Herbicide Use Workshop for Managing Invasive Alien Plant · triclopyr) within the Asian-Pacific...

Herbicide Use Workshop

for Managing Invasive Alien Plant

1-4 July 2013, Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia

Summary Report produced for CABI

Joseph S. Vitelli

July 2013

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July 2013

Joseph Vitelli, Principal Weed Scientist

Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Biosecurity Queensland,

Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland 4002, Australia

ABN: 66 934 348 189

This report provides a summary of the Herbicide Use Workshop for Managing Invasive Alien Species held

in Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia between the 1st

and 4th of July 2013.

The workshop and this summary report were commissioned by CABI as the Project Executing Agency of the

GEF-funded FORIS project “Removing barriers to invasive species management in production and

protection forests in SE Asia (Project number 0515).

This report should be cited as:

Vitelli, J.S. (2013). Summary Report for Herbicide Use Workshop for Managing Invasive Alien Species held

in Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia, 1-4 July 2013. Unpublished report produced for CABI.

Cover image: Jatropha gossipiifolia and Acacia nilotica infestation at Baluran National Park, East Java.

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Executive Summary

A four-day workshop was held between the 1st and 4

th July 2013, in Baluran National Park, East Java,

Indonesia, to train 15 project participants from Cambodia, Indonesia Philippines and Vietnam in herbicide

use, mode of action and herbicide application as part of the CABI commissioned GEF-funded FORIS project

entitled “Removing barriers to invasive species management in production and protection forests in SE Asia”

(Project number 0515). The workshop covered theory, video demonstrations of spray application methods,

control strategies and a hands-on field day where participants applied a range of herbicide application

methods. The workshop ran smoothly with participants demonstrating increased knowledge in herbicide use

and application methods.

Despite increased knowledge acquired by the participants in herbicide use, its application and equipment,

some participants were frustrated post-workshop as access and availability to key herbicide actives and

equipment discussed during the workshop would not be possible within their respective countries. Access to

a few key actives (2,4-D, glyphosate, fluroxypyr, haloxyfop, imazapyr, metsulfuron-methyl, picloram and

triclopyr) within the Asian-Pacific region would help ensure greater level of weed control for certain species.

For example, the main woody weed herbicides available in the Philippines for the control of Piper aduncum

are 2,4-D and glyphosate. Though these herbicides would provide some control, more effective herbicides

for Piper control would include triclopyr or picloram. Further, additional actives with different modes of

action would also provide participants tools to manage and delay the onset of herbicide resistance.

Spray application equipment availability was identified as being limited in some countries and as a

consequence participants experience and knowledge in different spray application methods was narrow.

Demonstration of stem injection and cut stump methods identified these methods as having a place in

managing woody weeds in forestry. Access to a splatter gun or a brush-cutter equipped with a cutting blade

would further increase the suit of weeds controlled particularly when accessibility issues prevent participants

carrying large spray volumes into sites.

The skill level of the participants in experimental design was lower than anticipated. Participant

presentations by country on day four helped resolve some of the design deficiency, nevertheless, follow-up

guidance and support to workshop participants during the course of their alien plant control programs

regarding herbicide selection, rates and follow-up treatments would be advantages to the project. Links to

best practices manuals for Mimosa pigra, Acacia nilotica, Jatropha gossipifolia and Lantana camara

produced under the Australian Weeds of National Significance program was provided to participants.

Overall the workshop was a success and participants exposed to a range of herbicides and control options to

effectively manage invasive alien species.

Recommendations

1. A list of key herbicide actives (2,4-D, glyphosate, fluroxypyr, haloxyfop, imazapyr, metsulfuron-methyl,

picloram and triclopyr) be made available to Asian-Pacific countries participating in alien plant control

programs. Follow-up guidance and support be provided to workshop participants during the course of

their alien plant control programs with herbicide selection, rates and follow-up treatments.

2. Where appropriate stem injection equipment, splatter gun and brushcutters with cutting blade to be made

available to alien plant control programs.

3. The workshop participants would benefit greatly from training in experimental design.

The summary report provides an overview of the herbicide use workshop and quiz responses. A list of

herbicides to control potential weed families production and protection forests in SE Asia was provided to

the participants and is provided in the appendix to help kick start future invasive species management

projects.

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Workshop content/program

The herbicide use workshop was run over 4 days (1-4 July 2013); each day had an 8-hour program. Three

days consisted of theory and video demonstrations and one day was spent in the field applying herbicides to

prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica) and bellyache bush (Jatropha gossipifolia).

The first day of the workshop was broken into three parts 1) weed basics, 2) how herbicides work and 3)

herbicide mode of action. After each of the three sections on day 1, a series of questions (appendix 1) were

posed to the participants to ascertain audience knowledge and understanding of the course outline. Parts 1

and 2 recorded a response of 84 and 85% accuracy, respectively, to the questions, whilst part 3 (section

dealing with mode of action) recorded an accuracy of 64%. The results indicated that general weed

management knowledge was good across participants but herbicide knowledge on actives and mode of

action would require additional attention. Selective modes of action that would benefit particpants projects

were reinforeced on day 2 and day 4. Specific topics covered were:

Part 1. Workshop on Herbicide Use

Weed Basics

What are Weeds?

Damage Potential of Weeds

Economics of Weed Control

Control options

Mechanical/Physical

Burning

Livestock

Biological

Herbicides

Key Points from Weed Basics

Part 2. How Herbicides Function

How Herbicides Function – a multi-step process

Herbicide Movement to the Target

two pathways: root and foliar

root pathway characteristics

foliar pathway characteristics

pathways vs. systemic action

Herbicide Binding

possible fates of herbicide in cell

the “lock and key” analogy

binding stops normal function

Herbicide Selectivity

three key mechanisms

metabolic basis

avoidance basis

morphological or structural differences

Herbicide formulations

Liquid formulations

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)

Emulsions (E)

Ultra-Low-Volume (ULV)

Flowables (F)

Invert Emulsions (water-in-oil)

Dry formulations

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Granules (G)

Pellets (P)

Wettable Powders (WG)

Soluble Powders (SP)

Water-Dispersible Granules (WDG)

Dry Flowables (DF)

Microencapsulated Pesticides (M)

Dusts (D)

Fumigants

Herbicide compatibility

Herbicide toxicity/withholding periods

Type of hazard associated with each herbicide

Herbicide entry into the body

Dermal (skin) absorption rates

Relative toxicity of different herbicides

Adjuvants and dyes

Importance of Adjuvants

Adjuvants categories

Activator Adjuvants

Spray Modifier Adjuvants

Utility Modifier Adjuvants

Utility Products

Adjuvants types

Surfactants (also called spreaders or wetting agents)

Crop Oil Concentrates (Mineral oils or Vegetable oils)

Methylated or Ethylated Seed Oils

Penetrators

Spreader/Stickers/Extenders

Water Conditioning Agents

Humectants

Drift Control Agents

Deposition Aid

Compatibility Agents

Buffer Agents/Acidifiers

Dyes/Colorants

Suspension Agents

Defoaming Agents

Foaming Agents

Extenders

Surfactant Activity

Contact Angle

Charged Surfactants / Uncharged surfactants

Common Active Ingredients of Nonionic Surfactants

Factors affecting adjuvant use

Key Points from Weed Basics

Two pathways for herbicide movement to the target

Root pathway

Herbicide enters via root, upward movement via transpiration

Herbicide movement supported by good growing conditions

Foliar pathway

Herbicide enters via leaves, photosynthesis drives translocation

Herbicide movement supported by good growing conditions

Foliar herbicides may be systemic or contact

Chemical properties determine the ability to translocate

Binding of herbicides results in non-functional enzyme and eventually cell and plant death

Within the plant cell herbicides inhibit one enzyme in a biochemical pathway

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Herbicide bind to the target enzyme

Once bound, the enzyme is non-functional

Non-functional enzymes cause cellular problems including:

Accumulation of toxic precursors

Starvation of later enzymes and processes

Either situation results in plant death

– Herbicide selectivity results in weed kill without injury to non-target plants

– Metabolic selectivity results degradation of herbicides by metabolic enzymes

– Positional selectivity is the process where the herbicide and non target are physically separated

– Target selectivity based on non-target plant enzymes being structurally different to weed

enzymes

Part 3. Herbicide Mode of Action

Herbicide mode of action (2 Classification systems)

Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) – System lettered A – Z

Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) – System numbered from 1 – 27

Reading and understand a herbicide label

Group A: Inhibitors of fat synthesis – (Acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitors)

Aryloxyphenoxypropionates (Fops)

Cyclohexanediones (Dims)

Phenylpyrazoles (Dens)

Summary: These herbicides disrupt lipid biosynthesis in grass plants, affecting cell

membrane integrity within the meristem.

