HEALTHCARE SCIENCE

TECHNOLOGY I

MRS. Burgstiner RN

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

BIRTH TO 1 YEARPhysical Development:• Most dramatic and rapid changes occur during 1st year • Wt. 6-8 lbs.: Ht: 18-22 in. at birth• Wt. 18-24 lbs., Ht: 29-30 in. by 1 year• Wt. Triples• Has reflexes , nervous and muscular system is immature

at birth,• by 12 months: 10-12 teeth• vision poor at birth, by 1 year can focus well• coordination improves during this 1st year

Reflexes: Muscle changes:

• Moro (startle): reaction to loud or sudden movement

• Rooting; turns head when touched on the cheek.

• Sucking: response to touch on the lips

• Grasp: when object placed in hand will grasp it

• 2 months: rolls side to side• 4 months: turns all the way

over• 6-7 mo: sit for several

minutes alone, hold objects, crawl

• 8-9 mo: pulling up• 12 months: can walk alone,

throw things, grasp with thumb and fingers

MENTAL DEVELOPMENT EMOTIONAL DEVELOP.

• Newborns: respond to hunger, pain, discomfort by crying

• 2-4 mo become more aware of surroundings and recognize other individuals

• 6 months: understand some words and make basic sounds

• 12 months understand many words and are using single words

• Newborns: excitement• 4-6 mo.:distress,

delight,disgust, & fear• 12 mo. : elation, affection

for adults• Events that occur during

the first year of life when these first emotions are exhibited can have a major affect on an individual’s behavior as an adult.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT• Goes from self-centered to recognition of others in the

environment

• 4 mo. : smiles, stares, recognizes care givers

• 6 mo. : watch activity, show possessiveness,becomes shy around strangers, but socialize with those they know. They mimic, imitate facial expressions and vocal sounds.

• Depend on others for all of their needs;

• Food, cleanliness and rest are essential for physical growth. Love and security are essential for emotional and social growth. Stimulation is essential for mental growth.

EARLY CHILDHOOD: 1-6 YR PHYSICAL:• 45 LBS./ 46 INCHES• Skeletal/muscles develop helping them to assume a

more adult-like appearance• legs/lower body grows faster than head/arms/chest• Muscle coordination develops• By 2-3 most teeth are in• Digestive System: Mature, adult food• 2-4y bowel and bladder trained

Mental Development

• Verbal growth: 1500-2500 words by 6 yrs.

• 2 yrs: short attention span

• 4 yrs: recognize some letters and words

• 6 yrs: very verbal, wants to read and can now make decisions based on past experiences because memory has developed at this age.

Emotional Development:• 1-2: children develop self-awareness and the

effect they have on other people

• limits are set, that cause a test of wills

• often frustrated at not having the ability to do what others do.

• Like routine: get upset when it is changed

• understand right and wrong concept

• by age 6 anxiety and frustration is decreased because they have learned how to deal with different situations.

Social Development:

• Younger: attached stongly to parents• begin to enjoy the company of others but are still

possessive• play alongside other children instead of with them.• Gradually puts self aside and begins to care about

others, by 6 friends are important to them.• Must learn to follow rules and be responsible for

actions

Late Childhood: 6-12 years• Wt gain 5-7 lbs. A year

• Ht. Increases 2-3 inches a year

• has well developed muscle coordination

• loses most of primary teeth-get permanent teeth

• eyes are well developed, visual acuity is at it’s best

• at 10-12 sexual maturation begins in some children.

Mental Development:• Life centers around school• speech skills are more developed• obtain reading/writing skills• use information to solve problems• memory becomes more complex• can now understand abstract concepts

(loyalty, values, morals, and honesty)• use active thinking and take an active part in

making judgements.

Emotional Development

• More independent: more distinct personality

• can be frightened at starting school at 6

• gradually cope with reassurance from others

• depression and joy periods with sexual changes

• can make them restless, anxious and difficult to understand at times.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:

• 7y: like activities they can do themselves more than group activities

• 8-10 y: more group oriented (own gender) and will accept opinions of others/ group.

• 10-12: Make friends easily

Aware of opposite sex

Dependency on parents starts to

decrease, and the time spent with

parents decreases

Needs: reassurance, parental and peer approval

ADOLESCENCE: 12-20 years• Often a traumatic life stage• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:• Growth spurt• can gain 25 lbs., grow several inches in a period of

months• muscle coordination advancement slows down.• Can have awkwardness/clumsiness• girls growth spurt: 11-13 years• boys growth spurt: 13-14 years

Puberty: sexual organs developsecondary sexual characteristics develop

Testosterone/Progesterone: hormone secretion causes changes….(sperm ,menstration)

• GIRLS:

• widened hips

• breast develop

• fat distribution

• curved appearance

• pubic hair

• menstrual cycle

BOYS:•Deeper voice•increased muscle mass•widening of shoulders pubic/body/facial hair•growth of sperm production and the sexual organs

MENTAL DEVELOPMENT•

Increase in knowledge and a sharpening of skills

• Learn to make decisions and to take responsibilities for their actions

• Conflict arises due to being told to “grow-up” yet reminded that they are “still children”

Emotional Development:

• Stormy and in conflict

• insecure/inadequate: are trying to establish identity and independence

• worry about appearance, abilities and relationships with others.

