Health ethics
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Transcript of Health ethics
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MEDICAL ETHICS
Dr. Abdalnasir Moh. Almagzop MBBS / M.Sc (PH) / M.Sc (TROP. MED.) / MD (COMM. MED.)
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• “And if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people.” (Al Quran 5:32)
• “No soul can die except by Allah's permission.” (Al Quran 3:185)
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MEDICAL ETHICS• Medical ethics is primarily a
field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to medicine.
األول • المقام في هو الطب مهنة آدابالقيم ودراسة التطبيقية، األخالقيات مجال. الطب على تنطبق التي واألحكام األخالقية
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A NOBLE PROFESSION• Medical profession is the guardian of
human life and is responsible for defending living beings from the miseries and death from disease.
حياة • على الوصي هو الطب مهنةعن الدفاع عن مسؤولة وهي اإلنسان،
المرض مآسي من االنسان حياةوالموت.
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•Medical ethics is a code of conduct of practicing doctors/ dental surgeons evolved over centuries nationally and internationally that is based on the most admirable human values and principles.
مدونة • هي الطب مهنة آدابممارسة في السلوك لقواعد
/ األسنان أطباء األطباءقرون مدى على تطورت
تقوم وعالميا دوليا والتياإلنسانية القيم على
األكثر و والمبادئ انتشارا. عليها اتفاقا
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Greek healers in the 4th Century B.C., drafted the Hippocratic Oath and pledged to :
“prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone”.
اليوناني والمعالجصاغ في ون نالميالد الرابع القرن قسم قبل
و ي أبقراط المعالج فيه تعهدالذي العالجية نظمال اصف”: ب...
لقدرتي وفقا مرضاي لصالحال وأبدا أحدا".باي ضر اوحكمي
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Muslim physicians:Ishaq bin Ali Rahawi (who wrote the Conduct of a Physician,
the first book dedicated to medical ethics)
Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi (known as Rhazes in the West)
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Muslim physicians
Ishaq bin Ali Rahawi: Who wrote the Adab al-Tabib (Conduct
of a Physician), the first paper dedicated to medical ethics. He regarded physicians as "guardians of souls and bodies", and wrote twenty chapters on various topics related to medical ethics.
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PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL ETHICS
الطبية األخالق مبادئ
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There are main four principles of Medical Ethics:
1. Patient Autonomy;
2. Beneficence;
3. Do No Harm (or Non-malificence);
4. Justice.
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• In addition to the four ethical principles the following ethical principles have been included:Principles of confidentiality
السرية مبادئ
Protection of the vulnerable
الضعفاء حماية
Collegiality
الزمالة
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1.Autonomy :
االستقاللية•Respect the autonomy of the patient. •The patient has the right to refuse or choose their treatment.
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2. Beneficenc
e:االحسان
•promoting what is best for the patient .•A practitioner should act in the best interest of the patient.
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• Beneficence implies consideration of the patient's pain; their physical and mental suffering; the risk of disability and death; and their quality of life. At times, beneficence can imply not intervening, if the benefit of therapy would be minimal.
المعاناة • المريض؛ آالم في النظر يعني اإلحسانوالوفاة، العجز مخاطر والعقلية؛ الجسدية . يمكن األحيان، بعض في حياتهم ونوعية
الفائدة كانت إذا التدخل، عدم يعني االحسان. للغاية ضئيلة العالج من
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3. Non-maleficence:
االيذاء عدم
•first, do no harm.•We have been given
the gift of life, for goodness sakes,
Protect it!!!
Respect it!!!
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4. Justice:العدال ة•Resources are limited; you cannot cure everybody and so priorities must be set (hence the notion of triage).
ال • محدودة، المواردولذا الجميع عالج يمكنك
األولويات تحديد يجب
( الفرز( فكرة هنا .ومن
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Principles of confidentiality• Non-disclosure / disclosure of patients’
details and medical records.• To respect the privacy and preserve the dignity
of each patient.• / الكشف الكشف المريض عدم تفاصيل عن
. الصحية والسجالتعلى • والحفاظ الخصوصية كل كرامةاحترام
مريض.
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Dignity:• The patient and the doctor have the right to dignity.
•The spirit of humanity, respecting the worth of each person
•Each person we encounter in our working day deserves our respect—patients, visitors, co-workers
والطبيب المريض من لكل حق الكرامة
اثناء نواجهه شخص كلاحترامنا يستحق العملوزمالء) زوار ، مرضى
العمل(
واالحترام اإلنسانية، روح يستحق شخص كل
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Confidentiality:•is commonly applied to conversations between doctors and patients. This concept is commonly known as patient-physician privilege.
