Lidar Measurements of Atmospheric State Parameters in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere
HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam Atmospheric corrections determined using...
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![Page 1: HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 1 LIDAR Atmospheric corrections.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f435503460f94c63436/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 1
LIDAR
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar
measurements
Valentin Mitev
Observatory of NeuchâtelRue de l’Observatoire 58, CH2000 NeuchâtelSwitzerlandTel.: +41–32–889 8813E-mail: [email protected]
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 2
LIDAR
Content:
• Measurement requirements• Concept for the Lidar set-up• Extinction derivation, vibrational Raman• Numerical performance simulations
for Extinction derivation, Raman lidar• Extinction derivation, elastic backscatter • Temperature derivation, pure Rotational Raman• Conclusion
• Annex: Compact backscatter lidar in field measurements
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 3
LIDAR
~7kmTotal transmission
Range-resolved transmission (extinction coefficient)
Zenith angle0°-60°
Measurement requirements
Direction of probing
Temperature profile
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 4
LIDAR
Raman-elastic backscatter lidar – Concept:
• One laser with two/optional three separate receivers for increased dynamic range and decrease of the « blind » range
• Transmitted wavelength: 355nm, 532nm, 3rd/2nd harmonics of Nd:Yag laser
• Receiverd wavelengths: 355nm (elastic); 387nm (Raman N2), 532nm elastic + polarisation/depolarisation; Rotational Raman at (533nm, 531nm)+ (529nm, 535nm)
• Lidar on pointing platform for collocation of the direction of probing with te line-of-sight of the Cerenkov camera;
• Optical&Laser part in environmental housing
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 5
LIDAR
Raman backscatter lidar: Basics
• One laser line transmitted (UV/ vis)
• Received Raman vibrational: N2, O2, H2O/Rorational
• Determined: extinction, water vapours, temperature
• Development and use: since early 1980s / in atmospheirc probing for aerosol extinction and microphysics, humidity, temperature, …
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 6
LIDAR
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 7
LIDAR
1. Laser;
2a, 2b, 2c. Telescope long/med/short range
3a, 3b, 3c. Spectral selection
4a, 4b, 4c. Detectors
5. Pointing platform/environnmental housing
6. Synchronisation: Acqusition and Laser pulse& Main Experiment
7.Signal acquisition electronics
Synch out
1
5
2a3a4a
2b3b4b
6
7
Data out 2c3c4c
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 8
LIDAR
532nm, 355nm
532nm
387nm
532nm-s
532nm -p
355nmRR1…RR4
532nm (e)
355nm (e)
356/8nm (2*RR-S)352/4nm (2*RR-aS)
aS1/ aS2/ 355nm/ S1/ S2
Laser
Receiver
123
3
4
51-Coupling optics2-Dichroic beamsplitter3-Interference filter4-Depolarisation beamsplitter5-Grating spectrometer
2
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 9
LIDAR
r
0RR2RLR 'dr)'r()'r(exp)r(
2
c
r
A)r(OKE)r(E
Extinction derivation from vibrational Raman backscatter
d
)v(d)r(N)r( Ram
MR
)r()r()r(S/)r(Nlndr
d2N2N2N
… two times the averaged value of the extinction coefficient in the spectral range 355nm – 387nm
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 10
LIDAR
Inputs for the performance simulations:
Lidar subsystems specifications• Pulse energy at 355nm: 300mJ/PRR : 20Hz• Telescope diameter of the « long-range » receiver: 80cm • Efficiency transmitter/receiver (without filter): 07./07• Transmission, filter: 0.6• Detector, Quantum efficiency: 0.2
Lidar measurement parameters• Integration time: 600sec• Zenith angle (from zenith): 60°• Range resolution: 120m at 60• Ambient optical background:
full moon – 7*10-4 Wm-2m-1
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 11
LIDAR
Atmosphere:
• Molecular model: hydrostatic
• Aerosol model: PBL/dust, 0 - 2 kmtropospheric layer, 3 - 5kmcirrus cloud, 9 - 10,4km
PBL/Dust layer, 0-2km
Tropopsphere/Desert Dust, 3-5km
Cirrus cloud, 9 – 10.4km
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 12
LIDAR
Vibrational -Raman signal – simulated, at slant path 60 deg
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 13
LIDAR
Extinction from the vibrational Raman signal
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 14
LIDAR
Error of the extinction coefficient obtained from the vibrational Raman signal
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 15
LIDAR
Error of the extinction coefficient obtained from the vibrational Raman signal- ZOOM
Range x104m , @60° zenith angle
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 16
LIDAR
Total atmospheric transmission of the marked layers, derived from the simulated Raman signal« TRmod » = model value; « TRmeas » = derived value
TRmodel = 0.5836TRmeasured = 0.5830
PBL/Dust layer
Tropopsphere/Desert Dust
Cirrus cloudTRmodcloud = 0.9498TRmeas cloud = 0.9508
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 17
LIDAR
Concept for derivation of the extinction coefficient inside aerosol layer using elastic backscatter
Assumptions:- The layer contains the same type of aerosol (e.g.,subvisible cirrus cloud)- Aerisol-free atmosphere above the cloud- Total layer (cloud) transmision is determined from the Raman signal
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 18
