Health and Environmental Impacts of Stormwater Drainage ...stormwater system shown in Figure 1...
1
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Stormwater drainage from Goss Stadium would benefit from remediation. • Stormwater pH above rainwater pH and EPA recommended maximum pH for freshwater 1,2 • Nitrate concentration above natural levels 3 and recommended maximum for freshwater 4 All other concentrations and water quality parameters of stormwater are of minimal concern. • Temperature and conductivity 6 are within normal ranges for freshwater • Benzothiazole concentrations are below reported aquatic toxicity levels 5 • Trace metals are below EPA recommended values Former heavily fertilized fields would benefit from nitrate remediation. • Crumb rubber leaches undetectable nitrate levels • Synthetic turf athletic fields now lack grass necessary to uptake nitrate from soil HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF STORMWATER DRAINAGE FROM SYNTHETIC TURF ATHLETIC FIELDS Sarah Frey, Jenny Green, Caitlin Inman Oregon State University would like to determine health and environmental impacts of stormwater drainage from various buildings and facilities in order to assess the current impact of campus activities on Oak Creek watershed. This project focuses on the impact synthetic turf athletic fields. PROJECT GOALS: • Characterize stormwater runoff from synthetic turf athletic fields on campus • Propose a stormwater remediation plan Issue & Opportunity ANALYTICAL METHODS • Nitrate (NO 3 - ) using API ® nitrate test kit and Hach ® DR 5000™ UV-Vis spectrophotometer • Trace metals (Zn, Cu, Pb) using Prodigy ICP-OES • Benzothiazole (BTZ) using liquid-liquid extraction and Agilent 6890/5973N GC-MS Testing Methods Conclusions Recommendations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • Dave Eckert and the Corvallis Sustainability Coalition for project sponsorship • Nathan Patterson for sampling location identification and safety training • Jill Schrlau and Dr. Staci Simonich for assistance with method development and providing materials/laboratory space • Andy Ungerer for ICP training and assistance with trace metals analysis • Biochar Team: Isabella Lewis, Danielle Whitehurst, and Jon Laurance for ICP coordination • John Cochran and Andy Brickman for assistance with equipment and providing laboratory space • Dr. Phil Harding, P.E. for project guidance and taking group photos! pH Results Trace Metal Results Nitrate Results Trace Metal Batch Test Results That crumb rubber gets stuck in your shoes, but what does it do to our local rivers and creeks? 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Goss Small Goss IM #1 IM #2 Prothro pH Avg. pH Rain Water Figure 2. Average pH at each field. Error bars represent 90% confidence interval. Rainfall effects on pH are insignificant. Freshwater recommendations 1 for pH are between 6.5 and 9, and typical rainwater 2 pH is 5.6. • Contact with turf fields increases stormwater pH • Goss drainage pH above EPA recommended values • Goss drainage has a nitrate level above recommended values of 10 ppm for freshwater Figure 3. Average nitrate concentration at each field. Error bars represent 90% confidence interval. Natural nitrate level 3 is 1 ppm. Recommended nitrate levels are a maximum 4 of 10 ppm and 2 ppm for streams with salmon. 4 • All zinc concentrations are below the EPA recommended maximum concentration of 120 ppb • Potential of crumb rubber to leach trace metals into stormwater investigated with leachate test Property Health/Environmental Concern pH Aquatic life thrive in certain range Temperature Aquatic life thrive in certain range Conductivity General measure of water quality Nitrate Eutrophication Benzothiazole Skin irritant, prevents fish gill growth Trace metals Toxic to aquatic life Figure 1. Turf field sampling locations. Drainage collected from manholes on stormwater system (orange circles). Three locations (left of blue dashed line) drain to Oak Creek. Two locations (right of blue dashed line) flow to the Willamette River. STORMWATER SAMPLING Drainage samples were taken from manholes on stormwater system shown in Figure 1 (orange circles). • pH using pH test strips (confirmed in lab) • Conductivity and temperature using Vernier probes and LabQuest handheld interface Table 1. Properties measured in stormwater drainage from synthetic turf fields and associated health/environmental concerns. Remediation of stormwater drainage from Goss Stadium. • Bioswale for treatment of field and parking lot runoff • Treatment should focus on nitrate and pH reduction Synthetic turf fields should not be installed in floodplains. • Leachate tests indicate potential of crumb rubber to release zinc into stagnant stormwater Future work should include: • Further leachate testing to model projected zinc release from crumb rubber • Identifying nitrate sources • Confirming of benzothiazole results Figure 4. Average zinc concentration at each field. Error bars represent 90% confidence interval. Toxicity in freshwater systems can occur at 120 ppb, much higher than detected in samples. 