Headway Academic Skills- Listening-Speaking and Skills Level 2-SB.pdf

Headway

Headway

Academic Ski llsListening, Speaking, and Study Skitts

Student's Book

..

Sarah Philpot and Lesley CurnickSeries Editors: Liz and John Soars

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CONTENTS

I Moving on

LISTENING New places, new people p4-5How to listenFactors which affect Iistening

2 lsland states

SPEAKING lntroductions p6-7Formal, neutral, and informal languageAfing for repetition

tISTENING Separated by water p10-11Predicting contentListening for gist (1)

Taking notes (1)

Recognizing signposts (1)

3 Careers in the media

SPEAKING Talking about countries pl2-13Spoken punctuation (1)

Helping the listener (1)

RESEARCH Usingthe lnternet (1) p13

Reliable sources

LISTENING Two journalists pl6-17Taking notes (2)

Recognizing signposts (2)

4 lnnovations from nature

SPEAKING Talkingaboutjobsand studies p18-19Spoken punctuation (2)

Sentence stress

Helping the listener (2)

LISTENING Biomimicry P22-23Using visuals (1 & 2)Listening for detail (1 & 2): rephrasing

5 Conversations

SPEAKING Describingobjects p24-25Defining and describing objectsHelping the listener (3 & 4)

RESEARCH Using the lnternet (2) p25

Using images

IISTENING Welcome to the first day p2S-29

Listening for detail (2)

Distinguishing speakers

Distinguishing levels of formality

6 Food science

SPEAI(ING Makingconversation p30-31Conversational topicsKeeping a conversation going (l & 2)

IISTENING Functionalfoods p34-35Listening for gist (2)

Taking notes (3)

Facts and specutation p35Interpreting meaning

7 Great Lives

SPEAKING ExpressingapproximAtions p36-37Helping the listener (5)

Checkingufiderstanding p37

LISTENING Heroes and heroines p40-41Taking notes (4)

Listening for detail (3): opinions andfacts

8 Communication

SPEAKING My hero p42-43PresentationsSpoken punctuation (3\ Pausifl gGiving opinions, agreeing, and disagreeing

LISTENING A survey on e-communicatinS p46-47Understanding incomplete sPeech

Understanding spoken English P47Contractions and linking

SPEAKING Askingquestions P48-49Asking questions in a surveyRegister (4): speaking to strangers

Reporting result3

SPEAKING Machines p54Helping the listener (6 & 7)

LISTENING The Lewis chess set p52-53Supporting an argumentUnderstanding words in contextTaking notes (5)

l0 Responsible tourism

LISIENING Ecotourism p58-59Dealing with longer listenings (1 & 2)

SPEAI(ING Transitions p60-61Dealing with questions

A presentation p61

YOCABUTARY DEVELOPMENT Word stress (l)

Using a dictionary (l & 2)

VOCABULARYDEVELOPMENT Synonyms pl4Avoiding repetitionWords stress (2): nouns and yerbs

VOCABUTARY DEVETOPMENT Collocations (l & 2) p20Verbs and nouns

VOCABUTARY DEVETOPMENT tnformalorformal? p26Register (l)Multi-word verbs

VOCABULARY DEVETOPMENT Suffixes and prefixes p32Word-building (1 & 2)

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Collocations(3) p3BAdjectives and nouns

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Register (2 & 3) p44Levels of formalityOne-word verbs

VOCABULARY DEVELO PMENT Adverbs and adjectives

Modifying adjectives: not yery, less, fairlyOrdinary and strong adjectives essential, delighted

ps0

RESEARCH Usingthelnternet(3) p55Museum sites

VOCABUTARY DEVETOPMENT Compound words p56Compound adjectivesCompound nouns

p8 REVIEW p9

REVIEW p1s

REVIEW p21

REVIEw p27

REVIEW p33

REVIEW p39

REVIEw p4s

REVIEw psl

REVIEW ps7

i

)

