Hess’s Law as Chem Tutorial 2 Kajana

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AS Chemistry – Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2 Redington College Kajana SIvarasa 1 Hess’s Law The total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken, provided the initial and final conditions are the same. Or The energy change for a reaction is the same whether a reaction takes place in one stage or in a series of stages. Hess’s law tells us that the enthalpy change of reaction for the direct route is the same as for the indirect route. It does not matter how many steps there are in the indirect route. So we deduce the following (using the diagram) ΔH1 = ΔH2 + ΔH3 + ΔH4 A D B C ΔH1 ΔH4 ΔH3 ΔH2

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AS CHEM EDEXCEL energetics part 2 kajana

Transcript of Hess’s Law as Chem Tutorial 2 Kajana

Page 1: Hess’s Law as Chem Tutorial 2 Kajana

AS Chemistry – Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Redington College Kajana SIvarasa

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Hess’s  Law      The  total  enthalpy  change  for  a  reaction  is  independent  of  the  route  taken,  provided  the  initial  and  final  conditions  are  the  same.    Or        The  energy  change  for  a  reaction  is  the  same  whether  a  reaction  takes  place  in  one  stage  or  in  a  series  of  stages.          

       

   

           

•  Hess’s  law  tells  us  that  the  enthalpy  change  of  reaction  for  the  direct  route  is  the  same  as  for  the  indirect  route.  It  does  not  matter  how  many  steps  there  are  in  the  indirect  route.    •  So  we  deduce  the  following  (using  the  diagram)  

                                                                           ΔH1  =    ΔH2  +  ΔH3  +  ΔH4                      

A D

B C

ΔH1

ΔH4

ΔH3

ΔH2

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AS Chemistry – Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Redington College Kajana SIvarasa

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Ø Calculating  the  enthalpy  change  of  formation,  ΔHf  using  the  enthalpy  change  of  combustion.    

• Enthalpy  change  of  combustion  is  the  enthalpy  change  when  one  mole  of  an  element  or  compound  reacts  completely  with  oxygen  under  standard  conditions.  

   

Example  C(s)  +  2H2(g)  àCH4(g)        

 

     

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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AS Chemistry – Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Redington College Kajana SIvarasa

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Ø Calculating  enthalpy  of  reaction,  ΔHr  from  enthalpy  of  formations  

 

• Enthalpy  change  of  reaction  is  the  enthalpy  change  when  the  reaction  occurs  in  the  molar  quantities  shown  in  the  chemical  equation,  under  standard  conditions  in  their  standard  states.  

 

 

Example                                                                      

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AS Chemistry – Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Redington College Kajana SIvarasa

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     Bond  Enthalpy      

Ø Bond  enthalpy(BE)  is  the  energy  needed  to  break  1  mole  of  a  particular  covalent  bond.    

Ø Mean  bond  enthalpy  is  the  mean  bond  dissociation  enthalpy  for  a  particular  bond  in  a  range  of  compounds.    

Ø Bond  Breaking  :  Requires  energy  to  overcome  attractive  forces  joining  the  atoms  together  :  Endothermic  

 Ø Bond  Making  :  Energy  is  released  :  Exothermic  

 Ø In  a  chemical  reaction  :    

 • If  the  energy  needed  to  break  the  bonds  is  less  than  the  energy  released  when  new  bonds  are  formed  the  reaction  will  release  energy  and  the  reaction  is  exothermic.    

• If  the  energy  needed  to  break  the  bonds  is  more  than  the  energy  released  when  new  bonds  are  formed  the  reaction  will  absorb  energy  and  the  reaction  is  endothermic.  

 • Exothermic  

   

                               

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AS Chemistry – Energetics part 2 Tutorial 2

Redington College Kajana SIvarasa

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• Endothermic                                

Ø Calculating  Enthalpy  change  of  a  reaction  from  bond  enthalpies  :    

                                         

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Redington College Kajana SIvarasa

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Ø Using  bond  enthalpies  in  Hess  cycle  calculations    Example  Q  :      The  enthalpy  change  of  formation  of  ethanol  vapour  from  its  elements  can  be  estimated  by  applying  the  standard  enthalpies  of  atomization  and  bond  enthalpies  to  a  Hess  cycle.  Given  the  data:    

ΔHat  [  C(graphite)]  =  +718  kJ/mol  ΔHat[H2(g)]  =  +218kJ/mol  ΔHat  [O2(g)]  =  +249kJ/mol  

 And  the  mean  bond  enthalpies  given  above.