Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle

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Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle Dr. Simon Kenyon

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Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle. Dr. Simon Kenyon. Objectives. Recognize the common musculoskeletal disorders of cattle Understand the management factors that lead to them Understand prevention, monitoring and control of these conditions - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle

Page 1: Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle

Herd management of musculoskeletal disorders in cattle

Dr. Simon Kenyon

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Objectives

• Recognize the common musculoskeletal disorders of cattle

• Understand the management factors that lead to them

• Understand prevention, monitoring and control of these conditions

• Review treatment options for individual animals

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Common musculoskeletal problems

• Laminitis and hoof horn quality problems• Infectious conditions of the bovine foot• Joint disease• Nutritional & toxic• Other conditions

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Lameness in cattle

• 95% of lame cattle are dairy breeds• 80% of cases involve the digits• 80% of digital lameness involves the

hindlimbs• 50% of digital lameness involves the horn

and 50% the skin (mostly heel warts)• 70% of the horny lesions involve the outer

claw

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Diseases of the hoof horn

• Laminitis – inflammation of the laminar corium, founder

• Sole hemorrhage, sole ulcer (Rusterholz ulcer), under-run sole

• White line disease – separation of the laminar corium

• Heel erosion – slurry foot• Double sole

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Under-run Sole and Hemorrhage

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Double sole

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Sand Crack

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Acute Laminitis

Roached backObviously sore feetExtremely reluctant to walk

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Laminitis in Dairy Cattle

• Laminitis: Inflammation of the laminar corium of the hoof wall and the sole corium

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Locomotion Scoring

ZINPRO Corp.

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Laminitis in Dairy Cattle

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Significance of Locomotion Scores

• Cows with a locomotion score > 2– 2.8 times more likely to have increased days to first

service– 15.6 times more likely to have increased days open– 9.0 times more likely to have more services per

conception– 8.4 times more likely to be culled than herdmates

________________________________________Sprecher, et al., Theriogenology, 1997, 47:1179-1187.

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Impact of Lameness on Culling

• NAHMS, USDA 1996

– 15% of culling because of lameness– Additional impact on milk yield, and

reproduction.– Estimated that indirect effects of lameness

contribute to another 49% of culls

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Horse pedal bone “hangs”in the lamellae

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Laminitis in the Horse

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A Cow is Not a Horse

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Bovine Suspensory Apparatus

P3 fixed supported by digital cushion and suspended by bundles of collagen fibersattached to the basement layer of the abaxial wall. If fibers stretch P3 sinks and Deforms and compresses the sole.

From Lischer & Ossent, 2007

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Effects of Laminitis and Sinkage of P3 on the Digital Cushion

From Lischer & Ossent, 2007.

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Bicalho et al JDS 2009

Mean Digital Cushion Thickness measured here

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From Bergsten, 2004

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Risk Factors in the Cow

• Nutritional i.e. rumen acidosis• Calving• Compression and pressure effects on the

digital cushion• Thinning of the sole • Mechanical stress on the foot• Uneven wear

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Dairy Nutrition

• Maximize dry matter intake• Maximize energy intake• Preserve rumen health• Protect the transition cow

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Energy& Fiber Constraints

EarlyLactation Dry

ADF >17 – 21% 30 – 35 %

NDF >28 – 30% 42 - 50%

NFC <40 30 – 40%

Percent of Ration Dry Matter

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Forage : Concentrate Ratio

60:40 40:60 20:80

Milk Fat % 3.5 3.0 2.7

Acet:Prop 3.3 2.6 2.0

Hay:Grain

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Cow Time Management

• 3-5 hours eating• 9 – 14 meals• 48,080 chews (10% of energy use)• 7 – 10 hours ruminating• 30 minutes drinking• 2-3 hours milking• Needs 10 hours of lying/resting

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Freestall comfort

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Time budgets – Top 10% vs the rest (hrs/day)

Activity Top 10% Average

Eating 5.5 5.5

Resting 14.1 11.8

Standing 1.1 2.2

Perching 0.5 1.4

Drinking 0.3 0.4Matzke, 2003

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Mattresses

• Resilient• Well bedded• Knee test

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Free Stall Use

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Flooring

• Green concrete very abrasive

• Grooving• Scrabbling• Rubber mats

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T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.

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T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.

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Supplementation

• Biotin 20 mg/day• Zinc

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Musculoskeletal 2

Kenyon

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Diseases of the hoof skin

• Digital dermatitis – hairy heel warts• Interdigital necrobacillosis –phlegmon, foul

in the foot, foot rot• Interdigital skin hyperplasia – corns• (Interdigital dermatitis) and (verrucose

dermatitis) – both probably the same as digital dermatitis

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Infectious pododermatitis

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Digital dermatitis

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Digital dermatitis

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Read & Walker J Vet Diagn Invest 10:67–76 (1998)

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Read & Walker J Vet Diagn Invest 10:67–76 (1998)

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Soft tissue inflammation Septic arthritis

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Through and through lavage

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Fescue foot

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Fescue foot

Refer also to “summer slump” (epidemic hyperthermia)

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Enzootic nutritional myopathy(White Muscle Disease)

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Spastic paresis

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Hygromata

FAO pic

Neil Anderson, OMAFRA

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Stifle injury

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Calving Injuries

Obturator and Sciatic Nerve Injury

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Calving Injuries

Tibial Nerve InjuryImage: NADIS.ORG

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Femoral Nerve Paralysis

Calving Injuries

Image: NADIS.ORG

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Cow lift devices

Aqua Cow Slings

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Coxofemoral luxation

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Coverall Barn