Group B: Acetolactate synthase [ALS] inhibitors

Sulfonylureas (SUs)

Imidazolinones (Imis)

Triazolopyrimidines (Sulfonamides)

Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates

Summary: The acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides have a broad spectrum of

selectivity and are used at low rates as soil-applied or postemergent treatments in a variety of

situations. These herbicides inhibit the activity of the ALS enzyme which is involved in the

synthesis of branch chain amino acids. ALS herbicides are readily absorbed by the roots and

foliage and translocated in both xylem and phloem to the site of action at the growing points.

Group C: Photosynthesis Inhibitor at photsystem II

Triazines

Triazinones

Ureas

Nitriles

Benzothiadiazoles

Acetamides

Uracils

Pyridazinones

Phenylcarbamates

Summary: These herbicides work by disrupting photosynthesis, but there are several

different binding sites. The triazines, triazinones, uracils, and ureas are soil-applied or early

postemergent herbicides, absorbed by both shoots and roots, and translocated only in the xylem.

The contact herbicides bentazone, acteamides and bromoxynil are used primarily as early

postemergence treatments and are not translocated in the plant.

Group D, E, K: Inhibitors of microtubule formation / Inhibitors of mitosis and Cell Division

Inhibitors with Long Chain Fatty Acids (VLCFA inhibitors)

Summary: Generally applied to the soil to control annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds.

These herbicides are absorbed by both roots and shoots of emerging seedlings, but are not

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readily translocated. These herbicides inhibit cell division, stopping root growth in seedling

plant. The meristematic regions are most affected.

Group F, H, Q: Bleachers: Inhibitors of carotenoid and HPPDs

Summary: Inhibiting herbicides interfere with the production and protection of

photosynthetic pigments. Ultimately, chlorophyll production is inhibited, and plant foliage

turns white. These herbicides are primarily xylem translocated and are most effective as a

preemergent.

Group G: Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Inhibitor (PPO)

Summary: The PPO inhibitors are primarily non-translocated herbicides, light activated and

capable of providing selective broadleaf weed control. These herbicides quickly form highly

reactive compounds/radicals within the plant, rupturing cell membranes, causing cell fluids to

leak out. Through spray coverage is essential for good postemergent control. These herbicides

are ineffective for long-term perennial weed control as they are not translocated to the roots.

Group I: Disruptors of plant cell growth

Summary: Growth regulator herbicides are used primarily for controlling broadleaf weeds in

pastures and include some of the more effective chemicals for perennial broadleaf weed and

brush control. Most growth regulator herbicides are readily absorbed through both roots and

foliage and are translocated in both the xylem and phloem. The killing action of growth-

regulating chemicals is not caused by any single factor, but rather through the disruption of

several growth processes in susceptible plants.

Group J: Inhibitors of fat synthesis (not ACCase inhibitors)

Summary: These herbicides inhibit several plant processes including: biosynthesis of fatty

acids and lipids (causing reductions in cuticular wax deposition), biosynthesis of proteins,

isoprenoids (gibberellins) and flavonoids (anthocyanins) and gibberellin synthesis inhibition

causing the inhibition of kaurene synthesis.

Group L: Photosynthesis Inhibitor at photsystem I

Summary: Destroy cell membranes, causing cell contents to leak out, resulting in the

desiccation of plant tissue.

Group M: Inhibitors of EPSP synthase

Summary: EPSP inhibitor herbicides are readily absorbed through plant foliage and

translocated in the phloem to the growing points, leading to the depletion of the aromatic amino

acids tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine (Amino acids needed for protein synthesis or for

biosynthetic pathways leading to growth). The non-selective postemergence herbicide

glyphosate belongs to this mode of action and is relatively inactive in the soil because of its

adsorption.

Group N: Glutamine synthase Inhibitors

Summary: Broad spectrum postemergent herbicides that have no soil activity. Phosphinic

acids inhibit the activity of glutamine synthase, an enzyme necessary for the conversion of

glutamate and ammonia to glutamine. The absence of the enzyme leads to the accumulation of

ammonia in the plant, destroying cells and directly inhibiting photosystem I and photosystem II

reactions. Ammonia build up also reduces the pH gradient across the membrane uncoupling

photophosphorylation. Glufosinate has limited translocation, requiring thorough spray coverage

working best on seedlings.

A detailed list of actives associated with each mode of action was provided to each participant to assist with

herbicide selection and is summarised in appendix 2.

Participants were encouraged as a night time activity after day one, to determine what actives were available

in their respective countries to tackle their suite of weeds and present there findings on day 4 of the

workshop.

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The second day of the workshop was broken into three parts 1) application technology, 2) spray application

methods and 3) designing a weed control program. The formalised talks were combined with numerous

video clips to highlight key points on herbicide application methodologies and nozzle selection.

Part 4. Application technology

The Application Challenge

using small amounts of herbicide

Most Common Formulations

emulsifiable concentrate (EC)

suspension concentrate (SC)

water dispersible granules (WG)

Application Principles

general mixing instructions

mixing considerations

droplet generation

influence of droplet size on drift

travel speed and application

equipment and calibration

travel speed and drift

weather conditions

Spray droplets / Nozzle selection

spray nozzle selection

coverage

changing sprayer outputs

nozzle types

nozzle wear

spray nozzle patterns

spray pressure

relationship of drift to droplet size

factors affecting droplet spray drift

droplet sizes

drift reducing nozzle tips

Air-induction nozzles

Low Pressure and Pre-orifice Nozzles

Flooding type nozzles

Boomless type nozzles

Selecting the right nozzles

Spray / Leaf Interactions

important barriers to absorption

leaf surface barriers

leaf surface properties

droplet size and impact

droplets in a grass canopy

non-target / weed overlap

Calibration

Application volume

Handling of herbicides

Key Points from Application Technology

Summary: Challenge to accurately apply small amounts of active ingredient and water

carrier over very large areas

Quality formulations are critical to achieving application

Basic application principles ensure correct application which helps to optimise weed control

Weed leaves present several barriers to absorption

Numerous adjuvants are available to assist with all phases of application.

Refer to label or other resources to help with selection.

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Part 5. Spray application methods

Foliar spraying

Ground foliar spraying

Backpack/knapsack sprayers

High volume sprayer

Boom spraying

Aerial spraying

Air-blast sprayers

Splatter gun application

Rope/wick wiper applications

Basal bark spraying

ThinLine technique

Conventional basal barking

Stem injection application

Drill and frill

Axe cut method

Sidewinder

Tree spearing

Cut stump application

Brushcutter application

Brushcutter application using picloram gel (Vigilant)

Stem scrape

scrape and swab

Ez-ject application

Herbicide ballistic technology

Granular herbicide application

Part 6. Designing a weed control program

Where do I start?

Prioritise your weeds

Evaluate your weed infestation

Focus on your boundaries

Simultaneously target isolated and dense infestations

Be realistic with your time frames

Create a property plan

Get involved with community groups

Weed hygiene practices

(4) Phases of invasion

Prevention

Eradication

Detectability

biological characteristics of a weed

Effectiveness of control methods

Containment

dispersal challenges

Control/Suppression

Do nothing

Approach taken when undertaking herbicide trial research

Location of trial sites

Seasonal consideration

Experimental research designs (more commonly used experimental designs in

herbicide weed management research)

Single-factor experimental designs

Completely Randomised Design (CRD)

Randomised Complete Block Design (RCB)

Latin Square Design

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Two-factor experimental designs

Factorials in complete block design

Split-plot design

Strip-plot design

Three-factor experimental designs

Split-split-plot design

Strip-split-plot design

Determining Plot Size

Control plots and Replication

Determining the appropriate number of samples to be take at a trial site

Pre-treatment measurements

basal diameter

plant height

plant density

plant circumference (normally n-s, e-w directions)

general description of site (including species composition, soil type)

pasture composition and yield (botanal)

target species tested as well as

off-target damage is normally monitored

individual plants tagged and mapped – site GPS’ed

Size class

Experimental design vs pilot study

Non-target concerns / residue issues

Control options and treatment cost

Short-listing of potential actives for invasive weed management

Measuring/assessing herbicide damage

Data normally recorded on hard copies in the field

Date of application recorded

Equipment used, nozzle type, operating pressure

Spray volume per unit area recorded

Weather conditions – temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, rainfall,

overcast/sunny

Herbicide damage assessments

Data analysis

Key points raised from the discussions on day 2 centred on a lack of available herbicide equipment that

could be sourced in respective countries, skill level of applicators and limited equipment that would be

suitable when dealing with site characteristics of the invasive species management in production and

protection forests project.

