Herausbildung „metropolitaner Knoten“ im europäischen Raum

The „20-40-50 Pentagon“ as the „Core region of Europe“

• Me tropolen bzw. Me tropolregione/Global Cities bzw. Global-City Regions we r de n von de n m eiste n Autor e n als Knotenpunkte der globalisierten Ökonomie, als w ir ts chaftliche Steuerungs- und Dienstleistungszentralen mit we ltwe iten V er f lechtungen de fin ier t

• Ökonomisch-politis ch Konnotat ione n über wie ge n („Ökonomisierung ges ellschaf t liche r Deutungs dis kur se , w enige r Religione n und Ide ologie n: zu minde stens in Europa und Nor dame r ik a),

• Wohls tand und wirts chaft lich-technische Le istungsfähigkeit steht im Mit telpunkt die se r Dis k ur se

• Die Knotenpunkte der globalis ierten Netzwerkökonomie werden geordnet und akzentuiert durch „zwei ökonomische Welten“ „Spaces of Places &. Spaces of Flows“. “World Cit ies are produced by relations of corporate network ing activities and connect ivity between cit ies based upon knowledge complexes and economic ref lexivity” (Beavers tock & Smith & Tay lor 2000:126).

World distribution of metropol i tan areas with populations greater than one mil lion

S ou rce : S co t t 2 00 1

CITED MAJO R CITIES Sour ce: www.l b o ro .ac .uk/ g awc/ rb / rb 5 .ht ml

1 Limi t e d t o t h e to p f iv e c it i e s i d e nt i f i ed i n t h e g l o ba l u rb a n hi e rarc h y e x c ep t for H al l (1 96 6 ) w h o fo c us e s on 7 cities 2 S pe c i f ic s t ud i e s i d e nt i fy in g In t e rna t i o na l Fi n a nc i a l Ce n t re s

Authors M ajor C ities Identif ied1

Bud d (1 995 )2 Tokyo , Lond on, Ne w York, Paris, FrankfurtCohen (198 1) Tokyo , Lond on, Osaka, Paris, Rhine-RuhrDrennan (199 5)2 Lo ndo n, New York, To kyoThe Eco nomist (1 99 2)2 Ne w York, Tokyo , Lond onThe Eco nomist (1 99 8)2 Lo ndo n, New York, To kyoFeag in and S mith (19 87 ) Ne w York, Lo ndon, To kyoFried mann (1 986 ) Lo ndo n, P aris, New Yo rk, Chicago, L os Ang elesFried mann (1 995 ) Lo ndo n, New York, To kyoFried mann and W olff (19 82) Tokyo , Los A ngeles, S an Francisco , Miam i, Ne w YorkGlickman (1 98 6) Ne w York, Tokyo , Lond on, ParisHall (19 66) Lo ndo n, P aris, Rand stand, Rhine-Ruhr, Moscow, New Yo rk,To kyoHe enan (1 977 ) Coral Gables (Miam i), Paris, Hono luluHyme r (1 972 ) Ne w York, Lo ndon, P aris, Bonn, TokyoKno x (199 5a-b ) Lo ndo n, New York, To kyo

Le e & S chm id t-Marwed e (1 993 )2 Lo ndo n, New York, To kyoLlewelyn-Davie s (19 96 ) Lo ndo n, P aris, New Yo rk, To kyoMartin (1 994 )2 Lo ndo n, New York, To kyo, Osaka, ChicagoMeyer (19 86 )2 Ne w York, Lo ndon, P aris, Zurich, TokyoMulle r (1 997 ) Lo ndo n, New York, To kyoO'Brien (1 99 2)2 Lo ndo n, Frankf urt, Paris, Ho ng Ko ng, Singapo reReed (1 981 )2 Lo ndo nReed (1 989 )2 Ne w York, Lo ndonSasse n (19 91) Ne w York, Lo ndon, To kyoSasse n (19 94a-b2) Ne w York, Lo ndon, To kyo, Paris, FrankfurtSho rt et a l. (1 99 6) Tokyo , Lond on, Ne w York, Paris, FrankfurtThrift (198 9) Ne w York, Lo ndon, To kyoW arf (198 9)2 Ne w York, Lo ndon, To kyo

