarpos
Torilis nodosa
Torilis arvensis
Torilis japonica
Aethusa cynapium
Daucus carota
Anthriscus sylvestris
LEAF: lower leaves oval, upper leaves narrowand parallel-sided. FLOWER: white.UMBEL: 2–5 rays; 0–2 bracts.SEED:with long curved spines, formed inpairs;13 mm long.
PLANT: erect; stem solid; up to 30cm.LEAF:pinnately divided. FLOWER: pinkish-white in dense stalkless clusters along
the stem;1 mm. UMBEL:5–10mm. SEED:oval with long or short spines; 3mm wide.
PLANT: spreading.branched;stem solid;up to50cm. LEAF:2-pinnate in basal rosette andon stem. FLOWER: white or pinkish withunequal petals;2 mm. UMBEL: 3–5 rays;0–1 bracts; 10–25mm. SEED: oval withlong hooked spines; 4–6mm long.
PLANT: erect, much-branched; stem solid;covered in short bristles; up to 50cm.LEAF:2-pinnate. FLOWER: pinkish-white; outerpetals larger than inner; 2–3mm. UMBEL:5–12 rays; 4–6 bracts. SEED: oval withhooked spines, formed in pairs; 3–4mm wide.
PLANT:erect; stem solid; up to 125cm.LEAF:1–3-pinnate. FLOWER: pinkish-white
with unequal petals; 2mm. UMBEL: 4–20 rays;0bracts; longbracteoles; 20–60mm.SEED:seeds with long curved spines, formedin pairs; 13mm long.
PLANT: erect; stem hollow;up to 120cm.LEAF:3-pinnate. FLOWER: white; central umbelflower often pink; 2mm. UMBEL: numerousrays; 7–13 pinnate bracts; 30–70mm.
PLANT: erect; stem solid; up to 30–100cm.LEAF:2–3-pinnate FLOWER: white;3–4mm.UMBEL: 4–10 rays; 0 bracts; severalbracteoles; 20–60mm.
seed shape diagnostic
flower clusters characteristic
fruit characteristic; few bracts
leaves larger; more bracts atbase of umbel
distinctive bracteoles giveflowering plants a bearded
effect
distinctive red-purple flowerin centre of flowerhead;pinnate bracts
absence of bracts andpresence of bracteoles
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Flowers tiny with 5 ±equal petals: IN UMBRELLA-LIKE CLUSTERS KEY DIFFERENCES
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Flowers with petals ±fused: FUMARIACEAE; Fumitory family
Although fumitory species (Fumariaceae) are well-defined they are sometimes a difficult group to identify dueto the differences between species being subtle across a range of features. Individual plants within a species canshow a high degree of variability in these features depending on many factors. These factors include forexample,how shaded the area is in which a plant grows since this can affect the number of flowers producedand the degree of recurvedness in the fruit stalks.
The following key does not cover all these variations,but sets out the features that should be looked at whenmaking an identification. The illustrations are based on photographs and detailed specimen drawings.Theflowers are are shown at 2× life-size and the fruits at 3× life-size.
A full description of the species can be found on the relevant page to which the entries in the key are cross-referenced.
Fumitory flowerand leavesshowing keyfeatures asdescribed inthe followingtext.