The third day of the workshop was a hands-on field day in which workshop participants got to individually

apply a selection of herbicide application methods outlined in day 1 and 2 of the workshop at Baluran

National Park. The demonstration site contained a number of alien plant species but dominated by Acacia

nilotica and to a lesser degree Jatropha gossipiifolia. Control methods demonstrated were basal bark

spraying, cut stump, stem injection and foliar spraying. Tractor mounted boom spraying demonstration was

not possible due to its non availability. To minimise work health and safety issues pertaining to herbicide

use, herbicides were excluded from any of the spray carrier solutions, hence foliar spraying and stem

injection were only applied with water, vegetable dye and surfactant and basal bark and cut stump treatments

were applied to prickly acacia and bellyache bush using diesel only. Despite assurances to the participants

that the spray equipment did not contain any herbicide, three participants did not want to carry or apply any

equipment that contained spray solutions.

Prior to the application of spray equipment participants were divided into three groups to determine weed

density, size class and non-targets in the plot and ascertain what equipment and method of application would

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best be used to treat each plot, using transects, grids and nearest number techniques. This exercise provided

to be challenging to the participants as confusion on how and what to measure dominated discussions. More

time on experimental design in the “classroom” would have been advantages. Participants that trialled

various herbicide control methods become proficient in its application and techniques such as stem injection

where seen as methods suitable for treating alien woody vegetation on steep slopes and having low cost

inputs.

A static demonstration of a boom spray, nozzle selection, replacement and calibration was also given to the

participants from equipment borrowed from Jakarta by Dr Titiek Setyawati. The absence of the tractor

prevented us from fully demonstrating the benefits of boom spraying and influences of speed, pressure and

height above target can have on spray volume delivery.

The fourth day of the workshop was broken into three parts 1) herbicide resistance, 2) working group session

with participant presentation by country and 3) best practice methods for selected weeds. Sixty-four percent

accuracy was achieved by the participants following the herbicide resistance talks (appendix 1). Areas to

improve on included; identifying situations that lead to the development of herbicide resistance and the

notion that increasing the concentration of a particular herbicide (for example glyphosate) with the some

mode of action will eliminate herbicide resistance from a paddock. A real threat exists in SE Asia of

herbicide resistance exploding amongst weed species due to a limited range of herbicide actives available for

controlling invasive weeds. Presentations from participants provided an opportunity to discuss treatment and

equipment selection and identify potential difficulties that could arise from the project. Specific topics

covered on the fourth day were:

Part 7. Herbicide resistance

What is herbicide resistance??

Factors influencing resistance development

Selection pressure

What does resistance look like?

Herbicide rate is not the issue

How herbicides work

Mode of Action Groups (recap of day 1)

Mechanisms of resistance

Target site resistance

Metabolic resistance

Reduced translocation and sequestering

Resistance to more than one herbicide

Cross resistance

Multiple resistance

Impacts of Herbicide Resistance

How long does resistance last?

Seed persistence

Consequences of relying more on non-herbicide methods

Integrated weed management

Summary:

Herbicide resistance is a fact of life

Stop weeds reproducing and spreading

Target site based resistance is usually associated with resistance involving the altered

binding of a herbicide to their target protein

Metabolic detoxification herbicides are detoxified before they reach the site of action

at a rate sufficiently rapid that the plant is not killed

Herbicides are not taken up readily in resistant biotypes due to morphological reasons

such as a thick waxy cuticle, or reduced leaf area

Resistance lasts as long as there are viable resistant seed of that species in the soil

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Minimising the number of weed seeds in the soil by preventing weeds from setting

seed is the top priority

More complex management required once resistance identified

Herbicide-resistant weeds are always possible, whether they occur naturally or are

introduced via wind, water or contamination

Increasingly likely that some populations of the commonest high-risk weeds will be

found in our country at some point in the next few years

Some species require more attention than others in terms of ensuring that multiple

control options are available and are used effectively

Integrated weed management can delay or prevent resistance developing by relying on

a range of options, both chemical and non-chemical, and multiple attacks to keep weeds

successfully in check

Part 8. Best practice methods for selected weeds

Merremia peltata (Convolvulaceae)

Herbicides controlling Convolvulaceae

Actives registered for species within Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea alba glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

triclopyr + picloram + amniopyralid

Merremia quinquefolia MCPA

Polymeria pusilla fluroxypyr

glufosinate-ammonium

triclopyr + picloram


Piper aduncum (Piperaceae)

Actives suggested for Piper aduncum - Triclopyr

Mimosa diplotricha (Mimosaceae – Fabaceae)

Actives registered for Mimosa diplotricha

Mimosa diplotricha ametryn + terbutryn

atrazine

dicamba

diuron

diuron + hexazinone

fluroxypyr


MCPA + terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA

Acacia nilotica (Mimosaceae)

Actives registered for Acacia nilotica

Acacia nilotica diuron

fluroxypyr

hexazinone

tebuthiuron

triclopyr


Herbicide costs for the control of prickly acacia

Mimosa pigra (Fabaceae)

Actives registered for Mimosa pigra

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Mimosa pigra dicamba

fluroxypyr

metsulfuron-methyl

tebuthiuron

Seedbank depletion

Eradication effort

A case study from Queensland Australia – a Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) eradication

efforts in Australia

Workshop participants

Fifteen people from four countries (Cambodia, Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia) attended the M&E

workshop along with three CABI staff members (Table 1).

Table 1. List of participants that attended the monitoring and evaluation workshop.

Workshop Participant Country Address

Mr Seng Rathea Cambodia NPC Cambodia GEF-IAS, Ministry of Environment, Cambodia,

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Mr Chak

Sokhavicheaboth

Cambodia Ministry of Environment, Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Mr Khek Phearom Cambodia Ministry of Environment, Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Dr Ma. Rheyda P.

Hinlo

Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City,

Philippines

Ms Wilma Cuaterno Philippines Crop Protection Division, Bureau of Plant Industry, Manila,

Philippines

Mr Ali M. Hadjinasser Philippines Protected Areas and Wildlife Division, Koronadal, South Cotabato,

Philippines

Ms Nguyen ThiLuong

Duyen

Vietnam Biodiversity Conservation Agency (BCA), Vietnam Environment

Administration (VEA), Ministry of Natural Resources and

Environment (MONRE), Hanoi, Vietnam

Mr Tran Dinh Pha Vietnam Institute for Agricultural Environment (IAE), Hanoi, Vietnam

Mr Le Trong Dat Vietnam Department of Science and International Cooperation, Cuc Phuong

National Park, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam

Dr Titiek Setyawati Indonesia Research & Development Center for Conservation and

Rehabilitation, Bogor, Indonesia

Mr Ragil Irianto Indonesia Research & Development Center for Conservation and


Mr Atok Subiakto Indonesia Research & Development Center for Conservation and


Mr Subki S Hut Indonesia Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Indonesia

Mr Joko Waluyo Hut Indonesia Baluran National Park, Indonesia

Mr Nanang Dwi

Wahono

Indonesia Baluran National Park, Indonesia

CABI employees

Dr Arne Witt Kenya CABI Africa, Nairobi, Kenya

Dr Sivapragasam

Annamalai

Malaysia CABI South East Asia, Selangor, Malaysia

Ms Chan Hong Twu Malaysia CABI South East Asia, Selangor, Malaysia

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Recommendations

Below is a list of recommendations.