Data producti on by states ac ross the wor l d i s continually creating mammoth amounts of new 'stat-i st i c s' for use by soc ial sc i entis ts i n reproduci ng thei r state-centric disc ipl i nes.In this way internati onal and devel opment studi es (usual l y us ing UN s tati st i cs provi ded by s tates ) b ecome attr ib uti onal compar i son of countries. Such common prac tice, however , i s not necessar il y the main challenge facing the GaWC proj ec t. „There i s a deeper i ssue of geographi cal i magi nati on in the modern world“. Tayl or (2001) www.l b or o .ac. uk/ gawc/ r b/ r b31.h tml The wor ld pol i ti cal map i s ins tantl y recogni sed by all the world's schooled population, no doubt a functi on of i ts ubi qui tous l ocati on on cl ass room wal l s. The lines on this map - state b oundari es - have b een desc r ib ed as appear i ng to be as 'natural' as the phys ical features of the worl d, the ( l argel y) natural coastlines, rivers and mountains (Jackson, 1990) . Tayl or (2001) www.l b or o .ac. uk/ gawc/ r b/ r b31.h tml Seei ng wor ld-space through such state-t i nted glasses creates a mosaic picture of the modern worl d, a space of places rather than a space of flows, to use Castells' (1996) popul ar termi nol ogy. Gi ven the ci rcums tances of contemporary gl ob al i sati on wi th r i s ing trans -s tate processes , the dominance of thi s mosai c map wi th i ts resul tant mosaic soc ial s ci ences i s hardly appropri ate for soc ial research i n the new mi l l ennium. Tayl o r (2001) www. lb o ro . ac. u k/ g awc/ r b /r b 31. html Hence the GaWC proj ect. (GAWC: G lob al i sation and Wor l d Ci t i es Study Group and Network ) „...conver ti ng their myr i ad rel ati ons into i ntel li gi bl e i mages of a new world-space. Displaying worl d c i t ies on uncompli cated maps represents onl y a fi r st s tage i n visual i zati on for a new metageography however . Vi sual izati on i s about much more than i mage c reation, data i s not j us t pass i vel y di spl ayed, it is depicted in such a way as to generate new knowl edge”. Tayl or (2001) www.l b or o .ac. uk/ gawc/ r b/ r b31.h tml => furthe r i n fo rma ti o n: www.lboro.ac.uk.gawc !!!

The wo rl d a cco rdi n g to G aWC : a wo rld with no b ound a ries

www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb31.ht ml Wor ld city form at ion in Europe:

www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb16.ht ml

Panregions: ma jor regional world cities www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb31.ht ml Cartogram I: world-city formation space showing ma jor states

www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb31.ht ml

Cartogram II : w orld-city space show ing cities

www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb31.ht ml Globa l service space I : the centric structure

www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb31.ht ml

Globa l service space I I : a lpha , beta and gamma cities

www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb31.ht ml The geography b ei ng cons tructed i s a network confi guration; the objects of concern are pr i me nodes i n the contemporary worl d economy, the c it i es . The basi c argument fol lows Sassen (1991) and Castells (1996) in the identification of a worl d c i ty network wi thi n a gl obal space of f l ows . Based upon the enabl i ng technol ogi es of combining computers with communications, wor l d c i ti es have taken the tradi t ional servi ce role of c it i es i nto a gl ob al scale of operati on to provide a ‘skel etal ’ struc ture for gl ob al i sati on. Source: www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb50.ht ml

“Wenn di e These von der Verschi ebung der Raumsemant ik vom Territorium zum Netzwer k i n der Gegenwa rt sti mmt (so wie es z.B. die GAWC Study-Group propagie r t in Anle hnung an Cas tells Theorie, eigene Anm.), wird die Aktualität der M etr opolen Di sk ur se pl a usi bel : Die Weltgesell schaf t und Wel twi rtscha ft besteht nicht mehr aus einem Mosaik von Na ti ona lstaa ten und Nat i onal ökonomi en, sondern aus einem multiplen Netzwerk , dessen Knoten di e g loba l ci t ies und M etropol regi onen sind. Als Sta ndorte supr anat i onal er Steuer ungs- , Kontr ol l - und Dienst l ei stungsfunk t ionen bi l den sie di e entscheidenden Knoten der globalen Ver kehrs- , Ha ndel s- und Infor ma ti onsstr öme. Ihr ökonomi scher Kern ist der sog. «Finanz -Dienst l ei stungs-Kompl ex»” Blotevogel (2001:160)

From spatial specialisation to spatial polarisation

Quelle : in An leh n un g an Kunzman n (19 98 :56 )

Frage: Welche Indikatoren zur Messung/Darstellung dieser

„Spaces of Places & Spaces of Flows“ können/sollten herangezogen werden???

Grundlegendes Problem:

„Castells/Sassens Theorem“ ist nur sehr schwer empirisch nachzuweisen! (ins. die „Flows“)

(sollen in Anlehnung an die GaWC nicht isoliert betrachtet werden)

Einige Be ispie le für die Be schr e ibung der „Place s“...