bract
lateral petal
sepal
flower stalkor pedicel lower petal
upper petalspur wing keel
margin
Common Ramping-fumitoryFumaria muralis ssp. boraei
122
relatively broad and flat
pinkish-red withdarkerredtipped petals
9–11mm
toothed mainly at the base; pale1·5–3·0mm× 3·0–5·0mm
12–15;raceme shorter than stalk
fruit spherical withrounded apex
2·5mm diameter
raceme shorter than stalk;number of flowers per raceme;
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LEAF SEGMENTS
FLOWER COLOUR
FLOWER LENGTH
FLOWER ×2
SEPALSEPAL SIZE
FLOWERS PERRACEME
FRUIT
SIZE OF FRUIT
FRUIT ×3
KEY DIFFERENCES
Martin’s Ramping-fumitoryFumaria reuteri
124
relatively broad and flat
pink with blackish-red tippedpetals
11–13mm
very few teeth; white2·5mm×4·0mm
15–20;raceme longer than stalk
fruit spherical
2·5mm diameter
sepal with few teeth +raceme longer than stalk
Western Ramping-fumitoryFumaria occidentalis
130
relatively broad and flat
white, becoming pink withblackish-red tipped lateral petals
12–15mm
toothed at base; white
5mm×3mm
12–20;raceme same length as stalk
fruit spherical with slightprojection at apex
3mm diameter
FROM F. CAPREOLATA : lessflowers per raceme; flowercolour never creamy-white;larger flower with smaller sepal
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LEAF SEGMENTS
FLOWER COLOUR
FLOWER LENGTH
FLOWER ×2
SEPAL
SEPAL SIZE
FLOWERS PERRACEME
FRUIT
SIZE OF FRUIT
FRUIT ×3
KEY DIFFERENCES
White Ramping-fumitoryFumaria capreolata
relatively broad and flat
creamy-white with blackish-redtipped petals
10–14mm
toothed at base; white
4–6mm×2·5–3·0mm
ca. 20;raceme shorter than stalk
fruit spherical on stronglyrecurved stalk
2mm diameter
FROM F. OCCIDENTALIS : creamy-white flower colour distinctive;raceme shorter than stalk;recurved fruit stalk
Purple Ramping-fumitoryFumaria purpurea
126
relatively broad and flat
pink-purple with darker purpletipped petals.
10–13mm
toothed; oblong; white6mm×3mm
20–25;raceme same length as stalk
fruit sphericalon recurved fruit stalk
2·5mm diameter
frequently recurved seed stalk;large sepal
Tall Ramping-fumitoryFumaria bastardii
128
relatively broad and flat
salmon-pink with dark tipsto lateral petals only
9-11mm
toothed; white2mm×3mm
10–18;raceme longer than stalk
fruit sphericalfruit stalk never recurved
2·5mm diameter
small flower + small sepal +raceme longer than stalk
Common FumitoryFumaria officinalis
114
channelled
pinkish-red with dark red tippedpetals
7–8mm
toothed; white or pink
1·0–1·5mm×1·5–3·5mm
10–40,usually morethan20
distinctly wider than long withflattenedor slightly notched apex
2·5mm diameter
small flower with small sepals;number of flowers in raceme
Page No.
LEAF SEGMENTS
FLOWER COLOUR
FLOWER LENGTH
FLOWER ×2
SEPAL
SEPAL SIZE
FLOWERS PERRACEME
FRUIT
SIZE OF FRUIT
FRUIT ×3
KEY DIFFERENCES
Dense-flowered FumitoryFumaria densiflora
116
channelled; very narrow
pink/red with black-tippedpetals
6–7mm
large; white
2×3mm
20–25
fruit spherical; rounded at apex
2mm diameter
small flower with large sepals
Few-flowered FumitoryFumaria vaillantii
118
relatively flat
pale pink with reddish-blacktipped petals.
5–6mm
toothed; palepurple
0·5mm×1·0mm
6–16, sometimes more
fruit spherical; rounded at apex
2mm diameter
small flower with small sepals;number of flowers in raceme
Fine-leaved FumitoryFumaria parviflora
120
channelled; very narrow
white with reddish-black-tipped petals
5–6mm
toothed; white
0·8mm×1·0mm
16–20
fruit spherical; sometimes withshort beak at apex
2mm diameter
small flower; flower colour
White Ramping-fumitory Fumaria capreolata
This species is scattered throughout Britainbut is predominantly coastal and most likelyto be encountered in Northern Ireland,Wales and south-west England.Unlikeother fumitories it can be a winter annual.
very narrow;channelle dleaf segment
broad; unfoldedleaf segment
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Slender Tare
Hairy Tare
Smooth Tare
Yellow Vetchling
Meadow Vetchling
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FABACEAE 208
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Vicia parviflora
Vicia hirsuta
Vicia tetrasperma
Lathyrus aphaca
Lathyrus pratensis
PLANT:scrambling;up to 60cm.LEAF:25 mm long;divided into 2–5 pairs of leaflets.FLOWER: pale purple; groups of 2–8;6–8mm long; stalks longer than leaves.SEED POD: 5–8 seeds; 15–18mm long.
