Photolysis of n-butyl nitrite and isoamyl nitrite at 355 ...
HEALTH EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS Linda Himmelbauer Chemist U.S. EPA, Region VIII...
-
Upload
charlotte-cooper -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of HEALTH EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS Linda Himmelbauer Chemist U.S. EPA, Region VIII...
HEALTH EFFECTS OF HEALTH EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
CONTAMINANTSCONTAMINANTSLinda HimmelbauerLinda Himmelbauer
ChemistChemist
U.S. EPA, Region VIIIU.S. EPA, Region VIII
Nitrate/NitriteNitrate/Nitrite
Radium*Uranium*Radon Radium*Uranium*Radon
Iron * Iron * ManganeseManganese
Sulfate* Fluoride* Sulfate* Fluoride* TDSTDS
ACUTE vs. CHRONICACUTE vs. CHRONIC
AcuteAcute - Symptoms show up in a - Symptoms show up in a short period of time (0-7 days)short period of time (0-7 days)
Sub-ChronicSub-Chronic - Symptoms show up in - Symptoms show up in 7 days - 7 years. 7 days - 7 years.
ChronicChronic - Symptoms show up in - Symptoms show up in 7 years - lifetime. 7 years - lifetime.
Chronic:Chronic:
CARCINOGEN vs. CARCINOGEN vs. NON-CARCINOGENNON-CARCINOGEN
CarcinogenCarcinogen - chemical found to - chemical found to cause cancer in laboratory animals cause cancer in laboratory animals or humans.or humans.
Non-CarcinogenNon-Carcinogen - chemical found to - chemical found to cause disorders and diseases such cause disorders and diseases such as reproductive abnormalities, as reproductive abnormalities, nervous system problems.nervous system problems.
NITRATES & NITRITESNITRATES & NITRITES
WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?
– Inorganic IonInorganic Ion
– NONO33-- = Nitrate = Nitrate
– NONO22-- = Nitrite = Nitrite
– Potassium Nitrate, KNOPotassium Nitrate, KNO33
NITRATES & NITRITESNITRATES & NITRITES
WHERE DO THEY COME WHERE DO THEY COME FROM?FROM?
SEWAGESEWAGE FERTILIZERSFERTILIZERS FEEDLOTSFEEDLOTS GEOLOGICALGEOLOGICAL
NITRATES & NITRITESNITRATES & NITRITES
WHAT DOES Nitrate DO?WHAT DOES Nitrate DO? Non-CarcinogenicNon-Carcinogenic (+) essential nutrient for many photo- (+) essential nutrient for many photo-
synthetic processes synthetic processes AcuteAcute - Methaemoglobinaemia in bottle- - Methaemoglobinaemia in bottle-
fed infants “ blue baby syndrome”fed infants “ blue baby syndrome” ChronicChronic - diuresis, increased starchy - diuresis, increased starchy
deposits, hemorrhaging of the spleen.deposits, hemorrhaging of the spleen. (-)Nitrate converts to Nitrite in the body(-)Nitrate converts to Nitrite in the body
NITRATES & NITRITESNITRATES & NITRITES
How to SAMPLE for NITRATE onlyHow to SAMPLE for NITRATE only Container:Container: PLASTIC PLASTIC
or GLASSor GLASS
Minimum Sample size:Minimum Sample size: (100 mL) (100 mL) Preservation:Preservation: Analyze as soon as Analyze as soon as
possible or refrigerate possible or refrigerate Maximum storage time:Maximum storage time: 48 hours 48 hours
or 28 days if chlorinatedor 28 days if chlorinated
NITRATES & NITRITESNITRATES & NITRITES
How to SAMPLE for How to SAMPLE for NITRATE & NITRITES onlyNITRATE & NITRITES only
Container:Container: PLASTIC (polyethylene, PLASTIC (polyethylene, etc.) etc.) or GLASS or GLASS
Minimum Sample size:Minimum Sample size: (200 mL) (200 mL) Preservation:Preservation: H H22SOSO44 acid to pH <2, acid to pH <2,
refrigerate refrigerate Maximum storage time:Maximum storage time: 28 days 28 days
NITRATES & NITRITESNITRATES & NITRITES
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTSINTERPRETATION OF RESULTS::
Units of Sample results Units of Sample results = mg/L nitrate as N = mg/L nitrate as N = mg/L nitrite as N= mg/L nitrite as N
MCL for Nitrate = 10 mg/LMCL for Nitrate = 10 mg/L MCL for Nitrite = 1.0 mg/L MCL for Nitrite = 1.0 mg/L
(40 CFR Part 141)(40 CFR Part 141)
NITRATES & NITRITESNITRATES & NITRITES
FOLLOW- UP MONITORING FOLLOW- UP MONITORING for MCL EXCEEDANCES…. for MCL EXCEEDANCES….