VOCABUTARY DEVETOPMENT Dependentprepositions p62 REVIEW p63

LISTENING SKItLS How to listen . Factors which affect listening

sPEAKING SKltts Formal, neutral, and informallanguage ' Asking for repetition

vs(ABuLARY mSWUtSp&{Hf.{T', Word stress (l) . Using a dictionary (l) and (2)

tISTENING New Ptaces, new PeoPle

I Who and what do you listen to? Complete the table. Work with a partner and

compare your ideas.

radio news

#"s r[,

\x t.

when you study, the way you listen depends on why you are listening. Decide if you are:

r listening for the general idea, e.g. the speaker's opinion, the main point(s) of a talk

. listening selectively for detait(s), e'8. a name, a date, a time

. listening intensively for a lot of information, e.8. to take notes from a lecture

Read the notice below You have arrived at a new university. There is a talk

for all new overseas students. You want to know:

1 What is the PurPose of the talk?

2 What are the three main toPics?

What sort of information do you need? How are you going to listen?

ThewelcomemeetingwiththeSeniorTutorwillbeheldinLect-ure Theatre 83 at 10 a.m. on Wednesday 10th'

@11 fitt"nand answer questions I and2 in exercise 2'

Look at questions 1-4 below. what sort of information do you need? How are

you going to listen?

1 What is the name of the sPeaker?

2 Where is Mrs Roberts's office?

3 Why would you go to Dr ReYnolds?

4 Name two things that you need to register at the medical centre.

S @lS Listen again and answer the questions in exercise 4'

4 Unit I Moving on

I

5 Complete the notes from the talk.

lntroductions: Dr Green ^ geniorTutor ^l: Dr Green ^ geniorTutor - r- studants

next couple of weeks -' lnaividlgllyPygticalthings: agcon!!9latirn - U..'_ / Roqry 2v!!e491eB!l!ing

money - Dr Reynolds, St. Financial Adviser / Room ll7 Admin Blook

NB make ana

heallh ^ medical cenlre nert tu ldnin.5 ^ naaaiLtalae soon as possiblel

Recaptionist - details, passport, stulent caylt1

I @l.l Listen again and check your answers.

What makes listening difficutt?

A @n Listen and put extracts a-e in the order you hear them.

a fl an announcement

-b D a conversation

c E asurvey

-d n alecture -e E a radio news item

-9 @t.Z Listen again and put the extracts from exercise 8 in order

from 1 (the easiest to understand) to S (the most difficult tounderstand). Compare your answers with a partner.

l0 @@fi@ What made the listening extracts difficult?Add your ideas to the diagram.

Discuss your ideas in groups.

A ndio news announcer

Other

_-----

-<@t! / newwordi\

CC

content F

Voioe

There are things which can make [istening

difficult. Predict what these wi[[ be and

think about how to help yourself.

For example, usually in a lecture you only

hear the information once, and cannot

interrupt or ask for clarification.

Think about the topic ofthe lecture and

predict the content.

Study any visualaids for extra information.

IUnit 1 . Moving on 5

SPEAKING lntroductions

ll@@13ri"t"ntoSomepeopleintroducingthemse1ves.o"iiae if they are being formal (F), neutral (N), or informal (I).

1- 2- 3- 4- 5-

When you introduce yoursetf to a col[eague or classmate, be informal.

Use: Hel/o / Hi / Morning and give your first name.

Hello,l'm Fatimo.

When you introduce yoursetf to someone more senior, be more formal

Use your title or their titte, and your family name.

Good morning, moy t introduce myself? I om Professor Armstrong'

lf you do not know if you should be forma[ or informat, be neutra[.

Uie: Hello / Good morning / afternoon and give your first and family name.

Hello, my nome's Alan Mosters

2 Work with a partner. Introduce yourselves to each other.

Student AYour partner is:

1 your new professor2 someone attending a conference you are at

@1.5 titt"nand complete the email and web addresses.

