Hearing #4 on Competition and Consumer Protection in the ... · •Autor, Dorn, Hanson, Pisano, and...
Transcript of Hearing #4 on Competition and Consumer Protection in the ... · •Autor, Dorn, Hanson, Pisano, and...
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Federal Trade Commission
Constitution Center
October 23, 2018
Hearing #4 on Competition and
Consumer Protection in the 21st Century
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Welcome
We Will Be Starting Shortly
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Suzanne Munck
Federal Trade Commission
Office of Policy Planning
Welcome
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Session moderated by:
Suzanne Munck & John Dubiansky
Federal Trade Commission
Office of Policy Planning
An Overview of Innovation and IP Policy
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Thomas F. Cotter
University of Minnesota Law School
An Overview of Innovation and IP Policy
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Arti Rai
Duke University School of Law
An Overview of Innovation and IP Policy
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Pian Shu
Georgia Institute of Technology
Scheller College of Business
An Overview of Innovation and IP Policy
Competition, Trade, and Innovation:
Recent Empirical Findings
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Basis of This Talk
• Autor, Dorn, Hanson, Pisano, and Shu (2016), “Foreign Competition and Domestic Innovation: Evidence from U.S. Patents.” NBER Working Paper No. 22879.
• Shu and Steinwender (2018), “The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Firm Productivity and Innovation,” forthcoming in NBER Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 19.
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Import Competition: Why Should We Care?
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Import Competition: Why Should We Care?
Chinese imports can:
• Generate competition for firms in the same industry (focus of this talk)
• Provide access to imported intermediate inputs for downstream firms
In theory, impact of competition on innovation is unclear:
• “Schumpeterian effect” (negative)
• “Escape-competition effect” (positive)
• “Preference effect” (positive)
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Impact of Chinese Import Competition on
U.S. Innovation
• Data: USPTO patent data matched to firm-level data (for public firms) and
industry-level data on trade exposure
• Analysis: How did changes in Chinese import penetration between 1991
and 2007 affect changes in firm patenting?
• Key Findings:
• Import competition had a negative impact on sales, profitability, and employment of U.S.
firms.
• Import competition had a negative impact on patenting and R&D expenditures of U.S.
firms.
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How to Interpret These Findings?
A slowdown in
innovation and growth?
Or
A natural part of
“creative destruction”?
Paul Romer Joseph Schumpeter
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How to Interpret These Findings?
• Unique features of Chinese import competition (pre-2007):
• Unprecedented increase in intensity of competition
• Increased competition concentrated on low-cost offerings
• Chinese import competition is found to have a positive impact on firm innovation in
Europe and developing economies
• Access to imported intermediates is found to have generally positive effects on firm
innovation (but we need more evidence from the U.S.)
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William E. Kovacic
George Washington University Law School
An Overview of Innovation and IP Policy
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Panel Discussion:
Thomas F. Cotter, William E. Kovacic,
Arti Rai, Pian Shu
Moderators: Suzanne Munck & John Dubiansky
An Overview of Innovation and IP Policy
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Break
10:45-11:00 am
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Session moderated by:
Suzanne Munck & Elizabeth Gillen
Federal Trade Commission
Office of Policy Planning
Understanding Innovation and IP
in Business Decisions
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Nicole Morris
Emory University School of Law
Understanding Innovation and IP
in Business Decisions
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Michal Rosenn
Expa
Understanding Innovation and IP
in Business Decisions
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Greg Raleigh
New Enterprise Associates
Understanding Innovation and IP
in Business Decisions
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Intro and Summary
• Greg’s perspective: an inventor and VC - 300 US and 150 overseas patents - over 3 billion
users currently benefit from daily use of these patented inventions
• For 200 years US patent system enabled individuals and small companies to create and
own inventions to win market share from dominant incumbent companies
• For the past 15 years the so-called “patent troll” narrative has driven a series of damaging
structural changes to the US patent system that have “stopped trolls”, but in the process
have also “harmed US invention”
• The FTC has unique power to help fix this problem by using a different approach to
addressing abusive behavior while prioritizing important patent protections
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Investment Incentives for Foundational
Invention• A large percentage of foundational, globally important inventions come from inventors and
startups that do not work for the dominant incumbent companies
• Dominant companies are not incentivized to disrupt their own products
• Dominant companies typically wait until an invention is proven and then use size and market
power to quickly copy and distribute competing products – often driving new companies out
of the market
• Two things can maintain incentives to create foundational inventions – (1) injunction to stop
the copying and/or (2) substantial damage awards that are a multiple of the capital invested
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What Today’s Inventor Faces