Confirmation sample within 24 hours of Confirmation sample within 24 hours of being notified.being notified.
If samples cannot be collected, notify If samples cannot be collected, notify public and the system is allowed a public and the system is allowed a maximum of two weeks to collect maximum of two weeks to collect confirmation sample.confirmation sample.
RADIUM/ URANIUM/ RADIUM/ URANIUM/ RADONRADON
WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
Natural Sources, Erosion Natural Sources, Erosion of natural depositsof natural deposits
Human ActivitiesHuman Activities
RADIUM/ URANIUM/ RADIUM/ URANIUM/ RADONRADON
WHAT DOES IT LOOK WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE? LIKE?
All are ELEMENTSAll are ELEMENTS Radon : Rn Atomic #: 86Radon : Rn Atomic #: 86 Radium : Ra Atomic #: 88Radium : Ra Atomic #: 88 Uranium: U Atomic #: 92Uranium: U Atomic #: 92
RADIUM/ URANIUM/ RADIUM/ URANIUM/ RADONRADON
WHAT DO THEY DO ?WHAT DO THEY DO ?
Chronic Exposure Chronic Exposure CarcinogenicCarcinogenic increased risk of cancerincreased risk of cancer
RADIUM/ URANIUM/ RADIUM/ URANIUM/ RADONRADON
How to SAMPLEHow to SAMPLE Container:Container: PLASTIC PLASTIC
or GLASS or GLASS
Minimum Sample size:Minimum Sample size: (500 mL to 18 L) (500 mL to 18 L) Type of Sample:Type of Sample: Grab or 4 quarter Grab or 4 quarter
compositecomposite Preservation:Preservation: acidify to pH <2 acidify to pH <2 Maximum storage time:Maximum storage time: up to 1-year up to 1-year
RADIUM/ URANIUM/ RADIUM/ URANIUM/ RADONRADON
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTSINTERPRETATION OF RESULTS:: Units of Sample results = pCi/L Units of Sample results = pCi/L
“picocuries per Liter”“picocuries per Liter” Action Level for gross alpha = 5 pCi/LAction Level for gross alpha = 5 pCi/L >5 pCi/L will trigger testing for Ra-226>5 pCi/L will trigger testing for Ra-226 if Ra-226 > 3 pCi/L, must test for Rd-228if Ra-226 > 3 pCi/L, must test for Rd-228 MCL for combined Ra 226-228 = 5 pCi/L.MCL for combined Ra 226-228 = 5 pCi/L. MCL for gross alpha = 15.0 pCi/LMCL for gross alpha = 15.0 pCi/L MCL for Radon, Rn - to be released 8/99.MCL for Radon, Rn - to be released 8/99.
IRON & MANGANESEIRON & MANGANESE
WHAT DOES IT LOOK WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?LIKE?
Fe, Iron Mn, Fe, Iron Mn, ManganeseManganese
IRON & MANGANESEIRON & MANGANESE
WHAT DO THEY DO?WHAT DO THEY DO? Secondary contaminants - Secondary contaminants -
for aesthetic value (40 CFR Part 143)for aesthetic value (40 CFR Part 143) (+) Fe essential nutrient in human (+) Fe essential nutrient in human
nutrition DW NOT considered a primary nutrition DW NOT considered a primary source. source.
