HEATING ANDCOOLINGfacts and fi guresThe transformation towards alow-carbon Heating & Cooling sectorLAST UPDATE: JUNE 2017

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Heatingand cooling

50%Non-H/C

50%

Space cooling

1%

Spaceheating27%

Hot water

4%Other heating

1%Process cooling

1%

Processheating16%

Figure 2:H&C fi nal energy by end-use in 2015 (EU28)

Figure 1:Total fi nal energy in 2015 (EU28)

Figure 3: Country comparison of end-use (EU28, 2015)

Space cooling Hot water

Space heating Other heating

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Aust

ria

Belg

ium

Bulg

aria

Croa

tia

Cypr

us

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Den

mar

k

Esto

nia

Finl

and

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Gre

ece

Hun

gary

Irel

and

Italy

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Mal

ta

Net

herl

ands

Pola

nd

Port

ugal

Rom

ania

Slov

akia

Slov

enia

Spai

n

Swed

en

Uni

ted 

King

dom

Process cooling

Process heating

HEATING & COOLING: 50% OF EU28 TOTAL FINAL ENERGY DEMAND

Europe consumes half of its energy for heating and cooling purposes.

Most of this thermal energy is used in buildings and industry.

Though space heating and process heating are very important in all countries, these two segments require very diff erent policy approaches.

While the share of cooling is signifi cantly lower at EU level, it remains very important in certain southern countries.

Figure 5: Sectors: fi nal energy demand overview (EU28, 2015)

Oil12%

Gas42%

Heat pumps (electricity)

1%

Electricity

12%

Solar thermal

1%

Others (fossil)

4%

Biomass11%

District heating

9%

Coal

8%

Industry Residential Services

Fina

l ene

rgy

dem

and

[TW

h]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Space heating

Space cooling

Process heating

Process cooling

Hot water

Other heating

Space cooling

Other heating

Hot water

Process heating

Process cooling

Space heating ww

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Most of the thermal energy is produced from fossil fuels (66%) and only 13% comes from renewable energies. Electricity and district heat together supply 21% of heat, which may or may not be renewable, depending on local circumstances.

Heating and cooling effi ciency and decarbonisation in buildings and industry hold the key to Europe’s energy transition towards a sustainable low carbon future.

Figure 4: H&C fi nal energy by energy carrier in 2015 (EU28)

Fina

l ene

rgy

dem

and

[TW

h]

Proc

ess

heat

ing

<100

°C

Proc

ess

heat

ing

100-

200

°C

Proc

ess

heat

ing

200-

500

°C

Proc

ess

heat

ing

>500

°C

Spac

e he

atin

g

Spac

e co

olin

g

Proc

ess

cool

ing

<-30

°C

Proc

ess

cool

ing-

30-0

°C

Proc

ess

cool

ing

0-15

°C

Other (Fossil)

Gas

Electricity

District heating

Coal

Biomass

Solar thermal

Oil

Other (RES)

Process heating (200-500°C)

9%

Space heating14%

Processheating (>500°C)

42%

Space cooling1%

Process cooling (0-15°C)2%

Processheating

100-200°C21%

Process cooling (-30-0°C)1%

Process cooling (<-30°C)1%

Process heating (<100°C)9%

0100200300400500600700800900

1000Solar thermal

Others (RES)

Others (fossil)

Oil

Gas

Electricity

District heating

Coal

Biomass

ZOOM INTOINDUSTRIAL SECTOR

Within industry, process heating is most relevant, as well as most challenging to decarbonise!

Figure 7: Industry end-use and energy carrier (EU28, 2015)

Coal tends to be utilised for high-temperature process heating, while biomass is most used for steam, and district heating for low temperature processes.