1 emilv.shaw

2

3

4

grant liv.ac

reddy -- --public

gre g-marywri ght@mailnet. c om / financ e-' /' t \s----==-1 2 3- 4- 5

Student B

Your partner is:

3 a new classmate4 a guest lecturer

I @l.q Listen to people introducing themselves in a tutorial. Complete the table.

Work in groups. Introduce yourself. Greet your classmates and say:

o who you are o where you come from o what you are studying and why

Exchan gi n g i nformation

5 Look at the symbols used in email and web addresses. Label the web address

with the words we use for the symbols.

underscore forward slash hyphen dot at

brzz5 mech-eng j

1

Ir6 Unit'l Moving on

f

IIltt

I

@@ @l.o xeadand listen to the conversations. Underlinethe phrases that ask for information to be repeated or clarified.

1 A Give me a ring on my mobile. The number's 076532215.B Did you say two two one five?A Yeah, two two one five.

2 A Let me make a note of your email address.B Sure. It's [email protected] Was that thirteen or thirty?B Thirteen, one three.

3 A Good morning, this is Ella Peters speaking. Is that Chang Li?B Yes, it is. Sorry, this is a bad line. I didnt catch your name.A Ella, Ella Peters. We met at the conference last week.

4 A It's Paul. Can I pop round and return that book I borrowed?Where's your room?

B It's Bowland Tower, room nine on the third floor.A Third floor?B Yeah.

5 A The best person on this subject is Dr Shehadeh and I advise youto read her latest article.

B Sorry, could you repeat the name, please?

A Certainly, Dr Shehadeh, that's S. ..h. . . e. ..h. ..a.. . d.. .e. ..h.

Compleie the table with information about you.

Work with different partners. Exchange information about yourselvesand complete the table in exercise B. Ask for repetition, usingexpressions in the Language Bank.

lf you didn't hear some information ctearly, ask thespeaker to repeat or clarify it. Remember to choose

the correct [eve[ of formality.

I

TANGUAGE BANKExpressions for asking for repetition

lnformal Formal

I didn't cotch ... Could you repeot ...?

Pardon? Could you soy ... again?

Whot fias that? Sorry / Excuse me, did you say ...?

Did you say ...7 Sorry / Excuse me, wos thot ...?Was thot ...?

IUnit I . Moving on 7

tREVIEW

t @l.lO Listen to the introductions to two lectures. What subject are thelectures about?

Lecture I Lecture 2

2 @l.ll Listen to Lecture 2 againand complete the notes.

l-EcTuRqRi qr(qlsht TUTORS

What does'Bus. Management' mean? Dr Knight - llead of

resources?

+ llumanResources

I ^ Finance and

2

3?

systems?

Dr Williams -

NB and

Match each listening situation with two possible problems and one way ofdealing with it.

I Listening to an

airport announcement

2 Listening to a conversation

between three English friends

3 Listening to a lecture

a change oftopic

b hear once only

c new / unknown vocabutary

d quatity of broadcasting system

e speed of speech

f understanding letters and numbers in English

Listen for change of topic signposts,

e.g. By the woy and Oh, that reminds me.

Listen for signposts such as Frrsfly, Secondly.

Practise saying the flight number aloud.

Work with a partner or in small groups. Brainstorm other things you can doto make listening easier in each situation listed in exercise 3.

Complete the sentences:using phrases from the box.

coutd you repeat Did you say Good morning Helto Hi I didn't catch

I2

3

4

5

I'm sorry, Dr Adwan,

Professor.

Susiel

, I'm Ms |ones.the name, please?

|ohn's room is on the second floor?

6 Sorry, Ella, the name.

Mark the main stress on the words from the unit. Use a dictionary to help.

Nouns Verbs Adjectives

1 dictionary 4 airive 7 formal

2 vocabulary 5 complete 8 informal

3 university 6 answer 9 neutral

Complete the questions below with a word from exercise 6. Work with a

partner and take turns to ask and answer the questions.

1 Do you use an English-English

-?

2 Which or iollege do you study at?

3 Where do you record new

-?

4 Do you understand the difference between

I

and language?

