Yuri Dunaev Kyiv, Ukraine

(dunaev.levit ski@gmail.com)

HEAT, TEM PERATURE, AND M ECHANISM OF HEAT CONDUCTION

© Yuri Dunaev, 2015

The Summary Thermal energy is that of rotat ion of atoms and molecules around their proper rotat ion axes. The

temperature of a substance is the mean energy of it s molecules’ rotat ion, while its indicator is their

rotat ion frequencies around their own axes. Atoms and molecules of a substanse distance themselves

due to ethereal or elonic whirls (elect romagnet ic fields) created by means of their rotat ion around their

proper axes. The said elonic whirls cont re-balance the forces of Fat io that t ry to at t ract molecules

together. Besides, these elonic whirls funct ion as t ransferers of rotat ion from a molecule to its

neighboring molecule, and such t ransfer of rotat ion represents the process of thermoconduct ion. In

crystallic solids, e.g. metals, thermoconduct ion priorit y direct ions lie along sides of crystals’ lat t ices.

Solids with molecules non-organized in crystals’ lat t ices such as thermoinsulators, liquids and especially

gases, are much less thermoconduct ive than metals, which can be explained by greater intermolecular

distances that diminishe the ethereal t ranfer effect ivness.

Key words Heat , temperature, heat conduct ion, thermo-conduct ion, thermoconduct ivity, thermal expansion, Balmer-Rydberg formula.

* * *

If to conceive a t ransmission composed with ident ical progressively linked gears 1-10 (see f ig.1), which

rotat ion can be operated without frict ion or any other external resistance, and if the first of them (gear

1) to put in rotat ion, then if only the inert ia of the t ransmission allows, the rotat ion of the gear 1 almost

immediately will be passed onto all other gears 2-10. One might add to the described chain of gears 1-10

some lateral branches and obtain a system represented for instance at fig.2.

The inert ia of the last system will be much greater, but if the moment applied to the gear 1 suffices, all

of them would start to rotate pract ically synchronously. The system might be completed even further,

but as it seems - not endlessly, so that at a certain maximun number of gears to move them off would

turn out to be impossible.

To go out of such difficulty one might apply another technical solut ion, which understanding may be

helped with fig.3 represent ing a chain of same gears as on fig.1 and 2 but immerged in a reservoir 13

f illed with a non-viscouse liquid, e.g. water and put off at lit t le distances that nevertheless rule out their

direct mechanical linkage.

Remaining without any direct mechanical contact , the gears nevertheless are linked with each other by

means of the liquid that f ills the interspaces between them. Therefore if one put in rotat ion the gear 1,

it would t ransmit a moment onto the gear 2 by means of the liquid filling the gap between them, and

the gear 2 will start to rotate init ially very slowly but further on quicker and quicker. In its turn the gear

2 through the liquid remaining between it and the gear 3 would pass rotat ion to the last , the last – to

the gear 4 and so on, unt il all t he chain will be put into act ion. It is clear that the init iat ion of further

gears to rotate goes on progressively, and that its complet ion needs much of t ime and energy applied to

the gear 1, but in the end after such complet ion all gears of the t ransmission including the last of them

will rotate with pract ically the same speed as the gear 1. Right through the rotat ion of the gears, in the

reservoir 13 there will be installing t raff ic of the working liquid, which direct ions are designated by

arrows 13. If to assume that the reservoir 12 is filled not with water but with an ideal non-viscous liquid

or gas, then one might as well to imagine that in the same way there could be init iated to rotat ion a

system analogue to the described on f ig.2. Widening the example even more one might conceive

systems operat ing analogously not only in a plane but in a 3-D space.

Those 3-D systems would be formed analogously to crystal lat t ices; and if to cont inue the proposed

analogy further on, admit t ing that atoms of metals are planetary systems that similarly to the solar

system are formed like disks, and that heat is nothing else as the rotat ion energy of these disks while the

angular velocity of this rotat ion is indicator of their temperature, and if further on to conceive that the

working medium t ransmit t ing the rotat ion energy is absolutely non-viscous ether, then in the presented

example one might see the mechanism of thermo-conduct ion from molecule to molecule in solids,

part icularly metals.