Figure 6: Industry fi nal energy demand end-use (EU28, 2015)

Space cooling

Hot water

Process heating

Space heating

Process cooling

Who

lesa

le a

nd r

etai

l tra

de

Hot

els,

caf

es a

nd r

esta

uran

ts

Traffi

c a

nd d

ata

tran

smis

sion

Fina

nce

Hea

lth

Educ

atio

n

Publ

ic o

ffi ce

s

Oth

er s

ervi

ces

Fina

l ene

rgy

dem

and

[TW

h]

Other heating

Space cooling

Hot water SFH

Space heating

SFH

Hot water MFH

Space heating

MFH

Fina

l ene

rgy

[TW

h]

Gas

Heat pumps (electricity)

Electricity

Oil

District heating

Biomass

Coal

Solar thermal

0

50

100

150

200

250

300Process heating

Process cooling

Space cooling

Space heating

Hot water

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600Solar thermal

Oil

Heat pumps

Gas

Electricity

District heating

Coal

Biomass

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Single family houses use twice as much energy for space heating as multi-family houses.

Figure 9: Residential sector by single/multi family house in 2015 (EU28)

Within the services sector, the wholesale and retail sub-sector has the highest energy demand.

Figure 8:Services sector by sub-sector in 2015 (EU28)

Italy

Spai

n

Gre

ece

Fran

ce

Port

ugal

Cypr

us

Ger

man

y

Uni

ted 

King

dom

Rom

ania

Bulg

aria

Mal

ta

Pola

nd

Net

herl

ands

Belg

ium

Aust

ria

Hun

gary

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Slov

akia

Croa

tia

Finl

and

Swed

en

Slov

enia

Den

mar

k

Luxe

mbo

urg

Lith

uani

a

Irel

and

Latv

ia

Esto

nia

TWh/

year

Space cooling

Services sector

Process cooling

Residential sector

Perc

enta

l sha

re %

Italy

Spai

n

Rom

ania

Fran

ce

Belg

ium

Uni

ted 

King

dom

Swed

en

Hun

gary

Pola

nd

Finl

and

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Net

herl

ands

Aust

ria

Ger

man

y

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

ZOOM INTOCOOLING SECTOR

Energy use for space cooling is dominated by southern countries, mainly Italy and Spain.

Figure 10: Electricity consumption for cooling by country

Figure 11: Share of cooled fl oor area by sector

The share of total fl oor area cooled varies heavily by country, with southern countries reaching higher shares.

Services sector buildings have higher shares of cooled areas, while residential buildings, particularly in northern European countries, have negligible shares of cooled areas.

However, substantial growth rates are expected that will potentially increase space cooling demand and related electricity consumption.

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Heating & cooling in buildings and industry account for about

Natural gas remains the dominant fuel, while

and

OF TOTAL FINAL ENERGY DEMAND50%

in the EU28

ONLY

of heating and coolingCOMES FROM RENEWABLES

13%District heating can utilise very large amounts of

For the EU28, COOLING accounts for ABOUT 3%of the total ENERGY DEMAND for heating and

cooling, but this share is EXPECTED TO RISE!

EXCESS HEAT

HEAT FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES

There is aMASSIVE UNTAPPED

POTENTIALof excess heat from

industrial and commercial activities, whichCOULD MEET

MOST OF EUROPE’S BUILDINGS HEAT

DEMANDand bring immense

effi ciency gains

Heat Roadmap Europe 4 (HRE4) aims to develop low-carbon heating and cooling strategies, called Heat Roadmaps, by quantifying and implementing changes at the national level for 14 EU Member States.

This publication is based on the results from the work package 3 (which focused on profi ling the heat demand in Europe), provided by the following HRE4 project partners:

Other HRE4 project partners:

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 695989

For more details on the profi le of heating and cooling demand in 2015, please refer to the D3.1 report that will soon be published on the HRE4 website.

Additionally check the 4th Pan-European Thermal Atlas (Peta4) at http://heatroadmap.eu/Peta4.php

The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily refl ect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research

Coordinator: Aalborg University,Sustainable Energy Planning Research Group

Joint Research Centre,Institute for Energy and Transport

Halmstad University, School of Business, Engineering and Science

Europa-Universität Flensburg, Department of Energy and Environmental Management

PlanEnergi, sustainable energy consulting

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture

ICLEI, Local Governments for Sustainability

EHPA, European Heat Pump Association

BPIE, Buildings Performance Institute Europe

Euroheat & Power, International network for district energy

Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development

TEP Energy, research and consultancy

ARMINES, Centre for Energy Effi ciency of Systems