Health effects of common drinking water standards Waterworks Operations WQT 111 Lecture 3.
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Transcript of Health effects of common drinking water standards Waterworks Operations WQT 111 Lecture 3.
Health effects of common drinking water standardsHealth effects of common drinking water standards
Waterworks OperationsWQT 111
Lecture 3
Waterworks OperationsWQT 111
Lecture 3
Inorganic ChemicalsInorganic Chemicals
1. Review Arsenic, Nitrate and Nitrite, Lead, Copper
2. Review Secondary MCLS.
3. Fluoride
4. Iron and Manganese.
1. Review Arsenic, Nitrate and Nitrite, Lead, Copper
2. Review Secondary MCLS.
3. Fluoride
4. Iron and Manganese.
Inorganic ArsenicArsenic is a semi-metal element in the periodic table.
Odorless and tasteless.Natural deposits Agricultural (pesticide= apple orchards) and industrial (wood preservative)
Trivalent (As3+)• Anaerobic reduced form • arsenic trioxide, sodium arsenite• arsenic trichloride
Pentavalent (As5+) • Aerobic oxidized form• arsenic pentoxide, arsenic acid, • arsenates (lead arsenate)
Arsenic is a semi-metal element in the periodic table. Odorless and tasteless.Natural deposits Agricultural (pesticide= apple orchards) and industrial (wood preservative)
Trivalent (As3+)• Anaerobic reduced form • arsenic trioxide, sodium arsenite• arsenic trichloride
Pentavalent (As5+) • Aerobic oxidized form• arsenic pentoxide, arsenic acid, • arsenates (lead arsenate)
MCL= .010 mg/LInorganic arsenic (arsenic trioxide) 70 to 180
mg can be fatal
Constriction of the throat with difficulty in swallowing
Sever intestinal pain
Vomiting, diarrhea
Muscle cramps
Severe thirst
Coma and death
MCL= .010 mg/LInorganic arsenic (arsenic trioxide) 70 to 180
mg can be fatal
Constriction of the throat with difficulty in swallowing
Sever intestinal pain
Vomiting, diarrhea
Muscle cramps
Severe thirst
Coma and death
Acute - ToxicityAcute - Toxicity
“A man sprays commercial weed killer containing an arsenic compound on the lawn using a garden hose attachment. After finishing, he disconnects the applicator. Since it is a hot day, he takes a drink of water from the hose. A short time later, he dies from arsenic poisoning.”
“A man sprays commercial weed killer containing an arsenic compound on the lawn using a garden hose attachment. After finishing, he disconnects the applicator. Since it is a hot day, he takes a drink of water from the hose. A short time later, he dies from arsenic poisoning.”
Arsenic backflowArsenic backflow
Studies of Health Effects of Chronic Arsenic ExposureStudies of Health Effects of Chronic Arsenic Exposure
Linked to:
-drinking water sources.
-arsenic in artesian wells.
Linked to:
-drinking water sources.
-arsenic in artesian wells.
Black-Foot Disease (BFD).-Unique to SW TaiwanBlack-Foot Disease (BFD).-Unique to SW Taiwan
Effects of Arsenic ExposureEffects of Arsenic Exposure
Hyperkeratosis of the hands
Hyperkeratosis of the hands
Skin Cancers on hands, arm and chest
Skin Cancers on hands, arm and chest
Bangladesh Arsenic MapBangladesh Arsenic Map
40% of 50,000 wells sampled were contaminated with As!-85 MILLION PEOPLE AT RISK!
40% of 50,000 wells sampled were contaminated with As!-85 MILLION PEOPLE AT RISK!
Arsenic in Bangladesh
WHO Arsenic The Largest Mass Poisoning in History
Arsenic in Bangladesh
Arsenic RemovalArsenic Removal
Oxidation (chlorine or permanganate) then coagulation with a alum or ferric chloride
Ion exchange for arsenate
Membrane methods reverse osmosis/nano filtration
Oxidation (chlorine or permanganate) then coagulation with a alum or ferric chloride
Ion exchange for arsenate
Membrane methods reverse osmosis/nano filtration
In water treatment, potassium permanganate is used
primarily as:
In water treatment, potassium permanganate is used
primarily as:
An o
xidan
t
A d
isin
fect
ant
A tr
acin
g Age
nt
A c
orros
ion in
hibito
r
A c
oagul
ant
58%
8%
33%
0%0%
1. An oxidant
2. A disinfectant
3. A tracing Agent
4. A corrosion inhibitor
5. A coagulant
1. An oxidant
2. A disinfectant
3. A tracing Agent
4. A corrosion inhibitor
5. A coagulant
The MCl for Arsenic as of 1/23/06 is?