5 REFERENCES 1. https://www.epa.gov/wqc/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-aquatic-life-criteria- table [Accessed May 14, 2016]. 2. https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain [Accessed May 14, 2016]. 3. Burow, K.R., Nolan, B.T., Rupert, M.G., & Dubrovsky, N.M. (2010). Nitrate in Groundwater in the United States, 1991-2003. Environmental Science & Technology, 44 (13), 4988-4997. 4. Camargo, J.A., Alonso, A., & Salamanca, A. (2005). Nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals: a review with new data for freshwater invertebrates. Chemosphere, 58 (9), 1255-1267. 5. https://www.epa.gov/wqc/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-aquatic-life-criteria- table [Accessed June 6, 2016]. 6. http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/sites/default/files/conductivity.pdf [Accessed May 16, 2016]. Figure 5. Average trace metal concentrations during crumb rubber leachate test. Error bars represent 90% confidence interval. Results indicate crumb rubber has potential to release trace metals into stagnant stormwater. 0 10 20 30 40 Rain Water Goss Small Goss IM #1 IM #2 Prothro Nitrate Concentration (ppm) Heavy Rainfall Moderate Rainfall Light Rainfall Freshwater Max. Natural Levels Photo by Jan Sonnenmair 0 25 50 75 100 125 Goss Small Goss IM #1 IM #2 Prothro Zinc Concentration (ppb) Heavy Rainfall Moderate Rainfall Light Rainfall Freshwater Max. 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 0 20 40 60 80 100 Zinc Concentration (ppb) Time Elapsed (hr) Leachate #1 Leachate #2
Transcript of Health and Environmental Impacts of Stormwater Drainage ...stormwater system shown in Figure 1...
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering
Stormwater drainage from Goss Stadium would
benefit from remediation.
• Stormwater pH above rainwater pH and EPA
recommended maximum pH for freshwater1,2
• Nitrate concentration above natural levels3 and
recommended maximum for freshwater4
All other concentrations and water quality
parameters of stormwater are of minimal concern.
• Temperature and conductivity6 are within normal
ranges for freshwater
• Benzothiazole concentrations are below reported
aquatic toxicity levels5
• Trace metals are below EPA recommended values
Former heavily fertilized fields would benefit from
nitrate remediation.
• Crumb rubber leaches undetectable nitrate levels
• Synthetic turf athletic fields now lack grass
necessary to uptake nitrate from soil
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
OF STORMWATER DRAINAGE FROM
SYNTHETIC TURF ATHLETIC FIELDSSarah Frey, Jenny Green, Caitlin Inman
Oregon State University would like to determine health
and environmental impacts of stormwater drainage from
various buildings and facilities in order to assess the
current impact of campus activities on Oak Creek
watershed. This project focuses on the impact synthetic
turf athletic fields.
PROJECT GOALS:
• Characterize stormwater runoff from synthetic turf
athletic fields on campus
• Propose a stormwater remediation plan
Issue & Opportunity
ANALYTICAL METHODS
• Nitrate (NO3-) using API® nitrate test kit and Hach®
DR 5000™ UV-Vis spectrophotometer
• Trace metals (Zn, Cu, Pb) using Prodigy ICP-OES
• Benzothiazole (BTZ) using liquid-liquid extraction
and Agilent 6890/5973N GC-MS
Testing Methods
Conclusions
Recommendations
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Dave Eckert and the Corvallis Sustainability Coalition for project sponsorship
• Nathan Patterson for sampling location identification and safety training
• Jill Schrlau and Dr. Staci Simonich for assistance with method development and
providing materials/laboratory space
• Andy Ungerer for ICP training and assistance with trace metals analysis
• Biochar Team: Isabella Lewis, Danielle Whitehurst, and Jon Laurance for ICP
coordination
• John Cochran and Andy Brickman for assistance with equipment and providing
laboratory space
• Dr. Phil Harding, P.E. for project guidance and taking group photos!
pH Results
Trace Metal Results
Nitrate Results
Trace Metal Batch Test Results
That crumb rubber
gets stuck in your
shoes, but what does
it do to our local
rivers and creeks?