PLANT:scrambling;up to 70cm.LEAF: 5–12mm long;divided into 4–8 pairsof leaflets.FLOWER:white-purplish; groups of1–9;
4–5mm long; stalks longer than leaves.SEED POD: 2 seeds; 10mm long.
PLANT:scrambling;up to 60cm.LEAF:10–20mm long; divided into 3–6pairs of leafletsFLOWER: very pale blue; groups of 1–2;4mm long; stalks longer than leavesSEED POD: 4 seeds; 12–15mm long.
PLANT:scrambling;up to 100cm.LEAF: leaves absent in mature plants; large,triangular leaf-like stipulespresent in pairs along the stem;stipu les10–30mm longFLOWER: yellow; solitary; 10–12mm long.SEED POD:6–8 seeds; 20–30mm long.
PLANT:scrambling;up to 120cm.
LEAF:narrow, spear-shaped leaves; leaf-likestipules arrowhead-shaped; leaflets10–30mm long;stipules10–25mm long.FLOWER: yellow; clusters of 5–12 flowers;15–18mm long.SEED POD:5–10 seeds; 25–35mm long.
FROM HAIRY TARE ANDSMOOTH TARE: flower colourand seed pod characteristics(left )
flower colour and seed podcharacteristics (left )
flower colour and seed podcharacteristics (left )
FROM MEADOW VETCHLING:single flower; leaf-like stipules
cluster of flowers;true leaves
and distinctive stipule shape
Flowers with petals ±fused: FABACEAE; Pea family KEY DIFFERENCES
SCROPHULARIACEAE 110
112
212
224
94
Round-leaved Fluellen
Sharp-leaved Fluellen
Small Toadflax
Weasel’s-snout OR
Lesser Snapdragon
Field Cow-wheat
Crested Cow-wheat
Kickxia spuria
Kickxia elatine
Chaenorhinum minus
Misopates orontium
Melampyrum arvense
Malampyrum cristatum
LEAF: oval, hairy;arranged alternately.FLOWER: yellow with a deep purple upperlip, spur straight; 8–11mm long.
LEAF:arrowhead-shaped , hairy;arranged alternately. FLOWER: yellow with apurple upperlip, spurcurved; 7–9mm long.
FLOWER: purple outside,paler inside; solitary;
short spur; corolla 6–9mm.FLOWER: deep pink; snapdragon shape;stalkless;15mm across.
PLANT: up to 60cm. LEAF:spear-shaped;stalkless; glossy-green. FLOWER: yellow corolla-tube; purple-pink lips;b racts pinkish-red withvery rough-toothed outline; cylindrical flowerspike; corolla 20–24mm.
PLANT: 20–50cm. LEAF:3-lobed, middle lobelong stalked, rounded in outline. FLOWER:yellow corolla-tube; purple-pink lips; bractspurple with fine-toothed outline; four-sidedflower spike; corolla 12–16mm.
FROM ROUND-LEAVEDFLUELLEN: leaf shape.
FROM SHARP-LEAVEDFLUELLEN: leaf shape.
distinctive flower coloration
flower distinctive
FROM CRESTED COW-WHEAT:Shape of flower spike andbracts
FROM FIELD COW-WHEAT:Shape of flower spike andbracts;habitat wood margins
Flowers with petals ±fused: SCROPHULARIACEAE; Figwort family KEY DIFFERENCES
Cut-leaved Dead-nettle
Red Dead-nettle
Henbit Dead-nettle
Northern Dead-nettle
Cut-leaved Germander
Field Woundwort
Common Hemp-nettle
Red Hemp-nettle
Downy Hemp-nettle
Large-floweredHemp-nettle
Ground-pine
LAMIACEAE Lamium hybridum
Lamium purpureum
Lamium amplexicaule
Lamium confertum
Teucrium botrys
Stachys arvensis
Galeopsis tetrahit
Galeopsis angustifolia
Galeopsis segetum
Galeopsis speciosa
Ajuga chamaepitys
PLANT: branched irregularly;to 30cm.LEAF: triangular with deep, irregular teeth;short stalks.FLOWER: pinkish-purple; 8–12mm long.
PLANT: branched from the base; to 45cm.LEAF:rounded with shallow, even teeth; shortstalks. FLOWER: purple; calyx shorter thancorolla tube; 5–6mm long.
