Herb 1
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PharmacognosyPharmacognosy IIII
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Herbs
Lecture 1By
Dr. Rola Milad
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Herbs
Content:Introduction to herbs.
Herbs containing Volatile oil e.g. Mentha & Thyme.Herbs containing Alkaloids e.g. Lobelia, Hyoscyamus & Catharanthus.
Herbs containing Resin e.g. Cannabis.Thallophytes.
Miscellaneous herbs.
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Definition of Herb
In Botany: a plant with non-woody & non permanent stem, which dies after fruiting.
In Pharmacognosy: it is a drug formed of a tender part of the plant axis (stem) together with the leaves, flowers & fruits.
Examples:1. Upper part of the aerial shoot i.e. tops e.g. Cannabis.2. Whole aerial parts e.g. Lobelia.3. Whole undifferentiated plant body or thallus e.g. Carrageen &
Ergot.
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HerbHerbs are collected from:
1. Annual plants [live for one season & die after production of seeds].
2. Biennial plants [live for 2 seasons before production of seeds & then die].
3. Perennial plants [live for more than 2 years, surviving e.g. trees].
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Stem1. General characters.2. Shape.3. Kind.4. Branching.5. Surface.6. Fracture.7. Structure.8. Secondary thickening.
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1- General Character of Stem
Main axis.Main axis.
Bearing leaves & flowers.Bearing leaves & flowers.
Nodes & internodes.Nodes & internodes.
Aerial or subterranean.Aerial or subterranean.
Conducting water & minerals Conducting water & minerals to the leaves & the elaborated to the leaves & the elaborated food from the leaves to the food from the leaves to the root.root.
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2- Shape of Stem
1. Cylindrical.
2. Angular: with angles & sides; It may be:
A. Triangular.B. Quadrangular or
square.C. Pentagonal.
3. Ribbed: marked with alternate ridges & furrows e.g. Broom tops.
Cylindrical
stem
Ridged
stem
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2- Shape of Stem (cont’d.)
2. Winged: marked with wings e.g. Lobelia.
3. Flattened or Collapsed:either normally or by compression or due to shrinkage during drying e.g. Belladonna.
4. Tortuous: Twisted, usually by winding e.g. Convolvulus. Winged stem
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3- Kind of the Stem
1. Herbaceous:Soft, easily broken,usually green e.g. Mentha.
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3- Kind of the Stem (cont’d.)
2. Succulent:Thick, Fleshy due to stored water e.g. Euphorbia.
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3- Kind of the Stem (cont’d.)
3. Woody:In case of shrubs & trees with large amounts of secondary xylem e.g. Eucalyptus. It is usually covered with cork.
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3- Kind of the Stem (cont’d.)
4. Suffruiticose or shrubby stem: When lower parts are woody & herbaceous in the upper part e.g. Thyme.
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3- Kind of the Stem (cont’d.)
5. Culm:When having hollow internodes & enlarged nodes e.g. Maize.
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3- Kind of the Stem (cont’d.)
6. Creeping:With the main axis of plant lies along the ground. At each node, roots & aerial shoots are given.
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3- Kind of the Stem (cont’d.)
7. Runner:when it is a prostrate branch, where the end of the branch on coming in contact with the soil becomes rooted & turned upwards to give a new young shoot e.g. Strawberry.
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3- Kind of the Stem (cont’d.)
8. Climbing:When it attaches itself to a support by means of tendrils or hooks due to its low content of supporting elements e.g. Piper.
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3- Kind of the Stem (cont’d.)
9. Twining:Winding itself around a support e.g. Convolvulus.
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4- Branching of the Stem1. Axillary or lateral:
a) Monopodial or Racemose or IndefiniteBranching; in which the main axis continues to grow, giving off lateral branches that don’t exceed length.
b) Sympodial or Cymose or Definite Branching; inwhich main axis stops growing because apical bud is destroyed or developed into flower ortransformed into tendrils.
2. Dichotomous or Apical: in Thallophytes e.g. Chondrus.
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Dichotomusbranching
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5- Surface of the Stem
1. Smooth or glossy.2. Rough.3. Glabrous.4. Hairy.5. Spiny.6. Striated or wrinkled.
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6- Fracture of the Stem1. Short: when breaks quickly & straight across smooth fractured
surface.
2. Fibrous: when resist during breaking showing fibrous projections protruding from the broken surface.
3. Splintery: when breaking irregularly giving jagged projecting points in the broken surfaces.
4. Flexible: when readily bending & breaks only by twisting.
5. Horny: when it is hard to break.
6. Granular: when the broken surfaces show grain-like appearance.
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T.S. in T.S. in DicotDicot stemstemT.S. in Monocot stemT.S. in Monocot stem
7- Structure of the Stem
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7- Structure of Dicot Stem
1. An epidermis.2. A cortex.3. An endodermis. 4. A pericycle.5. Vascular bundle.6. Pith.
Stele
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7- Structure of the Stem (cont’d.)
