Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle
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Transcript of Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle
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Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle
Dr. Simon Kenyon
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Objectives
• Recognize the common musculoskeletal disorders of cattle
• Understand the management factors that lead to them
• Understand prevention, monitoring and control of these conditions
• Review treatment options for individual animals
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Common musculoskeletal problems
• Laminitis and hoof horn quality problems• Infectious conditions of the bovine foot• Joint disease• Nutritional & toxic• Other conditions
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Lameness in cattle
• 95% of lame cattle are dairy breeds• 80% of cases involve the digits• 80% of digital lameness involves the
hindlimbs• 50% of digital lameness involves the horn
and 50% the skin (mostly heel warts)• 70% of the horny lesions involve the outer
claw
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Diseases of the hoof horn
• Laminitis – inflammation of the laminar corium, founder
• Sole hemorrhage, sole ulcer (Rusterholz ulcer), under-run sole
• White line disease – separation of the laminar corium
• Heel erosion – slurry foot• Double sole
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Under-run Sole and Hemorrhage
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Double sole
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Sand Crack
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Acute Laminitis
Roached backObviously sore feetExtremely reluctant to walk
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Laminitis in Dairy Cattle
• Laminitis: Inflammation of the laminar corium of the hoof wall and the sole corium
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Locomotion Scoring
ZINPRO Corp.
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Laminitis in Dairy Cattle
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Significance of Locomotion Scores
• Cows with a locomotion score > 2– 2.8 times more likely to have increased days to first
service– 15.6 times more likely to have increased days open– 9.0 times more likely to have more services per
conception– 8.4 times more likely to be culled than herdmates
________________________________________Sprecher, et al., Theriogenology, 1997, 47:1179-1187.
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Impact of Lameness on Culling
• NAHMS, USDA 1996
– 15% of culling because of lameness– Additional impact on milk yield, and
reproduction.– Estimated that indirect effects of lameness
contribute to another 49% of culls
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Horse pedal bone “hangs”in the lamellae
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Laminitis in the Horse
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A Cow is Not a Horse
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Bovine Suspensory Apparatus
P3 fixed supported by digital cushion and suspended by bundles of collagen fibersattached to the basement layer of the abaxial wall. If fibers stretch P3 sinks and Deforms and compresses the sole.
From Lischer & Ossent, 2007
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Effects of Laminitis and Sinkage of P3 on the Digital Cushion
From Lischer & Ossent, 2007.
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Bicalho et al JDS 2009
Mean Digital Cushion Thickness measured here
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From Bergsten, 2004
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Risk Factors in the Cow
• Nutritional i.e. rumen acidosis• Calving• Compression and pressure effects on the
digital cushion• Thinning of the sole • Mechanical stress on the foot• Uneven wear
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Dairy Nutrition
• Maximize dry matter intake• Maximize energy intake• Preserve rumen health• Protect the transition cow
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Energy& Fiber Constraints
EarlyLactation Dry
ADF >17 – 21% 30 – 35 %
NDF >28 – 30% 42 - 50%
NFC <40 30 – 40%
Percent of Ration Dry Matter
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Forage : Concentrate Ratio
60:40 40:60 20:80
Milk Fat % 3.5 3.0 2.7
Acet:Prop 3.3 2.6 2.0
Hay:Grain
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Cow Time Management
• 3-5 hours eating• 9 – 14 meals• 48,080 chews (10% of energy use)• 7 – 10 hours ruminating• 30 minutes drinking• 2-3 hours milking• Needs 10 hours of lying/resting
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Freestall comfort
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Time budgets – Top 10% vs the rest (hrs/day)
Activity Top 10% Average
Eating 5.5 5.5
Resting 14.1 11.8
Standing 1.1 2.2
Perching 0.5 1.4
Drinking 0.3 0.4Matzke, 2003
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Mattresses
• Resilient• Well bedded• Knee test
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Free Stall Use
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Flooring
• Green concrete very abrasive
• Grooving• Scrabbling• Rubber mats
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T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.
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T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.
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Supplementation
• Biotin 20 mg/day• Zinc
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Musculoskeletal 2
Kenyon
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Diseases of the hoof skin
• Digital dermatitis – hairy heel warts• Interdigital necrobacillosis –phlegmon, foul
in the foot, foot rot• Interdigital skin hyperplasia – corns• (Interdigital dermatitis) and (verrucose
dermatitis) – both probably the same as digital dermatitis
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Infectious pododermatitis
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Digital dermatitis
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Digital dermatitis
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Read & Walker J Vet Diagn Invest 10:67–76 (1998)
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Read & Walker J Vet Diagn Invest 10:67–76 (1998)
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Soft tissue inflammation Septic arthritis
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Through and through lavage
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Fescue foot
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Fescue foot
Refer also to “summer slump” (epidemic hyperthermia)
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Enzootic nutritional myopathy(White Muscle Disease)
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Spastic paresis
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Hygromata
FAO pic
Neil Anderson, OMAFRA
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Stifle injury
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Calving Injuries
Obturator and Sciatic Nerve Injury
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Calving Injuries
Tibial Nerve InjuryImage: NADIS.ORG
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Femoral Nerve Paralysis
Calving Injuries
Image: NADIS.ORG
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Cow lift devices
Aqua Cow Slings
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Coxofemoral luxation
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Coverall Barn