1. A list of key herbicide actives (2,4-D, glyphosate, fluroxypyr, haloxyfop, imazapyr, metsulfuron-methyl,

picloram and triclopyr) be made available to Asian-Pacific countries participating in alien plant control

programs. Follow-up guidance and support be provided to workshop participants during the course of

their alien plant control programs with herbicide selection, rates and follow-up treatments.

2. Where appropriate stem injection equipment, splatter gun and brushcutters with cutting blade to be made

available to alien plant control programs.

3. The workshop participants would benefit greatly from training in experimental design.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank CABI for organising the workshop, including funding costs to run the

workshop and the local Indonesian contacts who helped to organise the field day and obtain the required

equipment. I also thank the Baluran National Park staff for hosting the workshop.

References

Boustead A. 2009. Mimosa pigra National Best Practice Management Manual. Palmerston, Northern

Territory. Australia. Available from URL: http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/mimosa/. Accessed 10 June

2013.

Randal A. 2009. Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossipiifolia) Management Manual - Control options and

management case studies from across Australia. Charters Towers, Quuensland. Australia. Available from

URL: http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/bellyachebush/. Accessed 10 June 2013.

Spies P. and March N. 2004. Prickly acacia - National Case Studies - Approaches to the management of

prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica subsp. indica) in Australia. Cloncurry, Queensland. Australia. Available

from URL: http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/pricklyacacia/. Accessed 10 June 2013.

van Oosterhout E. 2004. Lantana - Current management and control options for lantana (Lantana camara) in

Australia. Brisbane, Queensland. Australia. Available from URL: http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/lantana/.

Accessed 10 June 2013.

http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/mimosa/

http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/bellyachebush/

http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/pricklyacacia/

http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/lantana/

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Appendix 1 –Evaluation on course content knowledge

Participant’s responses to a serious of short quiz’s, irrespective of country of origin following course

delivery.

Part 1. Workshop on Herbicide Use

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Part 2. How Herbicides Function

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Part 3. Herbicide Mode of Action

20

Part 7 Herbicide resistance

Appendix 2 – Herbicide Mode of Action

Group Mode of Action Sub-group Active Ingredient Pathway Application

A1 Inhibitors of fat synthesis – (Acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitors) 1. Aryloxyphenoxypropionates (Fops) clodinafop-propargyl Foliar Post-emergent

cyhalofop-butyl

diclofop-methyl

fenoxaprop-P-ethyl

fluazifop-P-butyl

haloxyfop-R-methyl

propaquizafop

quizalofop-P-ethyl

2. Cyclohexanediones (Dims) alloxydim

butroxydim

clethodim

cycloxydim

profoxydim

sethoxydim

tepraloxydin

tralkoxydim

3. Phenylpyrazoles (Dens) pinoxaden

B2 Amino Acid Inhibitor – (Acetolactate synthase [ALS] inhibitors) 1. Sulfonylureas (SUs) amidosulfuron Foliar & Root Post-emergence

azimsulfuron

bensulfuron-methyl

chlorimuron-ethyl

chlorsulfuron

cinosulfuron

cyclosulfamuron

ethametsulfuron-methyl

ethoxysulfuron

flazasulfuron

flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na

foramsulfuron

halosulfuron-methyl

imazosulfuron

iodosulfuron

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mesosulfuron

metsulfuron-methyl

nicosulfuron

oxasulfuron

primisulfuron-methyl

prosulfuron

pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

rimsulfuron

sulfometuron-methyl

sulfosulfuron

thifensulfuron-methyl

triasulfuron

tribenuron-methyl

trifloxysulfuron

triflusulfuron-methyl

tritosulfuron

2. Imidazolinones (Imis) Imazapic

Imazamethabenz-methyl

Imazamox

Imazapyr

Imazaquin

Imazethapyr

3. Triazolopyrimidines (Sulfonamides) cloransulam-methyl

diclosulam

florasulam

metosulam

penoxsulam

4. Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates bispyribac-Na Pre- and Post-emergence

pyribenzoxim

pyriftalid

pyrithiobac-Na

pyriminobac-methy

C5,6,7 Photosynthesis Inhibitor at photsystem II 1. Triazines5 ametryne Primarily Root Pre- and Post-emergence

atrazine

cyanazine

26

desmetryne

dimethametryne

prometon

prometryne

propazine

simazine

simetryne

terbumeton

terbuthylazine

terbutryne

trietazine

2. Triazinones5 hexazinone

metamitron

metribuzin

3. Ureas7 bromacil

lenacil

terbacil

4. Pyridazinones5 pyrazon

5. Nitriles6 bromofenoxim

bromoxynil

ioxynil

6. Benzothiadiazoles6 bentazon

7. Phenylcarbamates5 pyridate

pyridafol

8. Uracils5 chlorobromuron

chlorotoluron

chloroxuron

dimefuron

diuron

ethidimuron

fenuron

fluometuron

isoproturon

isouron

linuron

methabenzthiazuron

27

metobromuron

metoxuron

monolinuron

neburon

Siduron

tebuthiuron

9. Acetamides7 propanil

pentanochlor

D3 Inhibitors of microtubule formation 1. Dinitroanilines benfluralin Primarily Root Pre-emergent

butralin

dinitramine

ethalfluralin

oryzalin

pendimethalin

trifluralinametryne

2. Benzoic acid chlorthal-dimethyl

3. Benzamides propyzamide

tebutam

4. Pyridines dithiopyr

thiazopyr

E23 Inhibitors of mitosis 1. Carbamates chlorpropham Primarily Root Pre-emergent

propham

carbetamide

K15

Cell Division Inhibitors with Very Long Chain Fatty Acids (VLCFA

inhibitors) 1. Actetamides diphenamid Primarily Root Pre-emergent

napropamide

naproanilide

2. Chloracetamides acetochlor

alachlor

butachlor

3. Isoxazoline pyroxasulfone

F12 Bleachers: Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis at the phytoene desaturase step (PDS inhibitors) 1. Nicotinanilides diflufenican Foliar & Root Pre- and Post-emergence

28

2. Picolinamides picolinafen

3. Pyridazinones norflurazon

H27 Bleachers: Inhibitors of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPDs) 1. Pyrazoles benzofenap Foliar & Root Pre- and Post-emergence

pyrazolynate

pyrazoxyfen

2. Isoxazole isoxachlortole

isoxaflutole

Q11,13 Bleachers: Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis unknown target 1. Triazoles11 amitrole Foliar & Root Pre- and Post-emergence

2. Isoxazolidinones13 clomazone Pre- and Post-emergence

G14 Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Inhibitor (PPO) 1. Diphenyl ethers acifluorfen-Na Post-emergence

bifenox

chlomethoxyfen

fluoroglycofen-ethyl

fomesafen

halosafen

lactofen

oxyfluorfen

2. N-phenylphthalimides cinidon-ethyl Post-emergence

flumioxazin

flumiclorac-pentyl

3. Oxadiazoles oxadiazon Pre- and Post-emergence

oxadiargyl

4. Triazolinones azafenidin Post-emergence

carfentrazone-ethy

sulfentrazone

5. Pyrimidindiones benzfendizone Pre- and Post-emergence

butafenacil

6. Phenylpyrazole fluazolate Post-emergence

pyraflufen-ethyl

I4 Disruptors of plant cell growth 1. Phenoxycarboxylic acids (Phenoxys) aminocyclopyrachlor Foliar & Root Post-emergence

clomeprop

29

2,4-D

2,4-DB

dichlorprop

MCPA

MCPB

mecoprop

2. Benzoic acids chloramben

dicamba

3. Pyridine carboxylic acids (Pyridines) aminopyralid

clopyralid

fluroxypyr

picloram

triclopyr

4. Quinoline carboxylic acids quinclorac

quinmerac

J8,26 Inhibitors of fat synthesis (not ACCase inhibitors) 1. Chlorocarbonic acids26 dalapon Foliar & Root Pre- and Post-emergence

flupropanate

2. Thiocarbamates8 butylate

cycloate

dimepiperate

EPTC

esprocarb

molinate

orbencarb

chloramben

pebulate

prosulfocarb

thiobencarb

tiocarbazil

triallate

vernolate

3. Phosphorodithioates8 bensulide

4. Benzofurans8 benfuresate

ethofumesate

30

L22 Photosynthesis Inhibitor at photsystem I 1. Bipyridyls diquat Foliar Post-emergence

paraquat

M9 Inhibitors of EPSP synthase 1. Glycines glyphosate Foliar Post-emergence

sulfosate

N10 Glutamine synthase Inhibitors 1. Phosphinic acids glufosinate-ammonium Foliar Post-emergence

bialaphos

O20,21 Inhibitors of cell wall (cellulose) synthesis Primarily Root Pre-emergence

1. Nitriles20 dichlobenil

chlorthiamid

2. Benzamides21 isoxaben

P19 Inhibitors of auxin transport Primarily Root Pre-emergence

1. Phthalamates naptalam

diflufenzopyr-Na

R18 Inhibitors of dihydropteroate sythase (DHP inhibitors) Foliar Post-emergence

1. Carbamates asulam

Z17,25 Herbicides with unknown and probably diverse sites of action Foliar & Root Post-emergence

1 Arylaminopropionic acids25 flamprop-M-methyl

isopropyl

2. Dicarboxylic acids endothal

3. Organorsenicals17 DSMA

MSMA

Appendix 3 –List of herbicide actives for the control of various weed families in forest situations.