Rank City Corporations (1997) Banks (1996) Stock Markets (1996) Advertising Agencies (1997)1 Tokio 1 1 3 22 New York 2 6 2 13 London 6 4 1 34 Paris 3 2 5 55 Frankfurt 11 3 4 11

Source: Short & Kim, Globalisation and the City (1999:36)

World ci ty da ta : (So u rce www. l bo r o. ac. u k/g awc/ rb / rb 59. h tml )

a I nc ludes c i t ies ranked am ong t he t op f i f teen c i ties in any t wo or m ore cat egor ies . b Hundred larges t bank s' head of f ic es, 1995 c Major s t oc k ex c hanges in the wor ld , 1992 d Headquar t ers of t he wor ld' s larges t indus t r ia l c orporat ions , 1993 (see Table 4) . e Ai rpor t s hav ing world ’s h ighest int ernat ional pas s enger t raf f ic v olume, 1992. f Larges t populat ion centres, 1991 (U ni t ed N at ions Dem ographic Yearbook) . g C it ies whic h hav e hos t ed (1) or appl ied f or hos t ing (2) t he Sum mer Oly mpic Games since 1964 h C onc er t s o f t he R oll ing St ones Wor ld Tour , 1995. i Three c onc er t s in Wec ht er , Belg ium . j H os t C i t y , 2000

City Banksb Stocksc HQsd Air

TrafficePopulationf

Olympic Gamesg

Rolling Stonesh

Tokyo 1 2 1 6 1 1 1London 5 3 3 1 2New York 4 1 2 5 5 Paris 2 4 7 2 2 3Frankfurt 3 5 13 3 Amsterdam 12 9 7 2 Seoul 12 5 13 4 1 Brussels 7 17 2 3i

Munich 9 9 20 1 Zurich 14 7 9 Toronto 11 6 16 2 Osaka 6 6 6 Los Angeles 15 11 13 1 Mexico City 2 1 2Singapore 14 8 Beijing 8 1 Hong Kong 8 4 Madrid 12 18 2 Milan 10 11 Rome 13 10 12 Montreal 15 1 Buenos Aires 10 2

Moscow 11 1 Sydney 10 1j

RankEconomic Command Functions

Key financia l marke t statistics for London and Frankfurt (Source: I F SL 2001)

- Place s bilde n Hie r ar chien und Arbeitste ilunge n! - Hie r ar chical and r egional tende ncie s in world city service complexes (from Taylor and Walker , 2001)

Source: www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb25.html

Source: www. lboro. ac . uk / gawc/ rb/rb25. htm l Für di e Standor tkonzentrati on des Fi nanz-Dienstl ei s tungs -Kompl exes i n den Metropol en kommt den Face- to- face Kontakten eine entschei dende Bedeutung zu (Sassen 1995). Hochspez i al i si erte Di ens tlei ster wi e Spezi al anwäl te, Computer-Spezi al is ten, Wi rtschaftsprüfer , Fi nanzdi ens tl eis ter usw., di e i n dieser Breite und T iefe nur i n den Metropol en anzutreffen s i nd, ermöglichen wechselseitig und anderen Unternehmen und Organi satoren Zeitvor teil e für di e Verfügbarkeit von Informationen. Zwar können Unternehmensverwal tungen auch in ni chtmetropoli tanen Städten l okali s i er t sein, ab er Unternehmen auf hochgradi g wettb ewerb si ntensi ven und i nnovativen Märk ten nutzen di ese Urb ans i ati onsvor tei l e und tendi eren damit zur Konzentration i n Metropol en, wei l Informati onsvorsprünge für s ie ein strategischer Wettbewerbs fak tor si nd. B lo tevo gel (2001:160)

Zitat deutet auch die Dialektik von Terr itor ials ierung (i. S. von Verw urzelung) und Internationalis ierung von Produktionssystemen

(hier z . B. Finanz -Dienstleis tungs-Komplexe in Frankf urt und London) in so genannten „Global-Cit ies“ an!!!