Unit 1 . Moving on 9

Wffi eAm[Jt&RV mHWHtSPto{ENT Word stress

[email protected],"t"ntothewords.Under1inethestressedsyl1ab1es.Say the words aloud.

$ss$'.$*$"$$s

lecture

sfudy

NSNNN$NN-ss"

fuforrm$

A dictionary gives you information on pronouncing a

word, e.g. communicote /ke'mju:nrkeit/.

communicate t{ Gs) /ka'mju:mke:,ll verbt [t,t] to share and exchange information, ideas orfe6lirigs with sb: Porents often have difficultycommunicatingwith their teenoge children. o ourboss is good ot communicating her ideos to the teom.2 ltl ff o r m o I) (usua I ly passive) (u rrlru) to pass a

_ _

diieiie from one person or animal to another 3 []to lead from one place to anolher'. two roomswith ocommunicoting door

Always mark the stress on new vocabulary, e.g.

communicote

Some words in Engtish have silent [etters, that is,

letters that are not pronounced, e.g.in know lneai.the letter'/C is silent.

knowr *{ lnau/ verb@tknew inju:l;ppknown/naun/) (not used in the continuous tenses) 1 [l,T]- (about sth); - that... to have knowledge or infor-mation in your m ind:. I don't know much about sport.<, Do you know where this bus stops? . Do you knowtheir telephone number? <> 'You've got o Ilot tyre.' 'lknow.' o Do you know the way to the restouront?o Knowing Katie, she'll be out with her lriends.2lTllo

1 dctail2 advise3 campus4 mobile

thirteenthirtyreturnpassport

accountrepeat

5

678

910

Iln words with two or more syttables, one syllable wi[] be stressed, e.8. reason.

Other sytlabtes are less pronounced. Often the unstressed vowel sounds are changed to a

schwa f e/,e.g. teacher /tr:t"t@. Saying words with the correct stress makes it easier

for the listener to understand you.

@1.8 frst"nto the words. Underline the stressed syllable. Circle the schwa

/e/ sounds. Say the words aloud.

@rgdtutoraccentacceptlecture

i2

3

4

5

sWUnder1inethestressedsy11able.Useadictionaryto help. Say the words aloud.

Using a dictionary

Verbs

1 study

2 research

3 present

4 debate

5 discuss

Nouns

I register

2 tutorial

3 visitor

4 seminar

5 finance

Silent letters

4 Look at the words below. what is the difference between the spelling

and the pronunciatior? ffiknow write _- listen

-

S Cross out the letters that are silent in the words in the box.

Use a dictionary to help.

I t sign 4 istand 7 business I

I u right 5 guest 8 cotumn i

3 what 6 science 9 answer Ii

- ---l

@1.9 tist"nand check your answers.

8 Unit 1 Moving on

tISTENING SKltts Predicting content . Listening for gist (1) . Taking notes (1)

SPEAKING SKltts Spoken punctuation (1) . Hetping the listener (1)

RESEARCH Using the lnternet (l)

\d$eAmULARY mSW[t*ph,tHNT Avoidingrepetition (1) . Word stress(2)

tISTENING Separated by water

I Work with a partner. Look at the maps. Discuss what you know about the

twocountri"t.f,s@@

Recognizing signposts (l).. : ' ':

,i,arl;.i$'l

Predicting the content of a lecture or talk

prepares you for [istening. Being we[[ prepared

helps you understand. Before a talk:

r think about the title or subject ofthe talk

r think about what you already know aboutthe subject

r read about the subject before the lecture

r think about what the important words and

vocabulary will be

Map 1

Read the handout for a lecture.

1 What will the lecturer discuss?

Physical Geography and Economic Development (3): Island states I

The third lecture in this series will look at how being an island affects a country's economic development.We will look particularly at developments in agriculture and industry.