Fe > .3 mg/L, Mn > .15 mg/L - stains Fe > .3 mg/L, Mn > .15 mg/L - stains laundry and plumbing fixtures, bad taste.laundry and plumbing fixtures, bad taste.
(-) can cause deposits in pipes(-) can cause deposits in pipes
IRON & MANGANESEIRON & MANGANESE
How to SAMPLEHow to SAMPLE Container:Container: PLASTIC (polyethylene, etc.) PLASTIC (polyethylene, etc.)
or GLASS or GLASS Minimum Sample size:Minimum Sample size: (50 mL) (50 mL)
can use same container for both analyses.can use same container for both analyses. Type of Sample:Type of Sample: Grab Grab Preservation:Preservation: acidify to pH <2 with acidify to pH <2 with
nitric acid (HNO3) nitric acid (HNO3) Maximum storage time:Maximum storage time: 6 months 6 months
IRON & MANAGANESEIRON & MANAGANESE
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTSINTERPRETATION OF RESULTS:: Units of Sample results Units of Sample results
Mn = mg/L Mn = mg/L Fe = mg/LFe = mg/L
Secondary Standard Secondary Standard Mn = 0.05 mg/L Mn = 0.05 mg/L
Fe = 0.3 mg/L Fe = 0.3 mg/L
SULFATESULFATE
WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?
Gypsum, CaSOGypsum, CaSO44-2(H2O) -2(H2O) Pyrite, FeSPyrite, FeS22
SOSO442-2-
Naturally OccurringNaturally Occurring
SULFATESULFATE
Secondary Standard Sulfate =250 Secondary Standard Sulfate =250 mg/Lmg/L
WHAT DOES IT DO?WHAT DOES IT DO? Taste and Odor problemsTaste and Odor problems possible diarrhea health effectspossible diarrhea health effects
SULFATESULFATE
How to SAMPLEHow to SAMPLE
Container:Container: PLASTIC or GLASS PLASTIC or GLASS Minimum Sample size:Minimum Sample size: (50 mL) (50 mL)
Type of Sample:Type of Sample: Grab Grab Preservation:Preservation: refrigerate refrigerate
Maximum storage time:Maximum storage time: 28 days 28 days
FLUORIDEFLUORIDE
WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?
Fluorite, CaF2Fluorite, CaF2
FF- -
Naturally OccurringNaturally Occurring
FLUORIDEFLUORIDE
Secondary Standard = 2.0 mg/LSecondary Standard = 2.0 mg/L What does it do?What does it do?
Small amounts, help reduce tooth Small amounts, help reduce tooth cavities.cavities.
In children whose teeth are forming, high F- exposure In children whose teeth are forming, high F- exposure can cause dental fluorosis with visible changes in the can cause dental fluorosis with visible changes in the teeth. teeth.
In adults, high fluoride over a long time can lead to In adults, high fluoride over a long time can lead to skeletal fluorosis with denser bones, joint pain, and a skeletal fluorosis with denser bones, joint pain, and a limited joint movement. limited joint movement.
FLUORIDEFLUORIDE
How to SAMPLEHow to SAMPLE
Container:Container: PLASTIC PLASTIC Minimum Sample size:Minimum Sample size: (50 mL) (50 mL) Type of Sample:Type of Sample: Grab Grab Preservation:Preservation: none required none required
Maximum storage time:Maximum storage time: 28 days 28 days
TOTAL DISSOLVED TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS,SOLIDS,
TDSTDS
Dissolved solids come from rock Dissolved solids come from rock dissolved by water. dissolved by water.
Secondary Standard = 500 mg/LSecondary Standard = 500 mg/L
TOTAL DISSOLVED TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS,SOLIDS,
TDSTDS
How to SAMPLEHow to SAMPLE
Container:Container: PLASTIC or GLASS PLASTIC or GLASS Minimum Sample size:Minimum Sample size: (200 mL recc.) (200 mL recc.)
Preservation:Preservation: refrigerate refrigerate Maximum storage time:Maximum storage time: 7 days 7 days
(24 hour analysis preferred)(24 hour analysis preferred)