سرية • على الحفاظ تعنيوهذه الطبيب، جهة من المريضالمريض بين العالقة ميزة تسمى
والطبيب
•Legal protections prevent physicians from revealing their discussions with patients, even under oath in court.
تمنع • القانونية الحمايةعن الكشف من األطباءالمرضى، مع مناقشاتهمفي القسم تحت حتى
المحكمة.
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• Confidentiality forms a cornerstone of the doctor-patient relationship, but it is increasingly hard to maintain with the growth of electronic data.
حجر ا• تشكل الطبيب االساس لسرية بين العالقة فيالصعب من ولكن على اوالمريض، ل لحفاظ تزايد ذلك
تناقل النمو .في اإللكترونية البيانات• In order to protect the trust between doctor and patient, the
physician should not release personal medical information without the patient's consent.
والمريض • الطبيب بين الثقة حماية أجل علىينبغي منب الطبيب التصريح الشخصية عدم الطبية المعلوماتموافق للمريض .تةدون المريض
• Like other ethical duties, however, confidentiality is not absolute. It can be necessary to override privacy in the interests of public health. However, this should always be done in a way that minimizes harm to the patient.
األخرى، • األخالقية الواجبات . مثل مطلقة ليست السريةأن الخصوصية يضرورال من كونييمكن اجل تجاوز من
العامة الصحة تقلل مصالح بطريقة ذلك يتم ان بشرط ،. المريض على الضرر
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Discussion topic: A patient's relative gives you information on
the patient but asks you not to reveal where the information came from. Do you have to
keep this secret?
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Disclosure:•the doctor must disclose information that is materially relevant to the patient's understanding of his condition, his treatment options and likely outcomes.• This would include, for example, information on medical errors made in their care.• Errors do not necessarily constitute improper, negligent, or unethical behavior, but failure to disclose them may.
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المعلومات • عن الكشف الطبيب على يجبوخيارات الصحية، حالته لفهم للمريض
. المحتملة والنتائج العالج،معلومات • المثال، سبيل على ذلك، ويشمل
تقديم اثناء المرتكبة الطبية األخطاء عن. الطبية الخدمة
سلوك • بالضرورة تشكل ال الطبية األخطاءبقدر أخالقي، غير فعل أو إهمال، الئق، غير
. عنها الكشف عدم في عليه ماهو
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Discussion topic: A teenage patient requests an abortion but
asks you not to tell her parents. How do you balance protection of the patient's confidentiality against the rights of her
parents?
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Protection of the vulnerable
الضعفاء حماية• Standing up for the rights of those who may
be unable to speak or act for themselves. e.g.. Children, the frail elderly, and patients who are unable to make decisions for themselves.
قادرين • غير يكونون قد الذين أولئك حقوق على الوقوف . . األطفال المثال سبيل على ألنفسهم العمل أو الكالم علىاتخاذ يستطيعون ال الذين والمرضى الضعفاء، والمسنين
. بأنفسهم قراراتهم
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Collegiality الزمالة :• Calls for support of colleagues and
fellow practitioners and professionals. • Mutual respect & understanding for
fellow optometrists, for other professionals and for their respective roles in the health care team.
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الزمالء • من الدعم طلب يجبالطبي لبحقل في الممارسين
.. ذلك تطلب اذاالمتبادل • االحترام توفر يجب
خبرة االكثر للزمالء والتفاهمودور المهنيين من غيرهم عن
الرعاية فريق في منهما كلالصحية.
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Doctor-Patient Relationship: All doctors know that it is
unethical, at a minimum, to have a bad relationship with patients.
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Truthfulness.الثقة
Honesty. والصدق الشرف
Informed consent. الرسمية الموافقة طلب
والمعتمدةThe Physician's moral integrity and virtuous character.
والشخصية األخالقية النزاهة. للطبيب الفاضلة
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عليه الله صلى الله رسول قال” أن��ا زعيم ب��بيت :وس���لم
في ربض الجن�ة، لمن ت�رك الم��راء وإن ك��ان محق��ا، وب�بيت في وس�ط الجن�ة، لمن ت�رك الك�ذب وإن ك�ان مازح��ا، وب��بيت في أعلى
“. الجنة، لمن حسن خلقهرواه أبccccو داود والطccccبراني في معاجمccccه وغيرهمccا، وحسccنه األلبccاني في صccحيح سccنن
.أبي داود