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Transcript of Heat Transfer Project Complete)
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HEAT TRANSFER PROJECT
AUTOMOBILE TYREGROUP IV
HTET PHYO WAI 10574AUNG MYINT OO 10576
AUNG NYEIN HAN 10577ABDUL MUZAKIR MUSTAFFA 10586ABDUL RAHMAN MOHD ZAFRULLAH 10588
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Introduction
History
Development
Material Processing
Specification
Characteristics Maintenances
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HISTORY
Early time of tyre.
Iron and wood
How iron took part
The people who noticed the used of rubber.
Explorers from Europe
Scotsman
Charles Goodyear
John Dunlop
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DEVELOPMENT of TYRE & RUBBER
Timeline 1 (Tyre)
Timeline 2(Tyre)
Timeline (Rubber)
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DEVELOPMENT
Materials Part in Tyre Material
Rubber (Binder)
Natural Latex Synthetic (Oil)
Others (Matrix)
Carbon Black Nylon
Steel tyre cord
Rubber chemicals
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Material
Natural latex The rubber has known made from rubber trees .
Synthetic rubber polymers
Poly-Butadiene Rubber (PBR)
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
made from petroleum-based chemicals
substitute for natural latex (improved material
properties) Carbon Black
Pigment ( reinforcing phase of tyre)
Conduct heat away (from tread and belt)
reducing thermal damage and increasing tyre life
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Material
Steel tyre cord
Tyres are not fabricated just from rubber. They
would be far too flexible and weak. Within therubber are a series of plies of cord that act asreinforcement.
Nylon
Family of synthetic polymer high tenacity fibers (for seatbelts, tire cords)
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Material Percentage in tyre
Raw Material Consumption Tyre-sector Non Tyre-sector
Natural Rubber 628,000 50% 50%
SBR 53,800 49% 51%
PBR 49,200 81% 19%
Carbon Black 245,000 69% 31%
Nylon 66,000 95% 5%
Rubber Chemicals 24,000 60% 40%
Steel tyre cord 1,800 100% Nil
Butyl Rubber 37,900 64% 36%
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Processing
In rubber technology Natural Latex
tapping the sap from the rubber trees (latex fluid)
filtering the latex and make smoked sheet oflatex(clump, dry, smoked)
chemically treated and heated at low temperatures toprevulcanize
Synthetic Rubber Extrusion
Injection molding
Compression molding
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Processing
For cross ply and radial ply of tyre(from material of steel tyre cord)
Cross ply or bias ply (first invention idea)
Fabric made as cord (on flat steel drum)
+60 and -60 degrees from direction of travel
Crissed cross over each other and called as crossply process on tyre.
Radial Ply (better fuel economy) 90 degrees to the direction of travel (that is,
across the tire from lip to lip)
avoids having the plies rub against each
reducing the rolling friction of the tire
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Comparison Between Cross-ply
& Radial
Cross-ply Radial
Vehicle Steadiness Good Bad
Cut Resistance - Tread Bad Good
Cut Resistance - Sidewall Good Bad
Repairability Good Bad
Self Cleaning Good Bad
Traction Bad Good
Heat Resistance Bad Good
Wear Resistance Bad Good
Flotation Bad Good
Fuel Economy Bad Good
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SPECIFICATIONS
Tyre Types
Performance\Summer
Special Winter All Season
Wet Weather
All Terrain
Mud
Run-flat
Heavy Duty/Racing/Industrial/Aircraft/Motorcycle
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SPECIFICATIONS
Distinguished points between tyre types
Tread pattern
Sipes Grooves
Blocks
Ribs
Dimples
Compound
Void ratio
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SPECIFICATIONS
Tread Types
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical Unidirectional
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Characteristicsof Tyre
Thread
wear
DryTraction
WetTraction
ForceVariation
CentrifugalGrowth
Rollingassistant
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THREAD WEAR
THREAD WEAR
NORMAL ABNORMAL
TOE WEAR CAMBER WEARCUPPING WEAR
Thread wear is caused by friction between thetire and the road surface.
The major effect to cause tire wear are minimumallowable thread depth, poor wheel alignment,temperature.
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NORMAL WEARwhen the thread wears evenly across the surface of the tire
Form at same rate but depend on which end is driving
TOE WEAR a feathered wear pattern across both front tires
ABNORMALresults from a suspension or alignments problem
CAMBER
the inside or outside edge or shoulder of the
tire shows extreme wear
CUPPED
caused by a wheel and tire that are out of
balance or by weak shock absorbers or struts
CAUSESworn tie rod ends
worn or loose inner tie rod sockets on rackpinion steering gears,
bent steering armsmisalignment in the rear wheels
suspension misalignment bent struta miss-located strut towera weak or broken spring,
a bent spindle
collapsed or damaged control arm bushings
unbalance a wheel and tireweak shock absorbers or strutsCAUSES
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DRY TRATION
the tires ability to deliver traction or grip under dry condition
IMPACTS
the compound of the tire
thread contact area
WET TRATION
the tires ability to deliver traction or grip under wet condition
IMPACTS
Thread ability to channel water out of the tire footprint and reduce hydroplaning.
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FORCEVARIATION
transmission force betweenthe vehicle and road
dynamic behavior of these forces
IMPACTS
ride disturbances into the vehicleThread extrusion thickness
thread splicebody ply splicesinner liner splicesbead symmetry
turn-up symmetry building drum alignment
transfer ring alignmentcuring press bead seating,shaping bladder alignment
Lateral ForceVariation
CAUSES
the steeringTraction
breakload support
Radial ForceVariation
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Rolling resistance is the resistance
to rolling caused
by deformation of the tire in contact
with the road surface
As the tire rolls, tread enters the contact area and is deformed flat to conform to the roadway.
The energy required to make the deformation depends on the inflation pressure, rotating speed,
and numerous physical properties of the tire structure, such as spring force and stiffness
lower rolling resistance tire constructions in order to improve
fuel economy in cars and especially trucks,
where rolling resistance accounts for a high amount of fuel consumption.
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Centrifugal growth
A tire rotating at higher speeds will tend to develop a larger diameter
Due to centrifugal forces the tread rubber was forced to be away from the axis of rotation
As the tire diameter grows the tire width decreases
This centrifugal growth can cause rubbing of the tire against the vehicle at high speeds.
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Maintenances
Four Main Parts Inflation pressure maintenances
Inflation pressure should be checked when the tyreis cold.
Watch for air leakage. The valve core should berenewed and lost valve cap should be replaced.
Wheel balancing & alignment Always maintain proper wheel alignment
Wheel alignment should be done after every 5,000km.
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Maintenances
Tyres Rotation
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Maintenances
Tread
make sure that tire dealer balances the tires wheninstalling them.
make sure that the cars suspension is properlyaligned.
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Cleaning & Inspection
Cleaning tyres removes foreign substances fromthe tyre surface that can degrade them.
Check your tyres at least once a month for unevenwear and foreign objects wedged in the tread.
Always look for bulges, cracks, cuts, penetrations
and abnormal tyre wear, particularly on the edgesof the tread.
A tyre that needs more air all the time should betaken off the vehicle and checked thoroughly.
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CONCLUSION
The impact of invention of automobile tyre
The intriguing points of tyre its types, specifications, characteristics
Benefits of understanding rubber technology Basic knowledge about rubber technology
Future developments in tyre industry
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