Before the lecture, please read the following:

Tiempo, G. (2009), Economic Development in the Philippines, Manila University Press, 5-1 1

Rabinur, M. The development of agricultural exports in Madagascarfrom 1879-2005,2010, December 4,

http : / / countryprofrles.orgl economy/index.html

2 Complete the table using the words in the box.

rice coconuts

coffee electronics

nanilta +os+proeessinf

maize petroleum refining

mining sugar cane

@@2.1tistentothelectureandcompletethetasks.1 Number the countries in the order you hear them.

E the Philippines I Madagascat

2 Tick the main topics of the lecture.

E agriculture E location

E climate E industry

10 Unit 2 . lsland states

E physica[ geography

n population

Map 2

It is important to understand the general ideas

of a tatk or lecture. This helps you understand

how the detaited information is related.

r [isten for the topics, e.g. Madogascar

r listen for the headings for each topic,

e.g. Locotion, Climate

4 @@ @l: rittenagain and complete the notes.

4ab

, Physical Geography and Economic Deuelopment (3) :lsland statasMADAGASCAR

: Location }cean,eastcoastofAfrica

Clinate- coast -2- / souttt - iiPhysical geography ^ mountainous

Agriculture - main crops ^3 / vanilla / 4- / sugar cane

; !au{j99l9oary,g9e.xms / s

TI{E PI{ITIPPINES

\yatj91 Pagic p ceqn, S_,E.

Climate -Iropical (wet / dry)' Phyljgt! gg9qa1!v Zqg0+

7

-

/ Luzon ^ mountains

Agriculture - crops ^ rice / maize / coconuts / 8.

Inrtugtqaq - \::1 pely9tq4n ret,n ng / t0 / food & drink processing.

fi llfllFElilf @2.2 tisten and complete the sentences.

I =--- it is very mountainous, it's also very rich agriculturally.2 It has a tropical climate is dry in the south.3 =-- , increased agriculture, mining, and the wood industry

have led to deforestation.

@2.1 fisten to the start of the sentences. Tick the correct ending.1 a it has one of the longest coastlines in the world. /

b it has a small population.

it has one of the longest coastlines in the world.it has a small population.

more and more people are moving into industry.produces 807o of the country's exports.

more and more people are moving into industry.produce 80% of the country's exports.

7 see the Language Bank. complete the sentences with your own ideas.

1

2

J

Although English is an international language,English is an international language andThe Internet is an important source of information. However,

4 The Internet is an important source of information, and

2ab

3ab

Taking good notes in a talk or lecturehelps you record and remember importantinformation. To make ctear notes, use:

r headings e.g. Locotion, Climate, etc.r numbers

r tables

. diagrams

Certain words te[[you the type ofinformation that wiltfoltow. Listening forthese words will hetp you understandthe direction of the talk or lecture, e.g.

olthough, but, and however show thatcontrasting information will follow.

TANGUAGE BANK Expressions for showing contrasting information

One sentence

Contrasting information + main information Although Modagascar is very mountainous, it is very rich agricukurolly.Main information + contrasting information Madagascar is very rich agriculturally, olthough it ii very mountainous.

It hos o tropical climote but is dry in the south.Two sentences

Main information + contrasting infoimation The mountains were once covered in forest. However, increosedogriculture hos led to deforestotion.

IUnit 2 lsland states ll

SPEAKING Talking about countries

1 @Z.q Listen and read part of the lecture again. What do you hear when there is

a acomma?

-

b afullstoP? -- E[@ffi[[

Map 2 shows the second of our two island states, the Philippines.

It's very different. It is in fact made up of over 7,000 islands.

The Philippines is situated in the Pacific Ocean in South-East Asia.

I I r It's got a tropical climate, so two seasons: wet and dry'

@1.5 titt"n and read about Australia.

Australia is the largest island in the world it is situated between the Pacifrc

and Indian Oceans it has different types of climate because it is so big it is

tropical in the north but has continental weather in the south the centre is

very dry.

I Add a full stop to show the end of a sentence.

2 Add a capital letter to show the start of the next sentence.

3 Add a comma to show a part of a sentence.

Read the paragraph in exercise 2 aloud.