The MCl for Arsenic as of 1/23/06 is?
50
ug/L
1 m
g/L
0.0
1 m
g/L
0.0
5 m
g/L
0%
14%
86%
0%
1. 50 ug/L
2. 1 mg/L
3. 0.01 mg/L
4. 0.05 mg/L
1. 50 ug/L
2. 1 mg/L
3. 0.01 mg/L
4. 0.05 mg/L
NitriteNitrite1.0 mg/L is the MCL
Health Effect
Serious illness and sometimes death
Shortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome
Source
Runoff from fertilizer use
Leaching from septic tanks, sewage
Erosion of natural deposits
1.0 mg/L is the MCL
Health Effect
Serious illness and sometimes death
Shortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome
Source
Runoff from fertilizer use
Leaching from septic tanks, sewage
Erosion of natural deposits
NitrateNitrate10.0 mg/L is the MCLHealth Effectshortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome
Babies' stomachs are less acid than normal allowing bacteria in the stomach to convert nitrate (NO3) into nitrate (NO2). Nitrite gets into the blood system and prevents the hemoglobin in red blood cells from absorbing oxygen
SourceRunoff from fertilizer use
Leaching from septic tanks, sewage
Erosion of natural deposits
10.0 mg/L is the MCLHealth Effectshortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome
Babies' stomachs are less acid than normal allowing bacteria in the stomach to convert nitrate (NO3) into nitrate (NO2). Nitrite gets into the blood system and prevents the hemoglobin in red blood cells from absorbing oxygen
SourceRunoff from fertilizer use
Leaching from septic tanks, sewage
Erosion of natural deposits
Methemoglobinemia Methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia is treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline
Methemoglobinemia is treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline
Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder in which the body cannot recycle hemoglobin after it is damaged. Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder in which the body cannot recycle hemoglobin after it is damaged.
The MCL for nitrate as N at the point of withdrawal is:
The MCL for nitrate as N at the point of withdrawal is:
1. 1
mg/l
2. 1
0 m
g/l
3. 3
0 m
g/l
4. 4
5 m
g/l
7%0%0%
93%
1. 1 mg/l
2. 10 mg/l
3. 30 mg/l
4. 45 mg/l
1. 1 mg/l
2. 10 mg/l
3. 30 mg/l
4. 45 mg/l
An illness known as methemoglobinemia (blue baby
syndrome) is attributed to:
An illness known as methemoglobinemia (blue baby
syndrome) is attributed to:
1. excessive hardness in water
2. high iodine content
3. too much iron in the water
4. high nitrate content
1. excessive hardness in water
2. high iodine content
3. too much iron in the water
4. high nitrate content 1
. exc
essi
ve h
ardne
ss ..
2. h
igh io
dine
con
tent
3. t
oo m
uch ir
on in t.
.
4. h
igh n
itrat
e co
ntent
0%
100%
0%0%
LeadLead0.015 mg/L is the MCL
Health EffectDelays in physical or mental development
Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities
SourceCorrosion of household plumbing systems
Erosion of natural deposits
Household dust containing lead from lead-based paint
0.015 mg/L is the MCL
Health EffectDelays in physical or mental development
Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities
SourceCorrosion of household plumbing systems
Erosion of natural deposits
Household dust containing lead from lead-based paint
Which of the following are potential problems associated
with lead exposure in children?
Which of the following are potential problems associated
with lead exposure in children?
Bra
in d
amag
e a.
..
Beh
avio
r and l.
..
Ach
es o
r pai
ns...
All
of the
abo...
0%
88%
0%
13%
1. Brain damage and lower intelligence
2. Behavior and learning problems
3. Aches or pains in stomach
4. All of the above
1. Brain damage and lower intelligence
2. Behavior and learning problems
3. Aches or pains in stomach
4. All of the above
A component of the 1986 SDWA amendments was to “GET THE
LEAD OUT”?
A component of the 1986 SDWA amendments was to “GET THE
LEAD OUT”?
Tru
e
Fal
se
7%
93%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
According to the Lead and Copper Rule, the action for the 90th
percentile lead level is:
According to the Lead and Copper Rule, the action for the 90th
percentile lead level is:
1. 0
.005
mg/l
2. 0
.015
mg/l
3. 0
.030
mg/l
4. 0
.050
mg/l
9% 9%0%
82%
1. 0.005 mg/l
2. 0.015 mg/l
3. 0.030 mg/l
4. 0.050 mg/l
1. 0.005 mg/l
2. 0.015 mg/l
3. 0.030 mg/l
4. 0.050 mg/l
Lead in drinking water can lead to ? Lead in drinking water can lead to ?