PLANT: erect, branched irregularly; to 30cm.LEAF: rounded with shallow, irregular teeth;
lower leaves with short stalks, upper leavesstalkless, clasping the stem. FLOWER:pinkish-purple; hairy calyx;14mm long.
PLANT: branched irregularly;to 30cm.LEAF: triangular in shape with deep, irregularteeth; short stalks. FLOWER: purple; calyx aslong as corolla tube; 10–18mm long.
PLANT: much-branched, hairy; to 30 cm.LEAF: oval in shape; deeply divided.FLOWER: in whorls; pinkish-red;corolla tubeenclosed in calyx; 6mm long.
PLANT: weak spreading stems; branched frombase;up to 20cm.LEAF: oval to heart-shaped; irregularly toothededges; hairy;short stalks; arranged as oppositepairs.
FLOWER: pale purple; in whorls of 2–6;6–7mm long.
PLANT: stems thickened at leaf junctions; 10– 100cm. LEAF:upper narrowly oval; serratededge. FLOWER: pink,purple or white; corollaslightly longer than calyx; 13–20mm long.
PLANT: not swollen at leaf nodes; to 50cm.LEAF: narrowly spear-shaped with 1–4 teethon each edge; lightly hairy; short stalk.FLOWER: pinkish-red; 15–25mm long.
PLANT:up to50cm. LEAF: narrow, oval-shapedwith 3–9 teeth on each edge;velvety beneath;short stalk. FLOWER: sulphur yellow; longcorolla tube, 4× calyx length; large lowerlip; 20–30mm long.
PLANT: stemthickenedbelownodes;10–100cm.LEAF:upper narrowlyoval.FLOWER: pale yellowwith purple lower lip; longcorollatube, 2×calyx length;large lower lip; 20–40mm long.
PLANT:up to20cm. LEAF: 3 linear lobes.FLOWER: yellow upper lip and yellow, spottedred,lower lip.
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106
108
132
226
146
144
138
Flowers with petals ±fused: LAMIACEAE; Labiate family KEY DIFFERENCES
FROM OTHER DEAD-NETTLES:leaf shape
leaf shape; calyx shorter thancorolla tube
FROM OTHER DEAD-NETTLES:leaves which clasp the stem
diagnostic
FROM OTHER DEAD-NETTLES:large flowers;calyx as long ascorolla tube
unmistakable
easily confused with othermembers of the mint family;although this species hassmaller flowers than otherpale-floweredspecies; CornMint
Mentha arvensis is perhapsthe most similarspecies in thearable habitat but differs, likeother Mentha mints,in havingradially symmetrical flowersand a light minty smell
flower colour and relativelyshort corolla tube distinctive
flower colour and lengthdistinctive; when not in flowerRed Bartsia Odontites verna issuperficially similar but hasleaves without stalks and asingle-sided flower spike
flower colour; FROM LARGE-FLOWERED HEMP-NETTLE:corolla/calyx length ratiodistinctive
flower colour; FROM DOWNYHEMP-NETTLE: corolla/calyxlength ratio distinctive
unmistakable, resembles apine seedling in look andsmell
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ASTERACEAE
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Smooth Cat’s-ear
Common Cat's-ear
Lamb’s Succory
Corn Marigold
Corn Chamomile
Stinking Mayweed
Scentless Mayweed
Scented Mayweed
Cornflower
Field Scabious
ASTERACEAE Hypochaeris glabra
Hypochaeris radicata
Arnoseris minima
Anthemis arvensis
Chrysanthemum segetum
Anthemis cotula
Tripleurospermum inodurum
Matricaria recutita
Centaurea cyanus
Knautia arvensis
PLANT: Dandelion like, erect stems growingfrom a basal rosette. LEAF:spear-shaped,narrow, not hairy. FLOWER-HEAD: yellow;individual floret petal 2× as long as broad;5–10mm across.
PLANT: Dandelion like, erect stems growingfrom a basal rosette. LEAF:spear-shaped,narrow, hairy. FLOWER-HEAD: yellow;individual floret petal 2–4× long as broad;25–40mm across.