4 Look at the notes for a student presentation. How are they organized?

Sri Lanka

LOCATION GEOGRAPIIY CLIMATE

.low countryside_ . ,'l,r,qptql! -

. mourtains if :pylt qpl\:{aryy ' /, yt91_s9ons - lfw ryy

AGRICULTURE

. very variod - tea, rice, sugar oane, rubber

. south of lndia, 3. Asia

. lndian 0cean

INDUSTRIES

. telecoms

,_: lfl'lug., ,191hile. tourisnt

ln writing, the end of a sentence is shown by a futl stop. ln speaking, to show the end of

a sentence, the speakert voice goes down and there is a slight pause before starting the

next sentence.

ln writing, a comma shows a part of a sentence or an item in a [ist. ln speaking, to show

this, the speaker pauses slightty.

Map 2

lndia

lndianOcean

12 Unit 2 . lstand states

5@@t.oListentotwopresentations.Answerthequestions.

It is often more difficult to listen and understand than to read and understand. Help your

listeners understand you by:

r structuring your tatk clearly, e.g. speaking from notes organized by headings.

r using signposts to show what type of information you are giving,

e.g. for contrasting information, using but, although, etc.

r pausing and using falling intonation to show when a sentence ends.

r not speaking too quickty.

RESEARCH

|[email protected]'and write notes under the headings below.

I Did the speaker use the headings in exercise 4 to organize the talk?

2 Did the speaker signpost contrasting information?

3 Was it clear when sentences ended?

4 Was the presentation easy to understand? Why / Why not?

COUNTRY

LOCATION CLIMATE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRIES GEOGRAPI{Y

There are many sources of information on the lnternet. A good place to start for general

information is an online encyclopaedia, such as:

www.britannica.com

www.infoplease.com

wrew.badebJ.ee,n

wwwwikipedia.org

http://reference.a[[refer.com

For more detaited information, look for articles on httpl/srhslalgsoste.eom

When using an ontine reference site, remember not a[[ sites are reliable or accurate.

Use at least two websites to check your information.

I

Prepare a short talk about the country you researched.

. Number the headings in.the order you will talk about them.

. Include some contrasting information, with words like but, although, and'however.

o Practise giving your talk. Remember to help your listeners by structuringyour talk and pausing.

Unit 2 . lstand states 13

VOCABULARY DEVETOPMENT Synonyms

I @$[@ Match a word in column A with its (near) synonym incolumn B.

I climate

2 situated

3 famous

4 principal

5 lecture

6 large

a big

b located

c main

d tatk

e weather

f well-known

2 Replace the words in bold with a word from the box.

i[lustration resulted in states discussing wealthy

1 Switzerland is a very rich country.2 Many countries need to import food.3 Mining led to deforestation.4 Singapore is a good example of a successful island state.5 This week we will be talking about population figures for each country.

Stress on nouns and verbs

3 Look at the sentences below. Are the underlined words nouns or verbs?

1 The main ptoduee is coffee.2 Coffee factories produce a lot of waste.

A @Z.t Listen to the sentences in exercise 3. Mark the stress on theunderlinedwords. f,@@@

S @l.g Listen to the words. Are they nouns (N) or verbs (V)?

1a- b- 4a- b-2a- b- 5a- b-3 a- b-

6 @l.g Read the sentences aloud with the correct stress. Listenand check your answers.

1 Companies cannot import without an import licence.2 The group will present its findings tomorrow.3 The students gave their professor a present when he retired.4 tlire secretary made arecord of the meeting.5 If you wish to record this lecture, please do so.6 Singapore exports a lot of electronic equipment.7 Two of the main exports from Madagascar are vanilla and coffee.

7 Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions.

