1. PATEL MU.SARFRAZ – 0232. PATEL RAJAN - 024

SIGMA GROUP OF INSTITUTEKNOWLEDGE IS POWER

☼ A HEAT WAVE IS A PERIOD OF HIGH TEMPRATURES, MORE THEN THE NORMAL MAXIMUM TEMPRATURE THAT OCCURS DURING THE SUMMER SEASON IN THE NORTH–WESTERN PART OF INDIA. ☼ HEAT WAVE TYPICALLY OCCUR BETWEEN MARCH AND JUNE.

I.M.D.- INDIAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

THE I.M.D. HAS GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA FOR HEAT WAVES.→ HEAT WAVE NEED NOT BE CONSIDERED TILL MAXIMUM TEMPRATURE OF A STATION REACHES ATLEAST 40 *C FOR PLAINS AND 30 *C FOR HILLY AREA .

• HEAT CRAMPS : SWELLING AND FAINATING GENARALLY ACCOMPANIED BY FEVER BELOW 39 *C (102 *F).• HEAT EXHAUSTION : FATIGUE, WEAKNESS, DIZZINESS, HEADACHE, VOMITING AND SWEATING.• HEAT STOKE : BODY TEMPRATURES OF 40*C (104*F) OR MORE ALONG WITH DELIRIUM AND COMA.

Body becomes unable to regulate itself & sweating mechanism fails; core body temperature rises

IMMEDIATE attention required... body temperature can rise to >106° in 10-15 min.

Symptoms: Very high body temperature Red, hot skin Rapid strong pulse Throbbing headache Confusion– altered mental state Dizziness, nausea, vomiting Unconsciousness

Called the “silent disaster” Develop slowly Kill 175 people nationwide in

average year... more than tornadoes, hurricanes, lightning, or flooding (& injure many more)

7,421 deaths from 1979 to 1998; 2,590 deaths from 1986 to 2003

Temperature over 98 *F for four days in a row High of 106 *F on 7/13 Heat indices well over 110 *F.

Over 700 deaths from heatstroke and

heat-related illness Exacerbated by urban

heat island effects

Children

Outdoor workers (construction, roofers, migrant workers) Military

Elderly

(especially

urban)

• AVOID GOING OUT IN THE SUN, BETWEEN 12:00 NOON TO 3:00 PM.

• DO NOT LEAVE CHILDREN OR PETS IN PARKED VEHICALES.

• WHILE TRAVELLING CARRY WATER WITH YOU.

• AVOID ALCOHOL, TEA, COFFEE, AND CARBONETED SOFT DRINK, WHICH DEHYDRATES THE BODY.

DO’S & DONT’S IN CASE OF HEAT WAVE

• WATER BOTTLE• UMBRELLA / HAT OR CAP• HAND TOWEL• HAND FAN• GLUCOSE

DEATH DUE TO HEAT WAVES IN INDIA

Preparation Facility Planning

Power, Medical Gases, Water, Etc. Flood zone Material Resources

Communication Redundancy Contingency plans Incident Command!

Workforce issues Adequate staff

Hospital Planning Incident Command Education/Training

Special Needs Behavior Health

Patient & Employee

Hospital Security Facility support Protective measures

Patient Safety Mutual Aid

Public and private partners

Medivac

Thank you for your time and attention!

A forest fire is a natural disaster consisting of a fire which destroys a forested area, and can be a great danger to people who live in forests as well as wildlife. Forest fires are generally started by lightning, but also by human negligence or arson, and can burn thousands of square kilometers.

GROUND FIRE

Burns the humus layer of the forest floor but doesn’t burn above the

surface

SURFACE FIRES

Burn the forest undergrowth and the surface layer

CROWN FIRES

Advance through the tops of the trees

or shrubs

These layers are shown on the next slide…………..

Causes

•NATURAL EVENTS: lightening strikes, drought, anticyclones

•HUMAN ACTIONS: Camp fires, Arson, BBQs, smoking, negligence, fireworks

•PRESCRIBED FIRE: This is used to relive the possible hazard of further fires and causes less damage

90% of forest fires are human caused.

forest fire

•Loss of land, such as the local forest gardens

•Loss of materials like rubber trees, crops and forest resources.

•Health problems like respiratory difficulty due to the actual fire, and malnutrition due to lost crops.

•Damage to the infrastructure, such as the poorly laid roads, which were un-usable after the fire.

+ EFFECTS•Local governing bodies have stopped the illegal operations of the PALM OIL COMPANY and illegal loggers. This means a reduced chance of the issue re-occurring.

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC

•4 Dead•530 homes in flames•Thredbo ski resort evacuated•Cooma and Jindbyne- 1000 evacuated

•260,000 hectares of Victoria National park burnt down

•Small businesses in Sydney suburbs destroyed•Built new homes

Back burning Also there was light rain which helped

to put the fire out

After 2000 forest fire USA planned following precautions:

1. Continue to make fire fighting resources available

2. Restore landscapes and rebuild communities that have been economically damaged

3. Work with communities and invest n fire reduction projects

4. Be accountable

How to put out a fire:

Heat must be COOLED

Oxygen must be SMOTHERED

Fuel must be REMOVED

•More fire fighter sin at risk areas

•Media campaigns in dry months against negligence

•Education in Schools

•Steep punishment for starting fire

•Back burning in controlled conditions so cannot spread

•Fire beaks e.g. stream or road which fire cannot engulf

•Sprinklers on helicopters

Can be predicted and there are many ways of preventing them

Education of people living near danger zones

Creates comfort and safety although not always the case as with All hazards

Wind is a major factor. Some fires spread along the dead leaves and branches at the bottom of trees.

Also, burning leaves and branches can get blown ahead of the main fire causing smaller fires to start.

Planes and helicopters drop water and chemical fire retardant. Fire-fighters create a control line – an area where they remove all the fuel so that the fire can’t travel across it. This can be a barrier like a river or road. They then cut down dead trees to stop them falling across the fire line. Drip torches are used to burn the plants between the control line and the fire to remove the fuel.