Heredity
Transcript of Heredity
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How Lifecontinues
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Chapter 11
Chapter 10
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Heredity
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“...tendency for traits to be passed from parent to offspring.”
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Traits
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“...alternative forms of a character, or heritable feature.”
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×
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Dominant Form RatioF2 Generation
Dominant: RecessiveRecessive Form
Purple flowers White fowers
Yellow seeds Green seeds
Round seeds Wrinkled seeds
Green pods Yellow pods
Axial flowers Terminal flowers
Tall plants Dwarf plants 2.84:1(3/4:1/4)
3.14:1(3/4:1/4)
2.95:1(3/4:1/4)
2.82:1(3/4:1/4)
2.96:1(3/4:1/4)
3.01:1(3/4:1/4)
3.15:1(3/4:1/4)
705:224
6,022:2,001
5,474:1,850
428:152
882:299
651:207
Inflated pods
787:277
TABLE 10.1
Character
SEVEN CHARACTERS MENDEL STUDIED IN HIS EXPERIMENTS
Constricted pods
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Can we figure out if a purple-flowering plantis Pp or PP?
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Testcross
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Mendel’s Theory of Heredity
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Parents do not transmit traits directly; they transmit trait information in the form of “factors”
Each parent has two copies of a trait factor
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Alternative forms of a factor (alleles) lead to alternative traits
The two alleles an individual has do not affect each other
The presence of an allele does not guarantee that a trait will be expressed
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Homozygoushave two alleles that are the same
Heterozygoushave two alleles that are different
For a certain trait, an individual can be...
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Mendel’sLaw of Segregation
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Two alleles of a trait separate during the formation of gametes; half the gametes carry one and half carry the other
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Mendel’s Law of IndependentAssortment
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Inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait
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Many traits exhibit Mendelian inheritance
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Genes
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The Central Dogma
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Phenotype
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Genotype
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Mendel’s Theory of Heredity
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Parents do not transmit traits directly; they transmit trait information in the form of genes
Each parent has two copies of a trait gene
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Alleles, alternative forms of a gene, lead to alternative traits
The two alleles an individual has do not affect each other
The presence of an allele does not guarantee that a trait will be expressed
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Chromosomes
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Section 8.3
Section 9.3
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Fig. 10.6
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
p
Locus for firstgene containingallele P or p
Locus for secondgene containingallele Y or y
Paternal homologue
Homologouschromosomes
Maternal homologueY
Homozygousgenotype YY
YP
Heterozygousgenotype Pp
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Two kinds:
Autosomes
Sex Chromosomes
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Sickle-CellDisease
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Autosomal Recessive
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Huntington’s Disease
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Autosomal Dominant
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Mitosis
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The division of cells
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Co 8
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Section 8.4
Section 9.4
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Meiosis
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The formation of gametes
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Sections 9.1 - 9.4
Sections 8.1 - 8.4
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Page 183
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Many traits do not follow Mendelian Inheritance
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Sex-Linked Traits
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http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson6.html
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X-Linked Dominant
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X-Linked Dominant[A] mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome. As an inheritance pattern, it is less common than the X-linked recessive type. In medicine, X-linked dominant inheritance indicates that a gene responsible for a genetic disorder is located on the X chromosome, and only one copy of the allele is sufficient to cause the disorder when inherited from a parent who has the disorder.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_dominant
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http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson7.html
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X-Linked Recessive
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X-Linked Recessive
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_recessive
[A] mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed (1) in males… and (2) in females who are homozygous for the gene mutation...
X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X chromosome.
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X-Linked Recessive
Red-Green Color BlindnessHemophilia AHemophilia BDuchene Muscular DystrophyBecker’s Muscular Dystrophy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_recessive_inheritance
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Polygenic Inheritance
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“When multiple genes act together to influence a character such as height or weight...”
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Continuous Variation
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Pleiotropic
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“Often, an individual allele has more than one effect on the phenotype.”
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Sickle-Cell Disease
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Incomplete Dominance
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“...a heterozygous phenotype that is intermediate between those of the parents.”
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Epistasis
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“...an interaction between the products of two genes in which one of the genes modifies the phenotypic expression produced by the other.”
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Codominance
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“...the effects of both alleles are expressed.”
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Environmental Effects
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Linkage
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Homologous Recombination
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Mendel’s Law of IndependentAssortment
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ChromosomalDisorders
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Somatic cells are diploid
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Gametes are monoploid
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Nondisjunction
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“The failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis I or II...”
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108
Figure 10.24 Nondisjunction in anaphase ICopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Metaphase l
Anaphase l
Nondisjunction:homologouschromosomes failto separate
Metaphase ll
Results in four gametes: two are n+1 and two are n–1
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Aneuploidy
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“...an abnormal number of chromosomes.”
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Down Syndrome
trisomy 21
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Nondisjunctionof sex chromosomes
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113
X
Y
O
XX
Nondisjunction
XX
Eggs
XOXXX
Female(Turner
syndrome)
Female(triple X)
OY
NonviableMale
(Klinefeltersyndrome)
XXY
SpermXY
Male
Female