HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION
description
Transcript of HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION
![Page 1: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION
PRESENTATION BY GROUP 1 CLASS D
IDEHEN OSAHON MOSES 20559AYOKUNLE OLUWOLE DAVID 20530AHMAD ABUBAKAR SHEHU 20464NWABUEZE GIFT CHIMUANYA 20614AKHIGBE PETER OSEREME 20507MBEE OLEMAKPADU NELSON 20821
ANYANWU OBINNA THOMPSON 20825
![Page 2: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OUTLINEINTRODUCTIONTHEORETICAL ANALYSES OF CYCLESPRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFURTHER RESEARCHCONCLUSION
![Page 3: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
INTRODUCTION
•Any device that transforms heat partly into work
•The working substance could beAir and fuel mixture in ICE
Steam in Steam Engines
What is a Heat Engine?
![Page 4: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
First Law of Thermodynamics
-a principle of conservation of energy
INTRODUCTION
![Page 5: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
HEAT Q
W
Heat Applied
Work Done
![Page 6: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• It is impossible to transform all of the heat energy transferred to a system into useful work.
INTRODUCTIONSecond Law of Thermodynamics
![Page 7: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Forward and Reverse enginesForward Engines Reverse EnginesHeat moves from hot
source to cold sinkWork is done by the
systemExamples are ICE,SE
Heat moves from cold source to a hot sink
Work is done on the system
Examples are Refrigerators and A/C
INTRODUCTION
![Page 8: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1 to 2 Isothermal heat Supply3 to 4 Isothermal heat rejection2 to 3 Adiabatic Expansions (Isentropic)4 to 1 Adiabatic Compressions (Isentropic)
The Carnot Efficiency (1)
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Carnot Cycle
Best EfficientHeat supplied at upper fixed temperatureRejected at lower fixed temperature
![Page 9: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Otto Cycle (Ideal Air Standard Cycle - Petrol Engine)1 to 2 Isentropic Compressions2 to 3 Reversible constant Volume heating3 to 4 Isentropic Expansions4 to 1 Constant Volume HeatingCompression ratio (2)
Efficiency , (3)
(4) (5)Otto Cycle efficiency is a function of compression ratio.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
![Page 10: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Diesel Cycle Develop by Diesel in 1892 Compression Ignition 1 to 2 Isentropic Compressions2 to 3 Reversible Constant Pressure heating3 to 4 Isentropic Expansion4 t0 1 Constant Volume cooling. Making similar computations (6)
(7)
The efficiency depends on the compression and cut off ratios.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
𝛽=𝑣3𝑣2
![Page 11: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Refrigeration Cycle
W
Q2
Q 1
(7)
(8)
1
23
4
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
![Page 12: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS1. Internal Combustion Engine (in cars and
airplanes)
![Page 13: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2. Gas Turbine Engine
Gas turbines are similar to piston engines except that the four steps occur at different places. The four sections include:1. The inlet section2. The compressor section3. The combustion section (the combustor)4. The turbine (and exhaust) section.Applicable in airplanes and gas power plants
![Page 14: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
3. Refrigerator and Air conditioner
The major parts of the AC/refrigerator are:Evaporator - Receives the liquid refrigerant. Converts liquid to gasCompressor - A pump that pressurizes gaseous refrigerant Condenser - Facilitates heat transfer to the surrounding. Gas is condensed to cool liquidExpansion valve - regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporatorMajor differences are : supply of gases, circulation system and type of vaporization
![Page 15: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
FURTHER RESEARCHEfficiency of heat EnginesPollutionMagnetic heat EnginesElectric Cars
![Page 16: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CONCLUSIONHeat Engines and Refrigeration play
important roles in our lives.
![Page 17: HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATION](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081502/5681670a550346895ddb7430/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
THANKS FOR LISTENING
QUESTIONS?