It would be suitably to assert that due to their rotat ion, atoms and molecules generate ethereal whirls

(elect romagnet ic fields) that oppositely to the forces of Fat io push off the neighboring atoms and

molecules and represent factors t ransmit t ing them their rotat ion. It has to be clear that faster be the

molecules’ speed of rotat ion, more intensive will be these ethereal whirls, st ronger will be the mutual

repulsion of atoms and molecules, and greater will be the thermal expansion of respect ive bodies.

Imaginary example of one of such crystal lat t ices is represented on f ig.4a (plan view), 4b (view along

arrow A of fig.4a) and 4с (view along arrow B of f ig.4a). On the figures the atoms rotat ing in one

direct ion are colored darker while those rotat ing in the opposite direct ion – lighter.

As it is represented on the above figures, one might understand that thermo-conduct ion is essent ially

taking place along the faces of crystal lat t ices, and that its speed in a proper crystal will depend on the

chosen direct ion. Consequent ly there where the direct ion of the thermo-conduct ion lies in the plane of

a lat t ice face, it has to be higher, as for example in the most thermo conduct ive diamond and graphen.

Solid bodies with molecules non-organized in crystal lat t ices, primarily all the thermo insulators, as well

as liquids and especially gases are much less thermo conduct ive; and this is easy to explain by greater

distances between their molecules that diminish the thermo conduct ion effect iveness by means of

ethereal t ransporters.

As it was described in my art icle “PHOTONS, THEIR NATURE, AND M ECHANISM OF THEIR FORM ATION”

[1], atoms and molecules rotat ing around their own axes radiate elect romagnet ic energy, and in case

related to the radiat ion of elect romagnet ic, especially light waves of certain frequency by hydrogen

molecule these frequencies are determined by the well known Balmer-Rydberg formula = (

−

) . Here the product of the speed of light and the Rydberg constant makes up the elect ron

rotat ion frequency in hydrogen molecule, and and are integers of which > . In the art icle

there was proved that the frequencies described by the Balmer-Rydberg formula could be registered in

the case when the rotat ion frequency of the molecule it self makes =

.

The numbers and in conformity with the Balmer-Rydberg formula definitely determining

elect romagnet ic radiat ion frequencies, the last in their turn being indicators of molecule’s temperature,

the consequence may be that the temperature, and not only of hydrogen but of all other substances is

determined by the angular velocity of their molecules’ rotat ion.

In my earlier art icle “ ETHER FRIENDLY PHYSICS AND GAS LAWS” [2] there was stated that the gas

temperature is its energy dist ributed over its mass (quant ity of mat ter, or sum of screening areas), that

f inally had to mean that temperature is the quant ity of energy held in a molecule. The temperature

being characterist ic of mat ter inherent to its all aggregate states, it is easy to come to the consequence

that its physical nature is the molecules’ rotat ion energy, and that the sum of molecules’ rotat ion

energies of a certain body makes up the quant it y of heat contained therein.

CONCLUSIONS:

1) Thermal energy is that of rotat ion of atoms and molecules around their proper rotat ion axes;

2) The temperature of a substance is the mean energy of its molecules’ rotat ion, while its indicator

is their frequencies of rotat ion around their own axes;

3) Atoms and molecules of a substanse distance themselves due to ethereal or elonic whirls

(elect romagnet ic f ields) created by means of their rotat ion around their proper axes;

4) The elonic whirls of p.3 cont re-balance the forces of Fat io that t ry to at t ract molecules together;

5) The elonic whirls of p.3 funct ion as t ransferers of rotat ion from a molecule to its neighboring

molecule, and such t ransfer of rotat ion represents the process of thermoconduct ion;

6) In crystallic solids, e.g. metals, thermoconduct ion priorit y direct ions lie along sides of crystals’

lat t ices;

7) Solids with molecules non-organized in crystals’ lat t ices such as thermoinsulators, liquids and

especially gases, are much less thermoconduct ive than metals, which can be explained by

greater intermolecular distances that diminishe the ethereal t ranfer effect ivness.

BYBLIOGRAPHY:

1) Yuri Dunaev, Photons, their nature, and mechanism of their format ion / Research Papers-M echanics / Elect rodynamics/ Download/ 1703;

2) Yuri Dunaev, Ether friendly physics and gas laws / Research Papers-Chemist ry/ Download/ 5757