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![Page 1: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1 Presenter: © 2010 Singapore Land Authority ©SLA 2015
Dr Victor Khoo
Land Survey Division
Height Datum &
Height Determination
using GNSS in Singapore
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Singapore
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3 Presenter: © 2010 Singapore Land Authority
![Page 4: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Singapore Land Authority (SLA)
• SLA is a statutory board formed by an Act of
Parliament in Jun 2001.
• Merger of 4 former land departments
Land Office Singapore Land
Registry (SLR)
Land Survey
Department
(SVY)
Land Systems
Support Unit
Singapore Land
Authority
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
SLA’s Vision
• Limited Land Unlimited Space
• highlights the nation's constraints and SLA's commitment in addressing them
• SLA’s role
• ensure the best use of State land and buildings,
• provide an effective and reliable land management system, including the issuance and guarantee of land titles and geo-spatial demarcation of land, and
• enable the full use of land information for better land management and creation of new business opportunities.
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
New Maps are 3D
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
What drives 3D mapping?
• Expectation and Demand
• “Explore the world without leaving your living room with our unique 3D maps. All you need is a web browser”
• 3D applications are becoming increasingly important
• Convergence of hardware, software and data model to support 3D
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
• The trend of moving from 2D mapping through
to 3D and on to 4D visualisations is
technology-driven and will accelerate.
• Users will expect much more complex and
realistic models, to enable effective planning
and management and to optimise resources.
UNGGIM - Trends in Technology and the future
direction of data creation, maintenance and
management (2013)
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
FIG - Beyond Cadastre 2014
• Multipurpose Cadastre
• Describe 6 characteristics of future cadastres
1. Survey-Accurate Cadastres
2. Object-Oriented Cadastres
3. 3D/4D Cadastres
4. Real-Time Cadastres
5. Global Cadastres
6. Organic Cadastres
Rohan BENNETT, Abbas RAJABIFARD, Mohsen KALANTARI, Jude WALLACE and Ian WILLIAMSON, Australia
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
ICSM (Australia & New Zealand) –
Cadastre 2034
• Vision for Cadastre 2034 - “A cadastral system
that enables people to readily and confidently
identify the location and extent of all rights,
restrictions and responsibilities related to land and
real property.”
• A digital representation of the cadastre that is 3-
dimensional, dynamic and survey accurate
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Climate Change and Height Datum
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 12
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Other uses that
involve fewer
people, such as
cable tunnels,
oil storage
caverns and
reservoirs,
from 30m to
130m deep.
Utilities such as water and gas
pipes, from near the surface to
about 20m deep
Train stations
and tunnels,
offices, malls,
carparks,
laboratories
and other
facilities
intended for
people at 15m
to 40m deep
13
Common Services Tunnel
This tunnel system houses power
cables,
Pipes and other infrastructure for the
Marina Bay area
SAF Underground Ammunition
Facility
It is located in Mandai at an
unknown depth, under disused
quarry, and is for
ammunition storage
Jurong Rock Caverm
It is being built 130m below Banyan
Basin on Jurong Island to store
crude oil and other petroleum
products
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Underground Science City
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Building “Spaces” in Singapore?
15
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Building Industrial “Space” over
Expressway in Singapore
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Smart Nation needs
3D Geospatial
Information, as key
information to support
its development and
operation
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Concept of Ownership
• 2D Cadastre - one
owned everything from
the centre of the earth
to the heaven
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Extent of Underground Ownership
• Early this year - Amendments to the State Lands Act and the Land Acquisition Act are passed to facilitate the Government’s long-term planning for the use and development of underground space in the future
• The amendments to the State Lands Act clarified that surface landowners own the underground space up to 30 metres under the Singapore Height Datum, unless otherwise specified in the State title.
• The amendments will not affect how landowners currently use and develop underground space, and landowners will continue to own all the space they need.
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Survey Department Datum (now
known as Singapore Height Datum)
• Based on the MSL determined at tide gauge
located at the Victoria Dock (1935 – 1937)
Keppel East Wharf
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Tide Gauge at Victoria Dock
• Tidal observation between 1935 to 1937 to
determine the mean sea level at Victoria Dock
• Standard BM No. 1 was established in 1958
• Tide Gauge was demolished in 1982
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
What is HWM?
• Also known as Mean High Water (MHW)
• HWM-average of all high waters observed over a
sufficiently long period
• Common Law boundary for titling purpose
• HWM was determined to be 8’3” (2.515 m) above
ACD at Victoria Dock
• Admiralty Chart Datum was established in 1882
and the value was adjusted in 1937
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Datum Relationships
earth surface
2.515 m
(8’3”)
False Datum (used by PWD)
Admiralty Chart Datum
LAND
High Water Mark (HWM)
Low Water Mark (LWM)
FORESHORES SEABED
0.960 m
1.555 m
0.889m
Singapore Height Datum = 0.000m
PLBM
100.000m
Victoria Dock, Tide Gauge
X.XXX m
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Realisation of Datum
- Precise Levelling Network
PLBM
PLBM
PLBM
PLBM
PLBM
4.1
23
m
5.1
30
m
4.1
29
m 3.8
23
m
3.1
55
m
Singapore Height Datum= 0.000m
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Precise Levelling Network
• Mapping Unit and Survey Department are the
main agencies responsible for the infrastructure
• Since 1937, there were 8 levelling campaigns to
densify and upgrade the infrastructure
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
1994 Singapore Precise Levelling
Network
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
2009 Singapore Precise Levelling
Network
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Standard BM 6 – used as the
level datum
In existence since 1983
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Oldest Bench Mark
In existence since 1882
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
What is New in VCP?