PLANT: erect; stems from basal rosette; stemshollowand inflatedbelow flower-head.LEAF: oblong with few teeth; broader nearthe tip. FLOWER-HEAD: 7–11mm across.
PLANT: erect, much-branched; hairless withwaxy surface;blu e-green appearance.FLOWER-HEAD: disc florets and ray floretsgolden-yellow; 30–60mm across.
PLANT: much branched, softly hairy.LEAF:finely divided; 1–3-pinnate.FLOWER-HEAD: yellow central florets andwhite ray florets; broadchaffy scalesin yellow florets; 20–40mm across.
PLANT: branched; sparsely hairy.LEAF:finely divided; 1–3-pinnate.FLOWER-HEAD: yellow central florets and
white ray florets; narrowchaffy scalesin yellow florets; 12–25mm across.
PLANT: simply-branched; hairless.LEAF:finely divided; 2–3-pinnate.FLOWER-HEAD: yellow central florets andwhite ray florets; no chaffy scales inyellow florets; 12–25mm across.
PLANT: much-branched; hairless.LEAF:finely divided; 2–3-pinnate.FLOWER-HEAD: yellow central florets andwhite ray florets; broadchaffy scalesin yellow florets; 12–22mm across.
PLANT: erect, much-branched; hairy; grey-geenLEAF:long, narrow, variably dissected.FLOWER-HEAD:dividedoutline; intense blueouterflorets; purple innerflorets; 30mm across.
PLANT: erect. LEAF:pinnately-lobedFLOWER-HEAD: roundish outline;bluish-lilac, outer florets larger than inner florets;40mm across.
72
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154
78
84
Compound flower-heads: ASTERACEAE; Composite family KEY DIFFERENCES
FROM OTHER ‘DANDELIONS’:basal leaf rosette plus bract-like scales on stem; FROMCOMMON CAT’S-EAR: smoothleaves; smaller flower-head
FROM SMOOTH CAT’S-EAR:hairy leaves; larger flower-head
superficially resembles otherdandelion-type flowers;however, the inflated stem isdiagnostic
unmistakable
leaves with pleasantchamomile-likescent; broad chaffy scalespresent (left )
leaves with unpleasantsmell when crushed;narrow chaffy scales present
(left )
leaves with no scentwhen crushed; nochaffy scales
leaves with pleasantchamomile-likescent; no chaffy scalespresent
superficially similar to FieldScabious but unlikely to bemistaken
flowers never intense blue;leaf shape
Broad-leaved Cudweed
Narrow-leaved Cudweed
Red-tipped Cudweed
Common Cudweed
Small Cudweed
Filago pyramidata
Filago gallica
Filago lutescens
Filago vulgaris
Filago minima
PLANT: branched from base; covered in a feltof grey hairs;up to 30cm.LEAF:narrow, broadernearthe tip;up to 20mm long by 3–4mm wide.FLOWERS:tiny, 2–7 clustered in dense, greywoolly flower-heads with narrow pointedyellow-brown bracts.
PLANT: branched from base; covered in finegrey hairs;up to 25cm.LEAF: very narrow; up to 18mm longby 1mm wide.FLOWERS:tiny, 2–6 clustered in dense,grey,woolly flowerheads.
PLANT: branched; covered in a felt of yellow-tinged grey hairs; up to 25 cm.LEAF: parallel-sided; up to 20mm longby 3–4mm wide.FLOWERS: tiny, 10–20 clustered in dense,grey, woolly flower-heads; narrow pointedbracts with red tips.
PLANT: branched; covered in silvery-whitehairs; up to 30 cm.LEAF: wavy-edged, narrow, tapering to apoint;up to 15mm long.FLOWERS: tiny, 8–15 clustered in dense,white woolly flower-heads; narrow pointedbracts with yellowish tips.
PLANT: branched; covered in silky grey hairs;up to 30cm.LEAF:narrow;up to 10mm long.FLOWERS: tiny, 3–6 clustered in dense flower-heads; narrow blunt bracts with yellowish tips.
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100
102
Compound flower-heads: ASTERACEAE; Composite family KEY DIFFERENCES
leaf shape (left )
leaf shape (left )
leaf shape (left ); red-tippedbracts
leaf shape (left ); whitish hairs
leaf length short