Family Herbicide Active

Acanthaceae 2,4-D

glyphosate + imazapyr

glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

imazapyr

Aceraceae triclopyr


Adiantaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

Agavaceae fluroxypyr


triclopyr


Aizoaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + ioxynil

2,4-D + picloram

ametryn + terbutryn

ametryn + trifloxysulfuron

atrazine

bromoxynil + diflufenican

butafenacil + triasulfuron

chlorsulfuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

dimethenamid

diquat + paraquat

diuron

flumetsulam

fluometuron

fluometuron + prometryn

fluroxypyr


glyphosate

hexazinone

hexazinone + bromacil + diuron

imazapic

MCPA

MCPA + bromoxynil

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican

MCPA + picloram

MCPA + terbutryn

methabenzthiazuron

metolachlor

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

norflurazon

oxyfluorfen

oxyfluorfen + oryzalin

paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

prometryn

32

S-metolachlor

terbutryn + MCPA

thifensulfuron-methyl + metsulfuron-methyl

triasulfuron

tribenuron-methyl

triclopyr



trifluralin

Alismataceae glyphosate

Aloeaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

Amaranthaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + ioxynil

2,4-D + MCPA

2,4-D + picloram

2,4-DB

amitrole

amitrole + paraquat

atrazine

beta-cyfluthrin + deltamethrin + fenbutatin oxide + glyphosate

bromacil

bromacil + diuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

clomazone

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

dimethenamid

diquat + paraquat

diuron

diuron + hexazinone

ethofumesate

flumetsulam

flumioxazin

fluometuron


fluroxypyr


glyphosate

hexazinone

imazamox

imazapic

imazapyr + glyphosate

imazethapyr

imazethapyr + imazapyr

ioxynil

isoxaben

linuron

MCPA

MCPA + dicamba

MCPB

methabenzthiazuron

metham

metolachlor

metosulam + ethofumesate + ioxynil

33

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

napropamide

norflurazon

oxyfluorfen


paraquat + diquat

pebulate

pendimethalin

phenmedipham

pine oil

prometryn

propachlor

propyzamide

pyraflufen-ethyl

simazine

simazine + oryzalin

S-metolachlor

S-metolachlor + atrazine

terbacil

tribenuron-methyl

trifloxysulfuron

trifluralin

Anacardiaceae fluroxypyr



Annonaceae fluroxypyr

picloram + triclopyr

Apiaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba

amitrole

bentazone

bromoxynil

bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole


carfentrazone-ethyl

carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA

chlorsulfuron

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

diquat + paraquat

glyphosate

imazapyr


imazethapyr

ioxynil

isoxaflutole

MCPA

MCPA + dicamba

MCPB


metsulfuron-methyl

paraquat + diquat

pyraflufen-ethyl

34

pyroxsulam + cloquintocet

simazine

triasulfuron

triclopyr

triclopyr + metsulfuron-methyl


Apocynaceae dicamba

glyphosate + triclopyr



hexazinone

tebuthiuron

triclopyr



Aquifoliaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

triclopyr

Araceae 2,4-D

Ca dodecylbenz. Sulphonate

diquat

glyphosate


glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl + 2,4-D + picloram

Araliaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl


triclopyr

Arecaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

Aristolochiaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

Asclepiadaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + picloram

dicamba

fluroxypyr


hexazinone

imazapyr

metsulfuron-methyl

metsulfuron-methyl + triclopyr

tebuthiuron

triclopyr




Asparagaceae/Liliaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

metsulfuron-methyl


Asteraceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + picloram

2,4-DB

ametryn

aminopyralid + fluroxypyr

amitrole

amitrole + paraquat

atrazine


35

bromacil

bromacil + diuron

bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA

carfentrazone-ethyl

chloridazon

chlorthal-dimethyl

clopyralid

clopyralid + diquat

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

dichlorprop

diflufenican

diquat

diquat + paraquat

DSMA

flumetsulam

fluometuron

fluroxypyr


glyphosate


hexazinone


metsulfuron-methyl

metsulfuron-methyl + glyphosate

tebuthiuron

triclopyr




Azollaceae Ca dodecylbenz. Sulphonate

diquat

Balsaminaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl


Basellaceae fluroxypyr


triclopyr


Berberidaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

triclopyr

Bignoniaceae fluroxypyr

glyphosate + dicamba


triclopyr



Boraginaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + MCPA

2,4-D + picloram

2,4-DB

amitrole

amitrole + paraquat

36

atrazine

bromacil

bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA


butafenacil + glyphosate


carfentrazone-ethyl

chloridazon

chlorsulfuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

clopyralid + florasulam

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

diflufenican

diquat + paraquat

diuron

flumetsulam

flumioxazin

fluometuron


fluroxypyr


glyphosate

glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl

hexazinone

imazapic + imazapyr

imazapyr


imazethapyr

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na + mefenpyr-diethyl

ioxynil

isoxaben

linuron

MCPA

MCPA + pyrasulfotole + mefenpyr-diethyl

MCPA + bromoxynil

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican

MCPA + imazapic + imazapyr

MCPA + picolinafen

MCPA + terbutryn

MCPB

methabenzthiazuron

metosulam

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

norflurazon

oxyfluorfen


paraquat

paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

37

phenmedipham

picolinafen + bromoxynil + MCPA

prometryn

propyzamide

prosulfocarb + S-metolachlor

pyraflufen-ethyl

pyraflufen-ethyl + 2,4-D

rimsulfuron

simazine

sulfometuron-methyl

sulfosulfuron

tebuthiuron

terbacil

terbuthylazine

terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA

thiazopyr

tri-allate

triasulfuron




trifluralin

Brassicaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + picloram

2,4-DB

amitrole

amitrole + paraquat

bromacil

bromacil + diuron

bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA

carfentrazone-ethyl

chlorthal-dimethyl

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

diflufenican

ethofumesate

flumetsulam


glyphosate

Buddlejaceae/Loganiaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

triclopyr

Cabombaceae 2,4-D

carfentrazone-ethyl

endothal

Cactaceae amitrole

dichlorprop


metsulfuron-methyl

MSMA

MSMA + glyphosate

picloram + triclopyr

38

triclopyr



triclopyr + picloram + aminopyralid


Caesalpiniaceae 2,4-D + picloram

dicamba

dichlorprop

diquat + paraquat

diuron + hexazinone

fluroxypyr


metsulfuron-methyl

paraquat + diquat

triclopyr




Campanulaceae diquat + paraquat