• More influenced by peers than parents

• at end start to develop self- identity

• know what they will do with their life

• gain control and mature emotionally

Social Development• Peers are important• spends less time with family• will seek groups that have the same conflicts or

problems that they have• as they mature start to get self-confidence and develop

more mature attitudes and shows behaviors that are associated with adult decisions and behaviors.

• Needs: support, understanding, reassurance

if not met may turn to: drugs, sex, rebellious behavior and even suicide.

Early Adulthood: 20-40frequently the most productive life stage

• Physical Development:

• basically complete

• muscles well developed and strong

• motor coordination is at its peak

• prime child bearing time: usually produces the healthiest babies

• sexual development for m/f is at its peak

• MENTAL DEVELOPMENT:

• Additional education is pursuedEstablish career (s)

• Deals with independence as a young adult and decision/judgement making

• Establishes a lifestyle• Marriage partner

selection• Starts a family• Establishes values

• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT:

• Finds a way to establish stability based on past experiences

• Stress subjection: job, marriage, family,etc.

• If emotional structure is strong -the young adult can cope with “life”.

• Find satisfaction in achievements

• Take responsibility for actions, take criticism and profit from it

Social Development:

• Moves away from peer group and associate with those who have similar goals, ambitions and interests

• Family / mate is important

• Frequently adapt non-traditional sex roles

• Example: Men as nurses and secretaries

• Women as construction workers

Social Development:

• Moves away from peer group and associate with those who have similar goals, ambitions and interests

• Family / mate is important

• Frequently adapt non-traditional sex roles

• Example: Men as nurses and secretaries

• Women as construction workers

Middle Adulthood: 40-65 yrsfrequently called middle age

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• Hair grays and thins

• Skin: wrinkles

• Muscle Tone: decreases

• Hearing: Loss…Visual Acuity: Declines

• Weight gain occurs

• Females: Menopause, Men: male climacteric

• MENTAL DEVELOPMENT:

• Mental acuity can increase during this age.

• Acquire an understanding of life and have learned to cope with many stresses.

• More confident with decision making and excellent at analyzing situations

• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT• Can be a period of content and

satisfaction• Can be a time of crisis depending

on circumstance• Job stability, financial worries,

children leaving, health issues…etc

• Can cause depression is coping skills aren’t there.

• Anxiety, insecurity, anger..• At this stage events that occur

can shape emotional development

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:

• Family relationships show a decline as children begin their lives and parents die.

• Relationships between spouses become stronger or divorce occurs as children leave

• Friendships are usually with people who have the same interests and lifestyles

LATE ADULTHOOD: 65 and upSenior Citizens

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT: People are living longer and this age group is increasing daily!

• On the Decline: all body systems are affected

• Skin: dry, thin, wrinkled, thin, age spots

• Hair: thin, loses it’s luster and shine

• Bones: brittle..more likely to break or Fx.

• Cartilage: thins in vertebrae: causing stooping

• Muscle: loses tone, coordination decreases

• Nervous System: hearing loss, visual loss, temp.intolerance.

• Memory loss can occur

• Reasoning ability decrease

• Heart is less efficient and circulation decreases

• Kidney and Bladder are less efficient

• Breathing capability decrease: get SOB

• Note: These changes occur slowly over a period of time. Due to better and healthier living many individuals do not show signs of physical aging until their seventies or eighties.

MENTAL DEVELOPMENT• Varies among individuals

• Short-term memory is usually the first to decline

• Can remember events from 20 years ago, but not events that happened yesterday

• Diseases such as Alzheimers can lead to irreversible memory loss, disorientation, speech and gait disturbances.

• Arteriosclerosis can decrease blood flow to the brain and decrease mental ability as well.

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT• Varies in this age group

• Some elderly cope well with stresses presented by aging while others do not.

• Those who don’t can experience: loneliness, depression, frustration and withdrawal

• Emotional adjustments are necessary…retirement

• loss of loved ones/friends/spouse, physical disability,financial problems, loss of independence, knowledge that life will end all can cause emotional distress. Again if they have goo coping skills they do well, if not….problems arise emotionally.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT• Retirement: can lead to a loss of self-esteem

• Less contact with co-workers and circle of related friends

• Some limit their relationships, some find new friends

• Death of a spouse and friends, having to move to a new environment cause loss of contact

• Senior citizen groups, church groups, golden age groups, etc are very important at this stage.

• They need a sense of belonging, love, security, social acceptance, and love

In Conclusion: All life stages have many changes…As you go

through them find a way to be the best that you can be!!

Make wise choices: Lasting relationships and true satisfaction will

follow!!