1. Epidermis:Outermost layer.Polygonal, axially elongated cells.Shows stomata & trichomes.
2. Cortex:Narrow in Dicotyledons & absent in monocot.It exhibits 3 regions:
Outer region: usually formed of collenchyma or parenchyma.Middle region: parenchyma but may show sclerenchyma e.g. Broom tops.Inner region (endodermis): with no intercellular spaces. The cells may be cutinised or lignified (Casparian strip) e.g. Lobelia, or numerous starch (Starch sheath) e.g. Solanaceous herbs.
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7- Structure of the Stem (cont’d.)
3. The Stele:A. Pericycle:• Outer sheath of the vascular bundles.• vary in thickness from a single layer to
generally several layers.• It may be:
Parenchymatous.Isolated groups of fibres e.g. Solanum.Occasionally sclerenchyma e.g Cinnamon.
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7- Structure of the Stem (cont’d.)B. Vascular Bundle:
Collateral.Bicollateral.Concentric {vasocentric or amphivasal).
Remember: Phloem: sieve tubes + phloem parenchyma+ phloem fibres.Cambium: intra-fascicular or inter-fascicular.Xylem:
Lignified, formed either of 1ry xylem only or it may show a little amount of 2ry tissues. In stems, xylem is always endarch.Xylem consists of vessels of various types of thickening + wood fibres + wood parenchyma + tracheids.
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7- Structure of the Stem (cont’d.)
C- Pith:Parenchyma in the young stems.
contain starch, calcium oxalate crystals, mucilage or tannins, scattered isolated or grouped sclerenchymatous cells.
The pith may be solid or hollow.
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88-- Secondary Secondary
ThickeningThickening
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Herbs containing Volatile Oil
Mentha.Thyme.
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Thyme Mentha
Syn.:Herba Thymi; CommonThyme
Origin:Dried aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris & other Thymusspecies, Family Labiatae(Lamiaceae)
Syn.: Herba Menthae Piperitae;Peppermint.
Origin:Dried leaves & flowering topsof Mentha piperitaFamily Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
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Mentha
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Thyme
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Thyme Mentha
Stem: quadrangular, grayish-brown or purplish & hairy.
*suffruiticoseLeaves : opposite decussate,
*sessile or shortly petiolate.
Inflorescence: verticillaster.
Fruit: nutlet.
Morphology: Stem: quadrangular, green to dark purple, nearly glabrous; HerbaceousLeaves: opposite decussate, petiolate; ovate lanceolate, light or dark green with purplish tinge, acute apex; sharply serrate margin.
Inflorescence: verticillaster.
Fruit: nutlet.
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Thyme Mentha
Quadrangular or circular.Collenchyma is one continuous layer.Narrow pith & wide xylem.Hairy; As in Mentha
Non-glandular hair (Unicellularconical & bent hair)***.
Diacytic stomata.Odor: aromatic.Taste: aromatic, spicy.
Histology: Outline: quadrangular.Cortex: collenchyma in the
corners only.Narrow xylem & wide pith.Less hairy; Glandular hair: (Labiaceous & Capitate).Non- glandular hair: (multicellularuniserriate).*****Diacytic stomataOdor: aromaticTaste: aromatic followed by a cold sensation
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Mentha
Diacytic stomata
Labiaceous hair
Capitate hair
Non gl. Hair
Spherical Pollen grain
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Thyme
Diacytic stomata, covered with striated cuticle
Bent hair
Labiaceous hair
Spherical Pollen grain
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Thyme Mentha
1% volatile oil (containingphenolic compounds, mainly thymol & carvacrol).
TanninsFlavonoids*****.Saponin.
Active constituent:
Volatile oil (0.7 to 1.5%), which contains up to 78% of free menthol & up to 20% of menthol combined as esters.
6 to 12 % tannin (higher).Flavonoid.
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Thyme Mentha
1- Respiratory tract:****Expectorant (secretolytic, secretomotor, disinfectant & antispasmodic) in cases of whooping cough, bronchitis.Disinfectant in inhalations.
2-G.I.T:Carminative.Digestive.Antispasmodic (Flavonoids)Anthelmintic (vermifuge).Antimicrobial.
The oil should be administered in the form of enteric-coated capsules.
Uses & actions:G.I.T:-1
Spasmolytic.Carminative.Digestive.Anti-emetic.Promotion of liver & gall bladder function (choleretic & cholagogue).
2- Externally:Locally anesthetic***.Antiparasitic.Antipruritic.
3- Respiratory tract:Decongestant.
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Thyme Mentha
1. Cough syrups.2. Dental preparations as
Antiseptic.3. Anthelmentic.
Pharmaceutical preparation:1. Tooth paste.2. mouth washes & gargles.3. Soft gelatin capsules.4. Aromatherapy****.Aromatherapy is now a significant Complementary therapy involving the use of volatile oils to heal or improve well being
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Pharmaceutical Preparation
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Thyme Mentha
1. Positive microchemicaltests with Sudan lll.
2. Special chemical test:Thymol crystals + 1ml ofglacial acetic acid + fewdrops conc. H2SO4 + 1 drop ofHNO3 → a deep bluish greencolor is developed.
Chemical Tests:1. Positive microchemical tests
with Sudan lll.
2. Special chemical test:Menthol crystals + few dropsConc. H2SO4 + few drops Of vanillin / H2SO4 → orange-yellow color + H2O → violet color