• Standardise ID – PLBM, BM, B., MU etc (cross-
search)
• Introduction of Fundamental BM (FBM)
• New datasheet
• New location plan and site plan (sketches)
• RTK coordinates
• Photograph of site
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Standardisation
• Marker ID – 80XXX
• Identification plate
• Type of benchmark
• Type of witness marks
• Location plans – latest base on SLA street map
• Site plans (sketches) – CAD drawing
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Presenter: Presenter: © 2010 Singapore Land Authority
Fundamental Bench Marks
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Datasheet (old & new)
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Transferring of Height Datum to
Offshore Islands
• Why transfer height datum to offshore islands
• Vast development in islands (i.e. Jurong, Semakau)
• Existing marks are lost
• Last survey was in 1969
• Need to have national standard in height measurement
• Hook Gage (Modified) method
• Aim to complete the survey by the end of 2010
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
FBM on Islands
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Hook Gage (Modified)
Adopted from Mr. Tan Choo Haw
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Hook Gage - Equipment
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Observation
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Progress Updates
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
SiReNT in Singapore
• SiReNT is our National Differential GPS infrastructure that provides
• consistent mapping and positioning coordinate system
• fast, reliable and high accuracy positioning
• Started as a research project with NTU since 1999
• SiReNT was in operation since in 2006
• Primary objective is to support our national cadastral survey system
Singapore Satellite Positioning Reference Network
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
From 2015
New Locations of Reference Stations
8 GNSS reference stations
1 Integrity monitoring reference station
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
SSMK-Semakau SNSC-National Sailing Center
SLYG - Loyang SNPT – Nanyang Poly
SRPT – Republic Poly SNUS - NUS SNYU NTU
SSTS – Sultan Shoal
8 GNSS CORS
@SLA 2015
8 GNSS Reference Stations
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Battery
Charger
Router
Temperature Monitor
Power Cable
Antenna Cable
Fan Outlet
Fan
Terminal Server
Choke Ring
Antenna
Previous
generation GPS
reference
station
New
generation
GNSS
reference
station
Compact and efficient setup.
@SLA 2015
GNSS Reference Station Setup
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
• Enhanced satellite availability
• Enhanced positioning efficiency
Benefits of New SiReNT in Urban
Environment
Beidou
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Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Development of SGEOID09
• Height is determined base on Survey Department Levelling Datum
• To used height data from GPS meaningfully in Singapore, a converter is required
• Countries e.g. UK, Australia, NZ, Malaysia have such conversion tools/models easily available
• SGeoid09 to convert GPS height (based on ellipsoid) to the height above national height datum
![Page 49: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
What is Geoid?
• Geoid is that equipotential surface of the Earth
gravity field that most closely approximates the
mean sea surface
![Page 50: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Computation of Geoid Model
• Computation based on geometric method, precise levelling and GPS height measurements
• Stepwise Multiple Regression using the method of forward selection was used to compute the polynomial equation for the geometric geoid
• Over 450 points were used in computation
• The model is verified using independent points
![Page 51: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Concept
earth surface
Survey Department’s Datum
( Mean Sea Level or Geoid)
ellipsoid
ellipsoidal height (h)
Reduced Level / Orthometric height (H)
Converter / Geoidal Model (N)
H = h - N
GPS
GPS
Satellite 1
GPS
Satellite 2
GPS
Satellite 3
GPS
Satellite 4
![Page 52: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
What was done
• In 2004, we started work to create our own
“converter” (Geoid Model)
• Scope of work involves
• Intensive field work of precise levelling and DGPS
heighting
• Data processing to validate field results
• Creation of Geoid model by consultant
• Field verification of Geoid model (converter)
![Page 53: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Converter / Geoid Model
N = 8.94184 + 2.08529*E - 0.16502*N -
0.661429*E2 - 0.139884*N2 +
0.232462*E6*N
405.43462
123.4813EastingE
684.24037
)573.25542Northing(N
Where,
![Page 54: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
“Geoid Model” or Converter (N)
![Page 55: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Benefits of SGeoid09
• Realisation of a full 3D GPS Infrastructure
through SiReNT and SGeoid09
• Standardisation of height in Singapore
• Faster acquisition of height data for lower
accuracy mapping activities
![Page 56: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Distribution of the differences
between the surveyed and the
geoid-derived reduced level • Total test marks = 456
• Differences between the
surveyed and geoid-derived
reduced levels confined
within
• 82% - ±0.030 m
• 95% - ±0.040 m
• 99% - ±0.050 m
![Page 57: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Online conversion on SiReNT
website • Allows users to enter existing GPS coordinates, one point at a
time, to obtain a converted height in our datum
![Page 58: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Incorporated in end-user products
• End-user equipment and software e.g.
• Capturing real-time height data in GPS equipment
• Post-processing of GPS results in GPS software
• Using GIS software to display heights from
SGeoid09
![Page 59: Height Datum & Height Determination using GNSS in …fig.net/resources/proceedings/2015/2015_07_vrfp_comm5/5A_Khoo... · Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015 Singapore Land Authority](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022601/5b5010217f8b9a346e8da7e1/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Presenter: Derick Tan ©SLA 2015
Thank You