Heart Rate and Hydration Template New Logo...References!...

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The Influence of Hydration on Heart Rate Written By: William M. Adams, MS, ATC and Douglas J. Casa, PhD, ATC Summary of Findings Scientific Definitions: Hypohydration is the steadystate condition of decreased total body water. Dehydration is the process of losing body water (eg, during exercise). Body mass losses as small as 2% have been shown to result in an increase in cardiovascular strain and subsequently decrease performance during exercise. 1–6 Exercise in the heat further exacerbates cardiovascular strain, thus causing further decrements in performance. 7 Results have shown that for every 1% decrease in body mass during exercise in the heat there is an increase in heart rate of 3.29 beats/min. This equates to an increase in heart rate of 10 beats/min if an athlete is 3% dehydrated. 8 Exercise at a fixed and variable intensity has shown an increase in heart rate of 3.55 and 1.39 beats/min respectively during exercise in the heat. 8 In order to maximize performance athletes should: 1) ensure proper hydration before exercise, 2) have knowledge of individual fluid needs (influenced by intensity of exercise, environmental conditions, body size, etc.) since each athlete’s fluid needs are different from one another and 3) Drink according to thirst sensation to minimize body mass losses of >2% since thirst is a good indicator of hydration status. 10 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Change in HR per every additional 1% Change in BML (bpm/ΔBML) Overall Armstrong 1997 Armstrong 1997 Arnaoutis 2012 Arnaoutis 2012 Below 1995 Below 1995 Casa 2010 Casa 2010 Ebert 2007 Ebert 2007 Fugii 2008 Ganio 2006 Ganio 2006 GonzalezAlonso GonzalezAlonso GonzalezAlonso GonzalezAlonso GonzalezAlonso GonzalezAlonso GonzalezAlonso Ishijima 2009 Ishijima 2009 Kenecick 2006 Kenecick 2007 Lopez 2011 Montain 1992 Montain 1992 Montain 1992 Montain 1992 Montain 1996 Montain 1996 Montain 1996 Montain 1996 Montain 1996 Wingo 2004 Wingo 2005 Wingo 2005

Transcript of Heart Rate and Hydration Template New Logo...References!...

Page 1: Heart Rate and Hydration Template New Logo...References! 1.!GonzálezDAlonso!J,!MoraDRodríguez!R,!Below!PR,!Coyle!EF.!Dehydration!markedly!impairs!cardiovascular!function!in! hyperthermic!endurance!athletes

 

The  Influence  of  Hydration  on  Heart  Rate  

Written  By:  William  M.  Adams,  MS,  ATC  and  Douglas  J.  Casa,  PhD,  ATC  

Summary  of  Findings  • Scientific  Definitions:  Hypohydration  is  the  steady-­‐state  condition  of  decreased  total  body  

water.  Dehydration  is  the  process  of  losing  body  water  (eg,  during  exercise).  • Body  mass  losses  as  small  as  2%  have  been  shown  to  result  in  an  increase  in  cardiovascular  

strain  and  subsequently  decrease  performance  during  exercise.1–6  Exercise  in  the  heat  further  exacerbates  cardiovascular  strain,  thus  causing  further  decrements  in  performance.7  

• Results  have  shown  that  for  every  1%  decrease  in  body  mass  during  exercise  in  the  heat  there  is  an  increase  in  heart  rate  of  3.29  beats/min.  This  equates  to  an  increase  in  heart  rate  of  10  beats/min  if  an  athlete  is  3%  dehydrated.8  

• Exercise  at  a  fixed  and  variable  intensity  has  shown  an  increase  in  heart  rate  of  3.55  and  1.39  beats/min  respectively  during  exercise  in  the  heat.8    

• In  order  to  maximize  performance  athletes  should:  1)  ensure  proper  hydration  before  exercise,  2)  have  knowledge  of  individual  fluid  needs  (influenced  by  intensity  of  exercise,  environmental  conditions,  body  size,  etc.)  since  each  athlete’s  fluid  needs  are  different  from  one  another  and  3)  Drink  according  to  thirst  sensation  to  minimize  body  mass  losses  of  >2%  since  thirst  is  a  good  indicator  of  hydration  status.10  

-­‐3   -­‐2   -­‐1   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7  

Change  in  HR  per  every  additional  1%  Change  in  BML  (bpm/ΔBML)  

Overall  Armstrong  1997  Armstrong  1997  Arnaoutis  2012  Arnaoutis  2012  Below  1995  Below  1995  Casa  2010  Casa  2010  Ebert  2007  Ebert  2007  Fugii  2008  Ganio  2006  Ganio  2006  Gonzalez-­‐Alonso  Gonzalez-­‐Alonso  Gonzalez-­‐Alonso  Gonzalez-­‐Alonso  Gonzalez-­‐Alonso  Gonzalez-­‐Alonso  Gonzalez-­‐Alonso  Ishijima  2009  Ishijima  2009  Kenecick  2006  Kenecick  2007  Lopez  2011  Montain  1992  Montain  1992  Montain  1992  Montain  1992  Montain  1996  Montain  1996  Montain  1996  Montain  1996  Montain  1996  Wingo  2004  Wingo  2005  Wingo  2005  