1. s
tom
ach a
nd inte
st...
2. r
educt
ion o
f white
...
3. m
etha
mog
lobin
ema
4. i
mpai
red m
enta
l fu.
..
0%
92%
8%0%
1. stomach and intestinal disorders
2. reduction of white blood count
3. methamoglobinema
4. impaired mental functioning in children
1. stomach and intestinal disorders
2. reduction of white blood count
3. methamoglobinema
4. impaired mental functioning in children
CopperCopper1.3 mg/L is the MCL
Health EffectCopper is an essential nutrient, required by the body in very small amounts.
Short periods of exposure can cause gastrointestinal disturbance, including nausea and vomiting.
Long periods of exposure liver or kidney damage
SourceCorrosion of copper plumbing
Erosion of natural deposits
Copper mining and smelting operations
1.3 mg/L is the MCL
Health EffectCopper is an essential nutrient, required by the body in very small amounts.
Short periods of exposure can cause gastrointestinal disturbance, including nausea and vomiting.
Long periods of exposure liver or kidney damage
SourceCorrosion of copper plumbing
Erosion of natural deposits
Copper mining and smelting operations
Raising the pH of post treated water is one way of controlling
corrosion of copper in plumbing?
Raising the pH of post treated water is one way of controlling
corrosion of copper in plumbing?
Tru
e
Fal
se
8%
92%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
ChromiumChromium0.1 mg/L is the MCL
Health EffectChromium (Cr III) is an essential nutrient, required by the body in very
small amounts. (CrVI- toxic carcinogen)
Short periods of exposure can cause skin irritation or ulceration.
Long periods of exposure damage to liver, kidney circulatory and nerve tissues; skin irritation.
SourceChromium is a metal found in natural deposits as ores
Stainless steel; wood preservative
0.1 mg/L is the MCL
Health EffectChromium (Cr III) is an essential nutrient, required by the body in very
small amounts. (CrVI- toxic carcinogen)
Short periods of exposure can cause skin irritation or ulceration.
Long periods of exposure damage to liver, kidney circulatory and nerve tissues; skin irritation.
SourceChromium is a metal found in natural deposits as ores
Stainless steel; wood preservative
Secondary MCLsSecondary MCLs
1. National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations that set non-mandatory water quality standards for 15 contaminants
2. Guidelines to assist public water systems
3. SMCL, and public water systems only need test for them on a voluntary basis
1. National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations that set non-mandatory water quality standards for 15 contaminants
2. Guidelines to assist public water systems
3. SMCL, and public water systems only need test for them on a voluntary basis
Secondary MCLsProblems
Secondary MCLsProblems
1. Aesthetic effects -- undesirable tastes or odors
2. Cosmetic effects -- effects which do not damage the body but are still undesirable
3. Technical effects -- damage to water equipment or reduced effectiveness of treatment for other contaminants.
1. Aesthetic effects -- undesirable tastes or odors
2. Cosmetic effects -- effects which do not damage the body but are still undesirable
3. Technical effects -- damage to water equipment or reduced effectiveness of treatment for other contaminants.
Aesthetic EffectsSecondary MCLsAesthetic EffectsSecondary MCLs1. Odor and Taste
-Algae, Organics, Chloride, Copper, Foaming Agents, Iron, Manganese pH, Sulfate, Total Dissolved Solids, Zinc.
2. Color may be indicative of dissolved organic material, inadequate treatment, high disinfectant demand and the potential for the production of excess amounts of disinfectant by-products.
-Aluminum, Color, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Total Dissolved Solids.
3. Foaming is usually caused by detergents and similar substances when water has been agitated or aerated as in many faucets
1. Odor and Taste-Algae, Organics, Chloride, Copper, Foaming Agents, Iron, Manganese pH, Sulfate, Total Dissolved Solids, Zinc.
2. Color may be indicative of dissolved organic material, inadequate treatment, high disinfectant demand and the potential for the production of excess amounts of disinfectant by-products.
-Aluminum, Color, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Total Dissolved Solids.
