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Contributes to every dimension of wellness

Psychological health› Defined positively (presence of wellness), or› Defined negatively (absence of sickness)

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Abraham Maslow’s Toward a Psychologyof Being (1960s)

Hierarchy of needs (in order of decreasing importance)› Physiological needs› Safety› Being loved› Maintaining self-esteem› Self-actualization

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Refers to fulfilling human potential Self-actualized people share certain

qualities:› Realism› Acceptance

Self-concept Self-esteem

› Autonomy› Authenticity› Capacity for intimacy› Creativity

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Three different but equally valid paths› The Pleasant Life› The Engaged Life› The Meaningful Life

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Not the same as psychological normality Mentally normal simply means being

close to average Psychological diversity› Range of ideas, lifestyles, and attitudes

“Mentally ill” versus “mentally healthy”

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Growing up psychologically› Developing adult identity› Developing intimacy› Developing values and purpose

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Develop a positive self-concept› Begins in childhood› Integration› Stability

Meet challenges to self-esteem› Challenge is your self-concept

Acknowledge that something has gone wrong› Notice your patterns of thinking› Avoid focusing on the negative› Develop realistic self-talk

Be less defensive Be optimistic

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Maintain honest communication› Assertiveness training

Deal with loneliness Deal with anger› Manage your own anger› Deal with anger in other people

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Anxiety (fear) disorders› Simple (or “specific”) phobia

Fear of something definite Most common and most understandable

› Social phobia 15 million Americans experience social phobia Fear of humiliation or embarrassment while being

observed by others› Panic disorders

Sudden unexpected surges in anxiety Rapid and strong heartbeat Shortness of breath Loss of physical equilibrium Feeling of losing mental control

Agoraphobia

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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)› Reaction to future threats is to worry › Worries have taken over

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)› Obsessions – recurrent, unwanted thoughts› Compulsions – repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)› Reaction to a severely traumatic event

Treatment for anxiety disorders› Medication› Psychological interventions

Cognitive-behavioral therapies

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Depression› Demoralization

Feeling of sadness and hopelessness Loss of pleasure Poor appetite Insomnia Restlessness Thoughts of worthlessness Trouble concentrating Thoughts of death or suicide

› Dysthymic disorder Symptoms for longer than 2 years

› Suicide › Treatment

Drug therapy Psychotherapy Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Light therapy

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Mania and Bipolar Disorder› Gender differences

Equal numbers of men and women suffer

Schizophrenia› Uncertain what causes it› General characteristics:

Disorganized thoughts Inappropriate emotions Delusions Auditory hallucinations Deteriorating social and work functioning

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Figure 3.2Nerve Cell Communication

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Third leading cause of death for ages 15 to 24 Women attempt three times as many suicides

as men do Men have much higher suicide rates than

women do Whites and Native Americans have highest

rates of suicide

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Depression Expressing the “wish” to be dead Revealing contemplated methods of suicide Increasing social withdrawal and isolation Sudden, inexplicable lightening of mood

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History of previous attempts Suicide by a family member or friend Readily available means of committing suicide History of substance abuse or eating disorders Serious medical problems

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Four different perspectives:1. Biological Model

Pharmacological therapya) Antidepressantsb) Mood stabilizersc) Antipsychoticsd) Anxiolytics and hypnoticse) Stimulantsf) Anti-dementia drugs

2. Behavioral Model Stimulus, response, and reinforcement Practice exposure

3. Cognitive Model Effect of ideas on behavior and feeling

4. Psychodynamic Model Thoughts; focus more on the present

Evaluation of the models Combining different therapies

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Self-help› Books› Writing in a journal› Religion› Social groups

Peer counseling and support groups Professional help› Determine the need › Choose a mental health professional

Psychiatrists Clinical psychologists Social workers Licensed counselors Clergy Hospital treatment team

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