glyphosate

hexazinone


oxyfluorfen

paraquat + diquat

Cannabaceae bromacil + hexazinone + diquat + glyphosate

Capparaceae ametryn + terbutryn


atrazine

dicamba

diuron + hexazinone

MCPA + terbutryn

metolachlor

S-metolachlor


terbutryn + MCPA


Caprifoliaceae fluroxypyr


picloram

triclopyr


Carophyllaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

Caryophyllaceae 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba

2,4-D + picloram

amitrole

atrazine

benfluralin

bentazone

bentazone + MCPA


carfentrazone-ethyl


chloridazon

chlorsulfuron

39

chlorthal-dimethyl

cyanazine

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

diflufenican

dithiopyr

diuron

DSMA

DSMA + MCPA

ethofumesate

flumetsulam

glyphosate



hexazinone

hexazinone + atrazine

imazamox


imazethapyr

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na

ioxynil

isoxaben

linuron

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican

MCPA + terbutryn

mecoprop + 2,4-D + dicamba

mecoprop + dicamba

mecoprop + MCPA + dicamba

methabenzthiazuron

metolachlor


metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

norflurazon

oryzalin

oxyfluorfen


pendimethalin

phenmedipham

pine oil

prometryn

propachlor

propyzamide

pyraflufen-ethyl


simazine

simazine + oryzalin

S-metolachlor

terbacil

terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA

trifloxysulfuron

Casuarinaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

40

tebuthiuron



Centrolepidaceae propachlor

Chenopodiaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + ioxynil

2,4-D + MCPA


2,4-D + picloram

2,4-DB

amitrole + paraquat

atrazine

benfluralin

bentazone


bromacil

bromacil + diuron

bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA



chloridazon

chlorsulfuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

clomazone

cyanazine

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

dichlorprop

dimethenamid

diquat + paraquat

diuron

ethofumesate

flumetsulam

fluometuron



glyphosate

imazamox

imazapyr


imazethapyr

ioxynil

isoxaben

linuron

MCPA

MCPA + bromoxynil

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican

MCPA + terbutryn

MCPB



41

methabenzthiazuron

metham

metolachlor

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

norflurazon

oryzalin

oxyfluorfen


paraquat + diquat

pebulate

pendimethalin

phenmedipham

pine oil

prometryn

propachlor

propazine

pyraflufen-ethyl


simazine

simazine + oryzalin

S-metolachlor

terbacil

terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA



Clusiaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + picloram


bromacil

fluroxypyr

glyphosate


metsulfuron-methyl

oxyfluorfen

triclopyr



Combretaceae hexazinone

tebuthiuron

triclopyr

Commelinaceae 2,4-D + picloram

atrazine

bentazone

fluroxypyr


metolachlor

paraquat

picloram

S-metolachlor


Convolvulaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + ioxynil

42

2,4-D + picloram

2,4-DB

ametryn

ametryn + atrazine

ametryn + terbutryn


amitrole + paraquat

atrazine

atrazine + ametryn

bentazone

bromacil

bromoxynil

chlorthal-dimethyl

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

dichlorprop

diquat

diquat + paraquat

diuron + hexazinone

flumioxazin

fluometuron


fluroxypyr


glyphosate


imazamox

imazapic

imazapyr


imazethapyr

ioxynil

isoxaflutole

MCPA

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican

MCPA + terbutryn

MCPB

metolachlor

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

norflurazon

oxyfluorfen

paraquat

paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

phenmedipham

prometryn

S-metolachlor


terbutryn + MCPA

triclopyr



43

trifloxysulfuron

Cornaceae triclopyr

Crassulaceae 2,4-D

amitrole + paraquat



carfentrazone-ethyl


cyanazine

diflufenican

dimethenamid

diuron

fluroxypyr




imazapic + imazapyr


isoxaflutole

MCPA

MCPA + diflufenican


MCPA + picolinafen

MCPA + terbutryn




terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA

triasulfuron



Cucurbitaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + ioxynil

2,4-D + MCPA

2,4-D + picloram

atrazine

chlorthal-dimethyl

dicamba

diquat + paraquat

fluometuron


fluroxypyr


glyphosate

imazapyr


ioxynil

oryzalin

oxyfluorfen

paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

prometryn

pyraflufen-ethyl

44


rimsulfuron

simazine + oryzalin

triclopyr



Cupressaceae hexazinone

Cyperaceae 2,2-DPA + amitrole + diuron

2,4-D

amitrole

bromacil

bromacil + diuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

DSMA

glyphosate

Dennstaedtiaceae asulam

glyphosate


hexazinone

imazapyr


metsulfuron-methyl

polyether mod. Polysiloxane


Dioscoreaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

Dipsacaceae 2,4-D


Equisetaceae dichlobenil

Ericaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

triclopyr

Euphorbiaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + ioxynil

ametryn

bromacil + diuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

dicamba

diquat + paraquat

diuron + hexazinone


fluroxypyr

glyphosate



hexazinone

imazapic


MCPA + bromoxynil

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

norflurazon

oxadiazon

oxyfluorfen


paraquat

45

paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

prometryn

triclopyr


Fabaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + clopyralid + dicamba

2,4-D + ioxynil


2,4-D + picloram

ametryn

ametryn + atrazine

ametryn + terbutryn



amitrole

amitrole + glyphosate

amitrole + paraquat

asulam

atrazine

atrazine + ametryn

bentazone + MCPA


bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA




carfentrazone-ethyl


chlorsulfuron

clopyralid

clopyralid + diflufenican


cyanazine

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

dimethenamid

diquat + paraquat

diuron

diuron + hexazinone

DSMA + MCPA

ethofumesate

flumetsulam

flumioxazin

fluometuron


fluroxypyr


glyphosate




46

hexazinone



imazamox

imazamox + imazapyr

imazapic + imazapyr

imazapyr


imazapyr + glyphosate + triclopyr



ioxynil

iprodione + sethoxydim + clopyralid

isoxaben

isoxaben + florasulam

isoxaflutole

linuron

MCPA


MCPA + bromoxynil

MCPA + clopyralid

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican

MCPA + florasulam


MCPA + picolinafen

MCPA + terbutryn


mecoprop + dicamba


metosulam


metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

metsulfuron-methyl + triclopyr

norflurazon

oxadiazon

oxyfluorfen


paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

picloram


pine oil


prometryn

propachlor

pyraflufen-ethyl


pyrasulfotole + MCPA + mefenpyr-diethyl


quinclorac

rimsulfuron

simazine

47

sulfometuron-methyl

sulfosulfuron

tebuthiuron

terbacil

terbacil + sulfometuron-methyl

terbuthylazine

terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA

triasulfuron

tribenuron-methyl

triclopyr




trifloxysulfuron

Fumariaceae 2,4-D


2,4-DB

atrazine

bentazone

bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA



carfentrazone-ethyl


chlorsulfuron

cyanazine

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

dimethenamid

diquat + paraquat

ethofumesate

flumetsulam

fluroxypyr


glyphosate


imazamox + imazapyr

imazapic + imazapyr



ioxynil

MCPA


MCPA + bromoxynil

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican


MCPA + picolinafen

MCPA + terbutryn

MCPB


48


methabenzthiazuron

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

oryzalin

oryzalin + trifluralin

oxyfluorfen

paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

phenmedipham


pine oil

prometryn


pyraflufen-ethyl

simazine

simazine + oryzalin

sulfosulfuron

terbacil

terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA


tri-allate

triasulfuron

trifluralin

trifluralin + oryzalin

Geraniaceae 2,4-D

amitrole


amitrole + paraquat

atrazine

bentazone



carfentrazone-ethyl

chlorsulfuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

cyanazine

diquat

diquat + paraquat

diuron

ethofumesate

flumioxazin


glyphosate



haloxyfop-P

imazamox

imazapic + imazapyr

imazethapyr

isoxaben

MCPA

MCPA + diflufenican

49


MCPA + terbutryn

methabenzthiazuron

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

oxyfluorfen

paraquat

paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

pine oil

pyraflufen-ethyl


rimsulfuron

simazine

simazine + oryzalin

sulfometuron-methyl

terbacil


terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA

thiazopyr

trifluralin

Goodeniaceae hexazinone

Haloragaceae 2,4-D

dichlobenil

diquat

endothal

Hydrocharitaceae acrolein

dichlobenil

endothal

Iridaceae 2,2-DPA

2,4-D

amitrole

chlorsulfuron


glyphosate


MCPA

metsulfuron-methyl


Juncaceae bromoxynil + diflufenican

dicamba + MCPA

diflufenican

glyphosate

Lamiaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + MCPA


2,4-D + picloram




atrazine

bromacil

bromacil + diuron

50

bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA




chloridazon

chlorsulfuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

clomazone

cyanazine

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

diflufenican

dimethenamid

diquat + paraquat

diuron

flumetsulam

fluroxypyr


glyphosate


imazamox

imazapic

imazapic + imazapyr

imazapyr


imazethapyr


ioxynil

isoxaben

isoxaflutole

linuron

MCPA


MCPA + bromoxynil

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican


MCPA + picolinafen

MCPA + terbutryn



methabenzthiazuron

metolachlor

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

norflurazon

oryzalin


oxyfluorfen


paraquat

paraquat + diquat

51

pendimethalin

phenmedipham


pine oil

prometryn

propachlor


pyraflufen-ethyl




simazine

simazine + oryzalin

S-metolachlor


terbacil

terbuthylazine

terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA


tri-allate

triasulfuron

tribenuron-methyl

triclopyr



trifluralin


Lauraceae glyphosate


triclopyr



Lecythidaceae tebuthiuron

Lemnaceae diquat

Liliaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + picloram

amitrole

dicamba

glyphosate




metham

metsulfuron-methyl

Lythraceae atrazine

chlorsulfuron

diflufenican


imazethapyr

MCPA + diflufenican

terbutryn

triasulfuron

Malpighiaceae fluroxypyr

52

Malvaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + ioxynil

2,4-D + MCPA


2,4-D + picloram

2,4-DB

ametryn

ametryn + atrazine

ametryn + terbutryn


amitrole


amitrole + paraquat

atrazine

atrazine + ametryn

bentazone

bromoxynil



carfentrazone-ethyl

chloridazon


dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

diflufenican

diquat + paraquat

diuron + hexazinone

flumetsulam

flumioxazin

fluometuron


fluroxypyr


glyphosate



hexazinone

imazamox

imazamox + imazapyr

imazapic

imazapyr


imazethapyr


ioxynil

isoxaben

linuron

MCPA

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican

MCPA + terbutryn



methabenzthiazuron

53

metribuzin

norflurazon

oxyfluorfen


paraquat

paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

prometryn

propachlor

pyraflufen-ethyl



terbutryn + MCPA



Marsileaceae diquat

Melianthaceae 2,4-D + picloram

Mimosaceae aminopyralid + fluroxypyr

clopyralid

dicamba

diuron

fluroxypyr

hexazinone

metsulfuron-methyl

norflurazon

tebuthiuron

triclopyr




Moraceae aminopyralid + fluroxypyr

fluroxypyr


triclopyr



Musaceae 2,4-D

diesel

glyphosate

glyphosate + dimethoate + imidacloprid

Myoporaceae hexazinone

tebuthiuron

triclopyr


Myrsinaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

Myrtaceae 2,4-D + picloram

dicamba

glyphosate


hexazinone

metsulfuron-methyl

picloram


tebuthiuron

54

triclopyr




Nyctaginaceae 2,4-D + MCPA

dicamba

hexazinone


Nymphaeaceae diquat

glyphosate

Ochnaceae fluroxypyr


Oleaceae glyphosate


metsulfuron-methyl

picloram

triclopyr




Oleandraceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

Onagraceae 2,4-D

2,4-DB

diuron


glyphosate


metolachlor

metsulfuron-methyl

oxadiazon

oxyfluorfen


pine oil

S-metolachlor

Oxalidaceae 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba

amitrole

amitrole + paraquat

bentazone + MCPA


bromacil

bromacil + diuron

bromoxynil

bromoxynil + MCPA


chlorsulfuron


dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

diuron


glyphosate



MCPA + bromoxynil

55

MCPA + clopyralid

MCPA + dicamba



metsulfuron-methyl

norflurazon

oxadiazon

oxyfluorfen


pyraflufen-ethyl

simazine

simazine + amitrole

simazine + glyphosate

simazine + oryzalin

terbacil

triasulfuron

trifloxysulfuron

trifluralin

Papaveraceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + MCPA

2,4-D + picloram

2,4-DB

atrazine

bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA


carfentrazone-ethyl


chloridazon

chlorsulfuron

cyanazine

dicamba

diflufenican

diquat + paraquat

diuron

glyphosate

hexazinone


linuron

MCPA

MCPA + bromoxynil

MCPA + diflufenican

MCPA + terbutryn

MCPB

methabenzthiazuron

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

oxyfluorfen

paraquat + diquat

pebulate

pendimethalin

prometryn


56

simazine

terbacil

terbuthylazine

terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA

tri-allate

triasulfuron

trifluralin

Passifloraceae 2,4-D + ioxynil

ametryn + terbutryn

atrazine

dicamba

diuron + hexazinone

fluroxypyr


metolachlor

S-metolachlor



Pedaliaceae 2,4-D


fluroxypyr

Phytolaccaceae 2,4-D + picloram

dicamba + MCPA


MCPA + dicamba

metsulfuron-methyl


Pinaceae 2,4-D

dicamba


glyphosate

triclopyr

Pittosporaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

metsulfuron-methyl

triclopyr




Plantaginaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + clopyralid + dicamba