3. Foaming is usually caused by detergents and similar substances when water has been agitated or aerated as in many faucets
Tastes and odors in surface water are most often caused by:
Tastes and odors in surface water are most often caused by:
1. c
lays
2. h
ardnes
s
3. a
lgae
4. c
oliform
bac
teria
14%
0%
29%
57%
1. clays
2. hardness
3. algae
4. coliform bacteria
1. clays
2. hardness
3. algae
4. coliform bacteria
Cosmetic EffectsSecondary MCLsCosmetic EffectsSecondary MCLs
1. Skin discoloration is a cosmetic effect related to silver ingestion (argyria)
2. Tooth discoloration and/or pitting is caused by excess fluoride exposures during the formative period prior to eruption of the teeth in children.
-Flouride
1. Skin discoloration is a cosmetic effect related to silver ingestion (argyria)
2. Tooth discoloration and/or pitting is caused by excess fluoride exposures during the formative period prior to eruption of the teeth in children.
-Flouride
Technical EffectsSecondary MCLsTechnical EffectsSecondary MCLs
1. Corrosivity, and staining related to corrosion, not only affect the aesthetic quality of water, but may also have significant economic implications
2. Scaling and sedimentation are other processes which have economic impacts. Scale is a mineral deposit which builds up on the insides of hot water pipes, boilers, and heat exchangers, restricting or even blocking water flow.
1. Corrosivity, and staining related to corrosion, not only affect the aesthetic quality of water, but may also have significant economic implications
2. Scaling and sedimentation are other processes which have economic impacts. Scale is a mineral deposit which builds up on the insides of hot water pipes, boilers, and heat exchangers, restricting or even blocking water flow.
FluorideFluoride4.0 mg/L is the MCLHealth Effect
Bone disease (pain and tenderness of the bones); Children may get mottled teeth
Source
Water additive which promotes strong teeth
Erosion of natural deposits,
Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories
4.0 mg/L is the MCLHealth Effect
Bone disease (pain and tenderness of the bones); Children may get mottled teeth
Source
Water additive which promotes strong teeth
Erosion of natural deposits,
Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories
FluorosisFluorosis
•Occurs when children are exposed to excessive levels of fluoride in water.•Occurs when children are exposed to excessive levels of fluoride in water.
Mild FluorosisMild FluorosisSevere FluorosisSevere Fluorosis
• Dr. Frederick McKay “Colorado Stain” 1909
• ~66% of United States residents on public water supplies have fluoridated water
• Levels between 0.7 and 1.2 mg/L
• Not widely used in Europe (Ireland)
• No country has discontinued fluoridation simply because it was proven harmful in any way.
• Endorsed by AWWA, American Dental Association, and WHO
• Dr. Frederick McKay “Colorado Stain” 1909
• ~66% of United States residents on public water supplies have fluoridated water
• Levels between 0.7 and 1.2 mg/L
• Not widely used in Europe (Ireland)
• No country has discontinued fluoridation simply because it was proven harmful in any way.
• Endorsed by AWWA, American Dental Association, and WHO
FluoridationFluoridationFactoidsFactoids
• 42 of the 50 largest U.S. cities have water fluoride
• 19 states have at least 75% of their population receiving fluoridated water
• 70% of people polled in a ADA survey believed community water should be fluoridated
• In cities with a population of over 50,000 people, fluoridation costs 31 cents per person per year
• 42 of the 50 largest U.S. cities have water fluoride
• 19 states have at least 75% of their population receiving fluoridated water
• 70% of people polled in a ADA survey believed community water should be fluoridated
• In cities with a population of over 50,000 people, fluoridation costs 31 cents per person per year
FluoridationFluoridationUSA Fluoride FactoidsUSA Fluoride Factoids
Fluoridation Case StudyFluoridation Case Study
• Fluoridation equipment failed • Acute fluoride poisoning “nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, or numbness or tingling of the face or extremities.”• Well had a 150 mg/L [Fluoride]• 296 people poisoned, 1 person died “Inspection of public water systems and monitoring of fluoride concentrations are needed to prevent outbreaks of fluoride poisoning.”
• Fluoridation equipment failed • Acute fluoride poisoning “nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, or numbness or tingling of the face or extremities.”• Well had a 150 mg/L [Fluoride]• 296 people poisoned, 1 person died “Inspection of public water systems and monitoring of fluoride concentrations are needed to prevent outbreaks of fluoride poisoning.”
Hooper Bay Alaska 1992Hooper Bay Alaska 1992
The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for fluoride in drinking
water is:
The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for fluoride in drinking
water is:
1. 2
.0 m
g/l
2. 3
.0 m
g/l
3. 4
.0 m
g/l
4. 8
.0 m
g/l
0% 0%
100%
0%1. 2.0 mg/l
2. 3.0 mg/l
3. 4.0 mg/l
4. 8.0 mg/l
1. 2.0 mg/l
2. 3.0 mg/l
3. 4.0 mg/l
4. 8.0 mg/l
Fluoride is generally added to public water supplies to
Fluoride is generally added to public water supplies to
1. a
id in
dis
infe
ctio
n
2. r
educe
iron
build
up
3. p
rote
ct th
e den
tal h
...