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Goss Small Goss IM #1 IM #2 Prothro
pH
Avg. pH
Rain Water
Figure 2. Average pH at each field. Error bars represent 90% confidence
interval. Rainfall effects on pH are insignificant. Freshwater recommendations1
for pH are between 6.5 and 9, and typical rainwater2 pH is 5.6.
• Contact with turf fields increases stormwater pH
• Goss drainage pH above EPA recommended values
• Goss drainage has a nitrate level above
recommended values of 10 ppm for freshwater
Figure 3. Average nitrate concentration at each field. Error bars represent 90%
confidence interval. Natural nitrate level3 is 1 ppm. Recommended nitrate
levels are a maximum4 of 10 ppm and 2 ppm for streams with salmon.4
• All zinc concentrations are below the EPA
recommended maximum concentration of 120 ppb
• Potential of crumb rubber to leach trace metals into
stormwater investigated with leachate test
Property Health/Environmental Concern
pH Aquatic life thrive in certain range
Temperature Aquatic life thrive in certain range
Conductivity General measure of water quality
Nitrate Eutrophication
Benzothiazole Skin irritant, prevents fish gill growth
Trace metals Toxic to aquatic life
Figure 1. Turf field sampling locations. Drainage collected from manholes on
stormwater system (orange circles). Three locations (left of blue dashed line) drain to
Oak Creek. Two locations (right of blue dashed line) flow to the Willamette River.
STORMWATER SAMPLING
Drainage samples were taken from manholes on
stormwater system shown in Figure 1 (orange circles).
• pH using pH test strips
(confirmed in lab)
• Conductivity and
temperature using
Vernier probes and
LabQuest handheld
interface
Table 1. Properties measured in stormwater drainage from synthetic turf fields
and associated health/environmental concerns.
Remediation of stormwater drainage from Goss Stadium.
• Bioswale for treatment of field and parking lot runoff
• Treatment should focus on nitrate and pH reduction
Synthetic turf fields should not be installed in
floodplains.
• Leachate tests indicate potential of crumb rubber to
release zinc into stagnant stormwater
Future work should include:
• Further leachate testing to model projected zinc
release from crumb rubber
• Identifying nitrate sources
• Confirming of benzothiazole results
Figure 4. Average zinc concentration at each field. Error bars represent 90%
confidence interval. Toxicity in freshwater systems can occur at 120 ppb,
much higher than detected in samples.5
REFERENCES
1. https://www.epa.gov/wqc/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-aquatic-life-criteria-
table [Accessed May 14, 2016].
2. https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain [Accessed May 14, 2016].
3. Burow, K.R., Nolan, B.T., Rupert, M.G., & Dubrovsky, N.M. (2010). Nitrate in Groundwater in
the United States, 1991-2003. Environmental Science & Technology, 44 (13), 4988-4997.
4. Camargo, J.A., Alonso, A., & Salamanca, A. (2005). Nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals: a
review with new data for freshwater invertebrates. Chemosphere, 58 (9), 1255-1267.
5. https://www.epa.gov/wqc/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-aquatic-life-criteria-
table [Accessed June 6, 2016].
6. http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/sites/default/files/conductivity.pdf [Accessed May 16, 2016].Figure 5. Average trace metal concentrations during crumb rubber leachate
test. Error bars represent 90% confidence interval. Results indicate crumb
rubber has potential to release trace metals into stagnant stormwater.
0
10
20
30
40
Rain Water Goss Small Goss IM #1 IM #2 Prothro
Nit
rate
Concentr
ati
on (
ppm
) Heavy Rainfall
Moderate Rainfall
Light Rainfall
Freshwater Max.
Natural Levels
Photo by Jan Sonnenmair
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Goss Small Goss IM #1 IM #2 Prothro
Zin
c C
oncentr
ati
on (
ppb) Heavy Rainfall
Moderate Rainfall
Light Rainfall
Freshwater Max.
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600
900
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1500
0 20 40 60 80 100
Zin
c C
oncentr
ati
on (
ppb)
Time Elapsed (hr)
Leachate #1
Leachate #2