Page 2: Heart Rate and Hydration Template New Logo...References! 1.!GonzálezDAlonso!J,!MoraDRodríguez!R,!Below!PR,!Coyle!EF.!Dehydration!markedly!impairs!cardiovascular!function!in! hyperthermic!endurance!athletes

  References  1.  González-­‐Alonso  J,  Mora-­‐Rodríguez  R,  Below  PR,  Coyle  EF.  Dehydration  markedly  impairs  cardiovascular  function  in  hyperthermic  endurance  athletes  during  exercise.  J  Appl  Physiol  Bethesda  Md  1985.  1997;82(4):1229–1236.  2.  González-­‐Alonso  J,  Mora-­‐Rodríguez  R,  Below  PR,  Coyle  EF.  Dehydration  reduces  cardiac  output  and  increases  systemic  and  cutaneous  vascular  resistance  during  exercise.  J  Appl  Physiol  Bethesda  Md  1985.  1995;79(5):1487–1496.  3.  González-­‐Alonso  J,  Mora-­‐Rodríguez  R,  Coyle  EF.  Stroke  volume  during  exercise:  interaction  of  environment  and  hydration.  Am  J  Physiol  Heart  Circ  Physiol.  2000;278(2):H321–330.  4.  Montain  SJ,  Sawka  MN,  Latzka  WA,  Valeri  CR.  Thermal  and  cardiovascular  strain  from  hypohydration:  influence  of  exercise  intensity.  Int  J  Sports  Med.  1998;19(2):87–91.  doi:10.1055/s-­‐2007-­‐971887.  5.  Montain  SJ,  Coyle  EF.  Influence  of  graded  dehydration  on  hyperthermia  and  cardiovascular  drift  during  exercise.  J  Appl  Physiol  Bethesda  Md  1985.  1992;73(4):1340–1350.  6.  Judelson  DA,  Maresh  CM,  Anderson  JM,  et  al.  Hydration  and  muscular  performance:  does  fluid  balance  affect  strength,  power  and  high-­‐intensity  endurance?  Sports  Med  Auckl  Nz.  2007;37(10):907–921.  7.  Crandall  CG,  González-­‐Alonso  J.  Cardiovascular  function  in  the  heat-­‐stressed  human.  Acta  Physiol  Oxf  Engl.  2010;199(4):407–423.    8.  Adams  WM,  Ferraro  EM,  Huggins  RA,  Casa  DJ.  The  Influence  of  Body  Mass  Loss  on  Changes  in  Heart  Rate  During  Exercise  in  the  Heat:  A  Systematic  Review.  J  Strength  Cond  Res.  In  Review.  9.  Casa  DJ,  Stearns  RL,  Lopez  RM,  et  al.  Influence  of  hydration  on  physiological  function  and  performance  during  trail  running  in  the  heat.  J  Athl  Train.  2010;45(2):147–156.    10.  Goulet  EDB.  Dehydration  and  endurance  performance  in  competitive  athletes.  Nutr  Rev.  2012;70  Suppl  2:S132–136.        

Practical  Applications  • Athletes  should  maintain  an  appropriate  level  of  hydration  prior  to  the  start  of  an  endurance  

event  and  aim  to  minimize  fluid  losses  during  the  event  to  attenuate  any  performance  decrements.  

• Ensuring  proper  hydration  during  exercise  in  the  heat  is  of  utmost  importance  as  the  added  heat  stress  amplifies  the  cardiovascular  strain  and  resulting  performance  decrements  found  with  dehydration.    

• Although  there  is  a  small  difference  in  heart  rate  for  every  1%  decrease  in  body  mass  loss  during  variable  (real-­‐world  competition  situations)  intensity  exercise,  overall  performance  in  these  situations  is  adversely  affected.  Someone  who  is  exercising  at  a  certain  intensity  will  be  exercising  with  a  higher  heart  rate  if  they  are  dehydrated.  

• During  competition,  an  athlete  who  is  hydrated  is  able  to  compete  at  a  higher  intensity  with  a  lower  heart  rate,  which  improves  overall  performance.  

• In  competing  in  sports,  which  expose  athletes  to  heat  stress,  it  is  important  that  athletes  undergo  a  period  of  heat  acclimatization  in  addition  to  maintaining  an  appropriate  level  of  hydration.  Heat  acclimatization  is  a  series  of  cardiovascular  and  other  physiological  adaptations  that  improves  heat  tolerance  and  improves  the  ability  of  athletes  performing  in  the  heat.  

Looking  Ahead  • Further  research  is  needed  examining  the  effects  of  dehydration  on  heart  rate  during  real-­‐world  

situations.  Conclusions  that  have  been  made  looking  at  the  effects  of  dehydration  on  heart  rate  lack  ecological  and  external  validity  as  these  studies  occur  in  the  laboratory  setting  under  fixed  exercise  intensity,  which  is  unrealistic  when  applying  to  competition.  

• A  synthesis  of  heart  rate  changes  due  to  dehydration  under  varying  environmental  conditions  is  needed  in  order  to  identify  the  added  effect  of  temperature  on  changes  in  heart  rate  with  increasing  levels  of  dehydration.