(So urce: Hoy ler & P ain 20 01 )

e s fol g en ei n ig e z ur Be s ch rei bun g der Be i spi el e für Flo ws . . . European pattern of ICT connections

Arrows: world city linkages to London (office links)

MATRIX OF OFFICE PRESENCE LINKAGE INDICES FOR ALPHA WORLD CITIES

Beav ers toc k & Sm i th & Tay lor (2000): w ww .lboro. ac. uk/ gaw c /rb/ rb11. ht ml

LINKAGE FROM:

CH FF HK LN LA ML NY PA SG TKChicago -- 89 89 100 91 79 100 89 83 100Frankfurt 67 -- 93 100 72 87 100 95 94 95Hong Kong 60 82 -- 100 80 80 100 85 92 90London 59 77 87 -- 78 78 98 83 83 86Los Angeles 67 73 89 100 -- 70 97 84 81 89Milan 59 88 93 100 67 -- 100 88 91 93New York 59 77 87 98 77 77 -- 79 83 85Paris 64 85 90 100 80 81 97 -- 90 90Singapore 60 87 98 100 78 83 100 92 -- 95Tokyo 64 84 93 100 83 81 100 87 88 --

LINKAGE TO:

Indices of internationa l a ir traffic (Source www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb59.html)

Globa l network connectivity for leading UK and German cities* (Scores are propor tions on the highes t netw ork connectivity - that of London) U K G ERMA NY Ran k Cit y Sco re Ran k Cit y Sco re 1 L on d on 1 .00 1 3 Fran k fu r t 0 .58 1 01 Man ches t er 0 .23 4 8 H amb urg 0 .40 1 06 Birmi ng h am 0 .22 4 9 Mün chen 0 .40 1 35 Bri s t ol 0 .18 5 0 D üs s el d o rf 0 .39 1 37 L eed s 0 .18 5 1 Ber l i n 0 .3 7 1 38 G las go w 0 .18 7 4 S tuttgart 0 .27 1 45 E di n bu rg h 0 .17 9 2 K öl n 0 .25 1 87 Bel fast 0 .14 1 58 D res den 0 .16 1 91 N ot t i ng h am 0 .13 1 62 L ei p z ig 0 .16 2 07 N ew cas t l e 0 .12 2 12 H an n ov er 0 .11 * For de t a il s on t he calculation of global network connectivity, see Taylor et al. (2001a) and Taylor and Catalano ( t hi s vo l u me) . (Source: Beav ers t ock et a l . 2001) ( ...) for Fr i edmann (1978, 329) power i s treated as a ‘s tock of resources’ to be used i ns trumentall y as ‘power over ’ others . This i s what Al l en (1997, 60) calls ‘power as a capac i ty - a "centred" conception’ whi ch he sees as domi nati ng the wor ld ci t i es l i terature i n whi ch c it i es are centres of control and command (p. 61) . All en (1997) notes that Sassen’s (1991) concepti on of the ‘global city’ recognises the l i mi tati ons of thi s b as i c capaci ty concepti on (Al len, 1997, 70) but finds little evidence for an alternative concepti on of power i n her work. However Sassen (1994) does treat gl ob al c i ti es as ‘s trategic pl aces ’ which i mpl i es more than simply ‘power over’. It seems to us that thi s i s very cl ose to what All en cal l s ‘power as a medi um - a "networked" concepti on’. Sou r ce: www. l bo r o. ac. u k/ g awc/r b / rb 56. h tml Sassen (2000, 48-9) desc ri b es a new ‘geography of pol i t ic s ’ i nvol vi ng ‘s trategi c places … bound to each other b y the dynami cs of economi c globalization’. There is emergi ng ‘a transnational urb an sys tem’ with inter-city relations that transcend simple competit i on (p. 51) . The essence of this i s ‘power to’ rather than ‘power over ’, speci f i cal l y the power to service gl obal capital. This global centering of power in cities i s l ess hi erarchi cal i n nature and more networked. In a network, power i s much more di ffuse as every node has a particular niche that is par t of the reproduc tion of the whol e. In other words compl ementary rel ations are more i mportant than competi t ive ones (Powel l, 1990). Thi s means that every city, as a node in an urb an network, embodies an i nci pi ent power of posi t i on. Sou r ce: www.l b or o .ac. uk/ gawc/ r b/ r b56.h tml Because Sassen (1995) focuses on ‘central i ty’, Al l en (1999) i denti f ies Castell s (1996) , wi th his concept of a ‘space of f lows’, as better desc r i bi ng network power among wor ld ci t i es . For Cas tel l s wor l d c i ti es are not s i mply pl aces , they are processes , hub s through whi ch f lows are ar t i cul ated with power residing in the flows themselves. Thus Al len (1999, 202-3) sets up an oppos i ti on of ‘city networks’ versus ‘networks of c it i es’, that i s to say whether the ci t i es ‘run’ the networks (Sassen) or the networks ‘generate’ the c i t ies (Cas tel l s) . Sou r ce: www. l bo r o. ac. u k/ g awc/r b / rb 56. h tml

The most connected interna tiona l financia l centres www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb56.ht ml Globa l command centres www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc / rb/ rb56.ht ml