LIDAR
Extinction from Elastic backscatter signal - simultion
reference
Aerosol layer (Cirrus cloud)
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 19
LIDAR
The elastic-backscatter lidar equation
r
02L 'dr)'r(2exp)r(
2
c
r
A)r(OKE)r(E
2r)r(E)r(S
r2
dr
rd
r
1
dr
)r(dS
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 20
LIDAR
The Fernald's inversion method for derivation of the backscatter coefficient; is omitted
r
fr
r
fr
mol
f
f
r
rf
mol
)r(rd)0lrlr(2exp)r(Srdlr2r
)r(S
)r(rd)0lrlr(2exp)r(S
r
Additional conditions: • “lr” is constant (extinction to backscatter ratio, initial approximation taken from model values, here the depolarization ratio may help to classify the cloud particles), • “rf” is a reference range• “(rf)” is known ( typically, the molecular backscatter)
)r()r()r( aermol
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 21
LIDAR
Assuming: “(r)” is derived from elastic lidar Total double trip transmission “DT” is derived from Raman lidar, Molecular backscatter is known/type of particles may be “guessed”
Then we may determine “lr” from
And the profile of the aerosol extinction in the cloud
2r
1r
molaer 'dr)'r()'r(.lr2exp)2r,1r(DT
)r(.lr)r( aeraer
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 22
LIDAR
Derivation of the atmospheric temperature profile using pure rotational Raman backscatter
Rotational Raman Spectra of N2 and O2,Excitation at 532nm
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 23
LIDAR
Temperature derivative in Rotational Raman spectraof N2 (red) and O2 (black)
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540
wavelength, nm
deriv
ativ
e, re
lativ
e un
its
Spectral intervals in pure RR where the scattering cross-sections derivative has opposite sign
)T/baexp(
)T(I)T(I)T(I)T(I
)T(I)T(I)T(I)T(IK
)T(R
ast2Ost2Oast2Nst2N
ast2Ost2Oast2Nst2N
A calibration of the lidar is critical.
« + »
« - »« - »
Temperature derivative of the Rotational Raman lines of N2 (red) and O2 (black)
« + »
R(T)=exp( – /T)
Typically dR/dT ~0.05%
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 24
LIDAR
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 25
LIDAR
Uncertainty - ZOOM
60° zenith angleIntegration time: 30minRange resolution: 120m
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 26
LIDAR
Summary:A Raman-backscatter Lidar for CTA-site is a technically feasible solution for the requirements in CTA:
• Advantages: « Real time » and « Real direction » coinciding with the pointing direction the Cherenkov Telescope(s) • The necessary lidar methods and algorithms are developed, adaptation to the tasks will be possible ;• Realistic subsystem specifications, compatible with the commercially available hardware;• Additional /Optional lidar tasks: laser backscatter for calibration of the Cherenkov telescope;
Remark: This presentation is not with system optimisation. The final specifications may be different from the specifications used for numerical simulations
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 27
LIDAR
Next step for the Raman lidar - a design study with the following objectives:
• Detailed numerical simulations of the various detection modes with respect to the finalised detection requirements
• Concept design and optimisation;
• Algorithm developments;
• Optional 1: Participation in atmospheric characterisation at the potential CTA sites;• Optional 2: Raman lidar bread-board/ lower aperture and power
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 28
LIDAR
ANNEX: Possibility for atmospheric characterisation at
potential CTA sites with a compact elastic backscatter lidars
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 29
LIDAR
Micro-pulse lidars on stratospheric aircraft (M55)
MAL 1 MAL 2
MAL-1 MAL-2
32 cm
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 30
LIDAR
Micro-pulse lidars on stratospheric aircraft (M55)SCOUT O3/ Brunei - Darwin,
12 November 2005 Backscatter Ratio=
(a+ m)/ m
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 31
LIDAR
• Ground-based LIDAR, transportable development, observations, data analysis
The lidar on the balcony of the 5th floor of the University of Basel; Project BUBBLE (2001-2002) . The lidar was remotely operated from ON
Example for 24h- measurement of the aerosol load above Basel in project BUBBLE
600mmx600mmx700mm
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 32
LIDAR
• Ground-based three-wavelength elastic Raman LIDAR, in Observatory of Neuchatel
Operational, Presently under refurbishment
Concerning the CTA-activity:
• Not transportable
• May be a base for the Raman lidar bread-board/test bench wrt the CTA requirements
• Possibility to be deployed on site (with limitations for steering, schedule …)
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 33
LIDAR
Summary for the “compact lidar” capabilities:
- Possibility for qualitative characterisation of the aerosol vertical/slant path profile: Backscatter coefficient profile (~30% uncertainty, systematic), altitude of layers,
-Convenient transportation and implementation on the field
- Limitations: The qualitative evaluation is not adequate to the requirements in CTI, i.e., NOT a replacement for the Raman lidar)
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HEAPnet meeting, 19-20 February 2007, Amsterdam
Atmospheric corrections determined using Raman/backscatter lidar measurements 34
LIDAR
Thank you!
Valentin Mitev([email protected])
Observatory of NeuchâtelRue de l’Observatoire 58, CH2000 NeuchâtelSwitzerland