4. h
elp p
reve
nt conta
...
0%7%
93%
0%1. aid in disinfection
2. reduce iron buildup
3. protect the dental health of the young
4. help prevent contamination
1. aid in disinfection
2. reduce iron buildup
3. protect the dental health of the young
4. help prevent contamination
High fluoride levels in a water system can lead to:
High fluoride levels in a water system can lead to:
1. h
eart
dise
ase
2. t
ooth
dec
ay
3. d
isco
lora
tion
of tee
th
4. t
aste
and
odor c
om...
8%0%
69%
23%
1. heart disease
2. tooth decay
3. discoloration of teeth
4. taste and odor complaints
1. heart disease
2. tooth decay
3. discoloration of teeth
4. taste and odor complaints
IronIron0.3 mg/L is the secondary MCL
Health Effect
No known health effects
Problems
Rusty color; sediment; metallic taste; reddish or orange staining
Source
Erosion of natural deposits
0.3 mg/L is the secondary MCL
Health Effect
No known health effects
Problems
Rusty color; sediment; metallic taste; reddish or orange staining
Source
Erosion of natural deposits
ManganeseManganese0.05 mg/L is the secondary MCLHealth Effect
No known health effects
Problems
Black to brown color; black staining; bitter metallic taste
Remove Manganese with potassium permanganate
Source
Erosion of natural deposits
0.05 mg/L is the secondary MCLHealth Effect
No known health effects
Problems
Black to brown color; black staining; bitter metallic taste
Remove Manganese with potassium permanganate
Source
Erosion of natural deposits
Fe and Mn staining of Groundwater in Vancouver
Washington
Fe and Mn staining of Groundwater in Vancouver
Washington
Fe (red) Mn (black)
staining
0.01 mg/L is the MCL for arsenic?
0.01 mg/L is the MCL for arsenic?
Tru
e
Fal
se
33%
67%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
The MCL for fluoride is 10 mg/L?The MCL for fluoride is 10 mg/L?
Tru
e
Fal
se
94%
6%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
Manganese causes increased risk of cancer?
Manganese causes increased risk of cancer?
Tru
e
Fal
se
88%
12%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
Bone disease (pain and tenderness of the bones); Children may get mottled teeth are health concerns
for fluoride
Bone disease (pain and tenderness of the bones); Children may get mottled teeth are health concerns
for fluoride
Tru
e
Fal
se
6%
94%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
Aesthetic, Cosmetic and Technical Effects are all
components of secondary MCLs?
Aesthetic, Cosmetic and Technical Effects are all
components of secondary MCLs?
Tru
e
Fal
se
0%
100%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
3.0 mg/L is the MCL for Fe?3.0 mg/L is the MCL for Fe?
Tru
e
Fal
se
47%
53%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
Color, Taste, Odor, and increased risk of cancer are all
secondary MCLs?
Color, Taste, Odor, and increased risk of cancer are all
secondary MCLs?
Tru
e
Fal
se
94%
6%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
Nitrate and nitrite can cause Methemoglobinemia?
Nitrate and nitrite can cause Methemoglobinemia?
Tru
e
Fal
se
6%
94%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
Black foot disease is a problem with arsenic contamination?
Black foot disease is a problem with arsenic contamination?
Tru
e
Fal
se
0%
100%
1. True
2. False
1. True
2. False
If a water supply exceeds the MCL, whose responsibility is it to notify
the consumer?
If a water supply exceeds the MCL, whose responsibility is it to notify
the consumer?
1. t
he te
stin
g lab.
2. t
he s
upplier.
3. t
he D
OH
4. t
he U
SEPA
0% 0%
20%
80%
1. the testing lab.
2. the supplier.
3. the DOH
4. the USEPA
1. the testing lab.
2. the supplier.
3. the DOH
4. the USEPA
The objectives stated in the syllabus to Understand the fundamentals and
health hazards of water contamination/chemistry as it
relates to drinking water standards were met ?
The objectives stated in the syllabus to Understand the fundamentals and
health hazards of water contamination/chemistry as it
relates to drinking water standards were met ?
Stro
ngly A
gree
Agre
e
Dis
agre
e
Stro
ngly D
isag
ree
67%
0%0%
33%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Disagree
4. Strongly Disagree
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Disagree
4. Strongly Disagree