2,4-DB

ametryn

bentazone + MCPA

bromacil

bromacil + diuron

bromoxynil + MCPA


chlorthal-dimethyl


cyanazine

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

57

DSMA + MCPA


glyphosate



hexazinone


isoxaben

MCPA

MCPA + bromoxynil

MCPA + clopyralid

MCPA + dicamba

MCPB


mecoprop + dicamba


methabenzthiazuron

norflurazon

oxyfluorfen

simazine + amitrole

thiazopyr

Poaceae 2,2-DPA

2,2-DPA + amitrole + diuron

2,2-DPA + simazine + amitrole

2,4-D

2,4-D + ioxynil

ametryn

ametryn + atrazine

ametryn + terbutryn



amitrole


amitrole + paraquat

asulam

atrazine

atrazine + ametryn

azimsulfuron

benfluralin

bensulide

bentazone

benzofenap + clomazone


bispyribac-sodium

bromacil

bromacil + diuron



butroxydim

carfentrazone-ethyl

chloridazon

chlorsulfuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

clethodim

58

clethodim + haloxyfop-P as methyl

clodinafop-propargyl + cloquintocet-mexyl

clomazone

cyanazine

cyhalofop-butyl

dicamba

dichlobenil

diclofop-methyl

diclofop-methyl + fenoxaprop-P-ethyl

diclofop-methyl + sethoxydim + fenoxaprop-P-ethyl

diclofop-methyl + sethoxydim + mefenpyr-diethyl

dimethenamid

diquat

diquat + paraquat

dithiopyr

diuron

diuron + hexazinone

DSMA

DSMA + MCPA

endothal

ethephon

ethofumesate

fenoxaprop-P-ethyl + cloquintocet-mexyl

fenoxaprop-P-ethyl + mefenpyr-diethyl

flamprop-M-methyl

fluazifop

fluazifop + butroxydim

flumioxazin

fluometuron


flupropanate

foramsulfuron


glyphosate


glyphosate + flupropanate



haloxyfop-P

hexazinone



imazamox

imazamox + imazapyr

imazapic

imazapic + imazapyr

imazapyr


imazethapyr




iprodione + sethoxydim + clopyralid

isoxaflutole

59

linuron


MCPA + terbutryn

mesosulfuron-methyl + mefenpyr-diethyl

methabenzthiazuron

metham

metolachlor


metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

molinate

MSMA

napropamide

norflurazon

oryzalin

oryzalin + simazine


oxadiazon

oxyfluorfen


paclobutrazol

paraquat

paraquat + diquat

pebulate

pendimethalin

phenmedipham

pine oil

pinoxaden + cloquintocet-mexyl

prodiamine

prometryn

prometryn + trifluralin + butroxydim

propachlor

propanil

propaquizafop

propyzamide



pyroxasulfone


quinclorac

quizalofop

rimsulfuron

sethoxydim

siduron

simazine

simazine + amitrole

simazine + glyphosate

simazine + oryzalin

S-metolachlor


soyal phospholipids + propionic acid

sulfometuron-methyl

sulfosulfuron

tepraloxydim

60

terbacil


terbuthylazine

terbutryn + MCPA

thiazopyr

thiobencarb

tralkoxydim

tri-allate

triasulfuron

triasulfuron + haloxyfop-P + amitrole

trifloxysulfuron

trifluralin


trinexapac-ethyl

Polygonaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + MCPA


2,4-D + picloram

2,4-DB


amitrole

amitrole + paraquat

asulam

atrazine

benfluralin

bentazone

bentazone + MCPA


bromacil

bromacil + diuron

bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA




carfentrazone-ethyl


chloridazon

chlorsulfuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

clomazone

clopyralid


cyanazine

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

dichlorprop

diflufenican

diquat + paraquat

diuron

ethofumesate

flumetsulam

flumioxazin

61

fluroxypyr


glyphosate




hexazinone



imazamox

imazamox + imazapyr

imazapic + imazapyr

imazapyr


imazethapyr


ioxynil

isoxaben


isoxaflutole

linuron

MCPA


MCPA + bromoxynil

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican

MCPA + florasulam


MCPA + picloram

MCPA + picolinafen

MCPA + terbutryn

MCPB


mecoprop + dicamba


methabenzthiazuron

metolachlor

metosulam

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

norflurazon

oryzalin


oxadiazon

oxyfluorfen

oxyfluorfen + clopyralid


paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

phenmedipham


pine oil

prometryn

propachlor

62

propazine

propyzamide


pyraflufen-ethyl




simazine

simazine + amitrole

simazine + oryzalin

S-metolachlor

sulfometuron-methyl

sulfosulfuron

terbacil

terbuthylazine

terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA

thiazopyr


tri-allate

triasulfuron

tribenuron-methyl




trifloxysulfuron

trifluralin


Pontederiaceae 2,4-D

amitrole

diquat

glyphosate

Portulacaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + MCPA

2,4-D + picloram

ametryn



atrazine

benfluralin

bromacil + diuron

bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA

chloridazon

chlorthal-dimethyl

clomazone

cyanazine

dicamba

dimethenamid

diquat + paraquat

diuron

diuron + hexazinone

DSMA

63

flumetsulam

fluometuron


fluroxypyr


glyphosate

imazapic


imazethapyr

ioxynil

isoxaben

linuron

MCPA + terbutryn

MCPB

methabenzthiazuron

metolachlor

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

MSMA

napropamide

norflurazon

oryzalin

oxyfluorfen


paraquat + diquat

pebulate

pendimethalin

phenmedipham

pine oil

prometryn

propachlor

propyzamide


simazine + oryzalin

S-metolachlor


terbacil

terbutryn + MCPA

tribenuron-methyl

trifluralin

Potamogetonaceae acrolein

dichlobenil

diquat

endothal

Primulaceae 2,4-D


chloridazon

chlorsulfuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

diquat + paraquat

DSMA + MCPA


64


ioxynil

isoxaben

linuron

MCPA

MCPA + dicamba

MCPA + diflufenican

MCPA + terbutryn

methabenzthiazuron

metribuzin

norflurazon

paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

pine oil

propachlor

terbutryn + MCPA

Proteaceae triclopyr



Ranunculaceae bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA

chlorthal-dimethyl

dicamba + MCPA

diflufenican

flumetsulam


hexazinone

MCPA + bromoxynil

MCPA + dicamba

Resedaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + MCPA

2,4-D + picloram

amitrole + paraquat

MCPA

metsulfuron-methyl

Rhamnaceae fluroxypyr

picloram

triclopyr



Rosaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + picloram

amitrole

atrazine

bentazone

glyphosate


hexazinone

imazapyr

metsulfuron-methyl


picloram

triclopyr

65




Rubiaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + ioxynil

2,4-D + picloram

ametryn + terbutryn


atrazine

bentazone

bromoxynil


bromoxynil + MCPA


butroxydim + clethodim + trifluralin

carfentrazone-ethyl


chlorthal-dimethyl


dicamba

dimethenamid

diquat + paraquat

diuron + hexazinone

ethofumesate

flumetsulam

fluroxypyr



imazamox

imazamox + imazapyr

imazapic + imazapyr

imazethapyr



MCPA


MCPA + florasulam


MCPA + terbutryn

metolachlor

metosulam


metribuzin

oxyfluorfen



paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

phenmedipham

pyraflufen-ethyl


S-metolachlor


terbutryn + MCPA

66


Rutaceae 2,4-D + picloram

fluroxypyr


hexazinone

picloram

tebuthiuron



Salicaceae glyphosate


metsulfuron-methyl

picloram

triclopyr



Salviniaceae Ca dodecylbenz. Sulphonate

diquat

Sapindaceae fluroxypyr


hexazinone

tebuthiuron

triclopyr


Scrophulariaceae 2,4-D

amitrole + paraquat

atrazine


carfentrazone-ethyl

chloridazon

chlorthal-dimethyl

diflufenican

dimethenamid

diquat + paraquat

imazapic + imazapyr

imazethapyr


MCPA + terbutryn

methabenzthiazuron

metribuzin

metsulfuron-methyl

oxyfluorfen

paraquat + diquat

pine oil

pyraflufen-ethyl

simazine

simazine + oryzalin

terbutryn + MCPA

tri-allate


trifluralin

Simaroubaceae 2,4-D + picloram


hexazinone

67

metsulfuron-methyl

triclopyr


Solanaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + ioxynil

2,4-D + MCPA

2,4-D + picloram

2,4-DB

aminopyralid + picloram

amitrole

atrazine

bentazone

bromacil

bromacil + diuron

bromoxynil

carfentrazone-ethyl

chloridazon

chlorsulfuron

chlorthal-dimethyl

clomazone

cyanazine

dicamba

dimethenamid

diquat + paraquat

diuron

ethofumesate

flumetsulam

flumioxazin

fluometuron


fluroxypyr


glyphosate



hexazinone

imazamox

imazapic

imazapyr


imazethapyr


ioxynil

isoxaben

isoxaflutole

linuron

MCPA + terbutryn

MCPB

metolachlor


metribuzin

norflurazon

oryzalin

oxyfluorfen

68



paraquat

paraquat + diquat

pebulate

pendimethalin

phenmedipham

picloram

pine oil

prometryn

propazine

propyzamide

rimsulfuron

simazine + oryzalin

S-metolachlor


tebuthiuron

terbuthylazine

terbutryn

terbutryn + MCPA

tribenuron-methyl

triclopyr



Tamaricaceae fluroxypyr + triclopyr

Tiliaceae 2,4-D

ametryn

ametryn + atrazine

atrazine

atrazine + ametryn

diquat + paraquat

imazethapyr

MCPA

MCPA + terbutryn

paraquat + diquat

terbutryn + MCPA

Tropaeolaceae glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl

Typhaceae 2,4-D

amitrole

glyphosate

Ulmaceae 2,4-D

fluroxypyr



Urticaceae 2,4-D

2,4-DB


carfentrazone-ethyl

chloridazon

chlorthal-dimethyl

cyanazine

dicamba + MCPA

diflufenican

diquat + paraquat

69

fluroxypyr

glyphosate

imazapyr


imazethapyr

linuron

MCPA

MCPA + dicamba

MCPB

methabenzthiazuron

metolachlor

metribuzin

oxyfluorfen

paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

phenmedipham

pine oil

prometryn

propachlor

propyzamide

simazine

simazine + oryzalin

S-metolachlor

Verbenaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + metsulfuron-methyl + glyphosate

2,4-D + picloram



bromacil

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

dichlorprop

fluroxypyr

glyphosate


hexazinone


imazapyr


MCPA + dicamba

metsulfuron-methyl

pendimethalin


tebuthiuron

triclopyr



Violaceae fluroxypyr

Zamiaceae 2,4-D + picloram

Zygophyllaceae 2,4-D

2,4-D + MCPA

2,4-D + picloram

ametryn

amitrole

70

atrazine

bromacil

chlorthal-dimethyl

dicamba

dicamba + MCPA

diquat + paraquat

flumetsulam

flumioxazin

fluometuron


fluroxypyr


glyphosate

imazamox

imazapic

imazapyr


isoxaben

MCPA

MCPA + dicamba

MCPB

metolachlor

metribuzin

MSMA

norflurazon

oryzalin

oxyfluorfen


paraquat + diquat

pendimethalin

prometryn


rimsulfuron

simazine + oryzalin

S-metolachlor


tri-allate

tribenuron-methyl

trifloxysulfuron

trifluralin

Herbicide Use Workshop for Managing Invasive Alien Plant · triclopyr) within the Asian-Pacific...

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Transcript of Herbicide Use Workshop for Managing Invasive Alien Plant · triclopyr) within the Asian-Pacific...