• Typically $100M-$300M investment and 7-10 years to develop invention to profitability
• This level of investment and time requires an outcome of $0.5B to $1.0B to make sense
• Virtually certain that a foundational new invention will be copied by dominant incumbents
• Likelihood of injunction in ITC or courts is now so low it is often assumed impossible
• Successfully navigating PTAB, ITC and Fed Circuit appeals to achieve a significant 9-figure
damage award is so unlikely now that it is often assumed impossible
• This has suppressed startup investment in key US industries - investment increasingly going
overseas
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Right to Injunction No Longer Justifies
Investment Risk• The Supreme Court’s 2006 eBay decision effectively stripped inventors of any right to claim
that their IP rights represent “property”
• Prior to eBay, an infringer was required either to take a license from the inventor or
discontinue use of the invention
• After eBay, injunctions are granted to patent owners in only about 15% of cases where
patents are valid and infringed – with many of these injunctions being temporary
• Given an 85% chance of failure, the investment assumption is injunction is not possible
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Damage Awards No Longer Justify
Investment Risk• Example basket of tech companies: Apple, Google, Microsoft and Samsung
• The group has implemented a regime of serial IPRs and appeals to avoid paying the awards
and keep the window open to repeatedly attack the patents
• From the vast number of infringement cases, only 10 resulted in large damage awards in the
9-figure range
• No injunctions were issued on these or any other cases against these tech companies
• None of the 10 judgement awards have been paid
• Latest failure is WARF in their 7 year long case against Apple - sent back from appeal
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Impact for Startup Investment
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• Exemplary strategic sectors that have declined as % of total VC funding
Core internet/wireless networking
Internet software
Operating system software
Semiconductors
Pharmaceuticals
Drug Discovery
Surgical/Medical Devices
• % of total VC funding in 2004: 20.95%
• % of total VC funding in 2017: 3.22%
• Exemplary sectors that have increased as % of total VC funding
Social network platforms
Software apps
Consumer apparel and accessories
Food products
Restaurants, hotels and leisure
B2C companies in general
Consumer finance
Financial services in general
• % of total VC funding in 2004: 11.4%
• % of total VC funding in 2017: 36.3%
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Example: Investment Decline in US Semiconductors
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0.00%
0.20%
0.40%
0.60%
0.80%
1.00%
1.20%
1.40%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
General Purpose Semiconductors % of Cos Funded
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
General Purpose Semiconductors % of $ Invested
0.00%
0.10%
0.20%
0.30%
0.40%
0.50%
Production Semiconductors % of Cos Funded
0.00%
0.10%
0.20%
0.30%
0.40%
0.50%
0.60%
0.70%
0.80%
0.90%
Production Semiconductors % of $ Invested
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What The FTC Can Do
To Restore Incentives• We must change our approach to addressing the so-called “patent troll”
• Real trolls use patents that would never stand up in court to extort money from small
entities by charging less than litigation cost for licensing – their patents by definition
would never win injunction or a large damage award
• FTC policy and programs can address this behavior without destroying patent rights:
• Penalize “real troll” behavior while supporting injunction and the possibility of fair damage awards for
important inventions
• This would help restore incentives for US invention
• Other reforms in the USPTO PTAB and our courts are also needed
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Talal Shamoon
Intertrust
Understanding Innovation and IP
in Business Decisions
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Panel Discussion:
Nicole Morris, Greg Raleigh,
Michal Rosenn, Talal Shamoon
Moderators: Suzanne Munck & Elizabeth Gillen
Understanding Innovation and IP
in Business Decisions
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Break
12:30-1:30 pm
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Session moderated by:
Suzanne Munck & Elizabeth Gillen
Federal Trade Commission
Office of Policy Planning
Competition Policy & Copyright Law
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Eric Cady
Independent Film & Television Alliance
Competition Policy & Copyright Law
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Meredith Rose
Public Knowledge
Competition Policy & Copyright Law
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Sean O’Connor
University of Washington School of Law
Competition Policy & Copyright Law
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Peter Jaszi
American University
Washington College of Law
Competition Policy & Copyright Law
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Tyler Ochoa
Santa Clara University School of Law
Competition Policy & Copyright Law
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Keith Kupferschmid
Copyright Alliance
Competition Policy & Copyright Law
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Peter Menell
University of California, Berkeley
School of Law
Competition Policy & Copyright Law
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Panel Discussion
Eric Cady, Peter Jaszi,
Keith Kupferschmid, Peter Menell,
Tyler Ochoa, Sean O’Connor,
Meredith Rose
Moderator: Suzanne Munck & Elizabeth Gillen
Competition Policy & Copyright Law
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Suzanne Munck
Federal Trade Commission
Office of Policy Planning
Closing Remarks
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Thank You,
Join Us Tomorrow
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