Herbert Hoover
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Transcript of Herbert Hoover
Herbert Herbert HooverHoover
The Dust BowlThe Dust Bowl From 1930 – 36, a From 1930 – 36, a
terrible drought, terrible drought, coupled with decades coupled with decades of damage to the of damage to the topsoil from plowing, topsoil from plowing, led to wind erosion led to wind erosion and huge dust cloudsand huge dust clouds
Thousands of farmers Thousands of farmers lost everything and lost everything and were forced to move were forced to move west and work as west and work as migrant farmersmigrant farmers
Dorothea LangeDorothea Lange 1895 – 19651895 – 1965 PhotojournalistPhotojournalist Lange's photographs Lange's photographs
humanized the tragic humanized the tragic consequences of the consequences of the Great Depression and Great Depression and profoundly influenced profoundly influenced the development of the development of documentary documentary photographyphotography
Lange’s PhotosLange’s Photos
John SteinbeckJohn Steinbeck 1902 – 19681902 – 1968 Author of Author of The Grapes The Grapes
of Wrathof Wrath, a Pulitzer , a Pulitzer Prize winning novel Prize winning novel about the tragedies about the tragedies which befell his which befell his fictional family of fictional family of Oklahoma farmers Oklahoma farmers during the Dust Bowlduring the Dust Bowl
Also wrote Also wrote Of Mice and Of Mice and MenMen, a story about the , a story about the tragic relationship tragic relationship between two poor between two poor migrant farmersmigrant farmers
Hoover’s Public Hoover’s Public ResponseResponse
After “Black After “Black Tuesday,” Hoover Tuesday,” Hoover worked hard to worked hard to assure Americans assure Americans that the economy that the economy would recover quicklywould recover quickly
Hoover stepped up a Hoover stepped up a propaganda propaganda campaign aimed at campaign aimed at boosting consumer boosting consumer confidenceconfidence
Hoover’s Private Hoover’s Private ResponseResponse
Hoover, however, Hoover, however, knew that the knew that the economy was economy was extremely unstableextremely unstable
He held multiple He held multiple meetings with meetings with business leaders business leaders trying to win trying to win pledges that pledges that factories would factories would remain open, but to remain open, but to no availno avail
National Credit National Credit CorporationCorporation
Hoover tried to ease Hoover tried to ease the nation’s credit the nation’s credit crisis with the creation crisis with the creation of the NCCof the NCC
The NCC held a pool of The NCC held a pool of private money that it private money that it could lend to banks so could lend to banks so that banks could that banks could continue to offer loans; continue to offer loans; the NCC, however, the NCC, however, never had enough cash never had enough cash to meet the demand to meet the demand and so was a failureand so was a failure
Reconstruction Finance Reconstruction Finance CorporationCorporation
When the NCC failed, When the NCC failed, Hoover resorted to Hoover resorted to government lendinggovernment lending
The RFC was created The RFC was created to make direct loans to make direct loans to banks & railroadsto banks & railroads
Even the RFC could Even the RFC could not meet the not meet the demands for loans, demands for loans, and the economy and the economy continued to failcontinued to fail
Emergency Relief & Construction Emergency Relief & Construction ActAct
In desperation, the In desperation, the government government approved $1.5 approved $1.5 billion in spending billion in spending on public works on public works projects and an projects and an additional $300 additional $300 million to provide million to provide “direct relief” – “direct relief” – money provided money provided directly to families directly to families in needin need
Hunger MarchesHunger Marches Crowds of the Crowds of the
unemployed and hungry unemployed and hungry began to hold large-began to hold large-scale demonstrations scale demonstrations across the USacross the US
The largest was The largest was organized by the organized by the American Communist American Communist Party in Washington DC; Party in Washington DC; protesters chanting protesters chanting “Feed the hungry, tax “Feed the hungry, tax the rich” were blocked the rich” were blocked from marching by the from marching by the policepolice
Farmers RevoltFarmers Revolt Meanwhile, desperate Meanwhile, desperate
farmers began to farmers began to destroy their crops and destroy their crops and produce in an effort to produce in an effort to increase pricesincrease prices
Some even resorted to Some even resorted to burning their crops for burning their crops for heat in their homeheat in their home
Anger continued to Anger continued to grow as more and more grow as more and more farmers had their land farmers had their land foreclosed on by banksforeclosed on by banks
Breadlines & Soup Breadlines & Soup KitchensKitchens
As unemployment As unemployment approached 30%, approached 30%, many people began many people began to rely heavily on to rely heavily on soup kitchens and soup kitchens and breadlines run by breadlines run by churches, charitable churches, charitable organizations, & organizations, & some city some city governments in governments in order to surviveorder to survive
HoovervillesHoovervilles In large cities, as In large cities, as
people could no longer people could no longer afford to pay rent, they afford to pay rent, they were forced into were forced into homelessnesshomelessness
Many began to live in Many began to live in homemade shacks that homemade shacks that they built in any open they built in any open space available – whole space available – whole villages of such shacks villages of such shacks began to appear, began to appear, mockingly referred to mockingly referred to as “Hoovervilles”as “Hoovervilles”
HobosHobos Hundreds of thousands Hundreds of thousands
of homeless, jobless of homeless, jobless men began to live a men began to live a nomadic lifestyle, nomadic lifestyle, moving from place to moving from place to place usually by illegally place usually by illegally hiding on freight trainshiding on freight trains
Often lived in temporary Often lived in temporary Hoovervilles called Hoovervilles called “hobo jungles” along the “hobo jungles” along the railroad tracksrailroad tracks
The Bonus ArmyThe Bonus Army In 1924, Congress In 1924, Congress
had promised to pay had promised to pay every WWI veteran a every WWI veteran a $1000 bonus in 1945$1000 bonus in 1945
May 1932 – over May 1932 – over 15,000 vets arrived 15,000 vets arrived in DC to lobby in DC to lobby Congress to move Congress to move the bonuses up – the bonuses up – Congress voted Congress voted against the ideaagainst the idea
Hoover Responds to the Bonus Hoover Responds to the Bonus ArmyArmy
After the vote, much of After the vote, much of the Bonus Army the Bonus Army remained in remained in Washington, living in Washington, living in Hoovervilles and Hoovervilles and vacant buildingsvacant buildings
Pres. Hoover ordered Pres. Hoover ordered them dispersed; after them dispersed; after the DC police failed, the DC police failed, Hoover sent in US Hoover sent in US Army, who used tear Army, who used tear gas and bayonets to gas and bayonets to clear the Bonus Army clear the Bonus Army outout
Election of 1932Election of 1932 Republicans nominated Republicans nominated
Hoover, while Hoover, while Democrats ran NY Gov. Democrats ran NY Gov. Franklin Delano Franklin Delano RooseveltRoosevelt
Hoover continued his Hoover continued his mantra that recovery mantra that recovery was just around the was just around the corner, while Roosevelt corner, while Roosevelt pledged himself to a pledged himself to a “new deal” for the “new deal” for the American peopleAmerican people
Roosevelt won easilyRoosevelt won easily
Franklin Delano Franklin Delano RooseveltRoosevelt
1882 – 19451882 – 1945 3232ndnd President (1933-45) President (1933-45) President throughout most President throughout most
of the Great Depression of the Great Depression and WWIIand WWII
Roosevelt had been Roosevelt had been paralyzed from the waist paralyzed from the waist down from polio since down from polio since 1921, making him our only 1921, making him our only physically disabled physically disabled president, however, he president, however, he carefully controlled his carefully controlled his public appearances so that public appearances so that the public wasn’t the public wasn’t constantly reminded of his constantly reminded of his disabilitydisability