1 Do you do a lot of research for your studies / work?2 Are you making progress in your English?3 .How do you record new vocabulary?4 What academic subject do you like best?

g

14 Unit 2 . lsland states

Some two-syl[able words can be both nouns and verbs,

e.g. o produce,to produce. Often the stress changes.

r For many two-sytlable nouns, the stress is on thefirst sy[[able: goduce /' prodjuls/

r For many two-syllable ver.bs, the stress is on thesecond syllabte: produce lpre' dju:s/

exPort

record

To make your talk more interesting, vary the words you use.

Use a synonym or near synonym, e.g. produce - monufacture.

Read the example sentences in your dictionary to check thecorrect usage of the synonym, e.8.:

The factory produces / manufactures computer chips. /The foctory produces o lot of woste. /The factory monufoctures a lot of waste. x

import

REVIEW

Look at the map. Complete the sentences.

1 ]apan consists of

-

main islands.

2 The biggest island is called

@l.lO Listen to the introduction to a lecture about Japan. Tick the areas thelecturer will talk about.

i WhereJapan is and the weather

2 The food grown and produced

@l.ll Listen to the talk. Make notes under headings based on the topics inexercise 2.

JAPAN

TOCATION & CLIMATE AGRICUTTURE MAIN INDUSTRIES

Asia

Read a summary of the lecture on |apan. Replace the words in bold with a

synonym from the box on the right.

Japan is llocated in north-east Asia. Agriculture is not the 2main

industry, but rice and sugar beet are grown. Japan is a 3wealthy countryprincipally because of its electronic and acar industries.

Read the paragraph about |amaica below. Add:

o full stops at the end of sentenceso capital letters at the start of sentences. commas in lists and to show parts of sentences

Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean Sea south of Cuba it generallyhas a tropical climate but the mountainous interior is more temperateagriculture is an important part of Jamaica's economy sugar cane bananascoffee citrus yams and vegetables are all grown on this small island

Read the paragraph about |amaica aloud. Pause for commas, and pause anduse falling intonation for the end of sentences.

@l.ll Listen and check.your answers.

Read more about jamaica. Add words from the box.

atthough but however

1- Jamaica exports a lot of agricultural products, tourismis its main industry. 2 , recently the number of tourists has

decreased. This has hurt the economy, 3- the government

h6pes that tourism will improve again as the global economy grows.

trtr

3 The population tr4 The main industries tr

Japan

automobile principal rich situated

Jamaica

&

@ t.ll Listen and check your answers, then read the paragraph aloud.Unit 2 . lsland states l5

tISTENING SKll-tS Taking notes (2) . Recognizing signposts (2)

SPEAKING SKlttS Spoken punctuation (2) . Sentence stress

VO(AEULARY DEVELOPil'iENT Collocations ('l) and (2)

. Helping the listener (2)

LISTENING Two journatists

I Work with a partner. Discuss what skills and qualities are needed to be:

. a journalisto a scientist. a news photographer

A journalist noods to be able to write clearly.

I @l.l Listen to Mari Kaplan's talk on A career in science journalisml Numbertopics a-c in the order Mari talks about them.

a n Why she chose this job b n What skills she needs c E What she does Mari Kaplan

3 f,E@@ @3.1 tistenagain and complete the notes.

i;ffi

16 Unit 3 . Careers in the media

Signposting

@l.l tist"n to part of a podcast interview with a TV news presenter,Ahmed Hamid. Ahmed is talking about how he started his career. Answer thequestions. Discuss your answers with a partner.

1 Has Ahmed always been a news presenter?2 Does he enjoy it?

@l.l fisten to Ahmed again and answer the questions.

1 What job did Ahmed do first?2 \Nhy didnt he want to be a newsreader?3 What job did he first do on TV?a Why does the job suit him?5 What other skills do TV newsreaders need?

@@l.lri't"nandcompletetheSentenceSwithasuitablereason or example phrase.

Ahmed Hamid, TV news presenter

1 I didnt think about being a presenter

very self-confident.2 Apparently, I sound honest and serious.

the producer suggested more TV work to me.

3 There are a few qualities that are necessary.

sometimes you need to be calm.4 Well, many things can go wrong,

being late.

5 Sometimes you have to announce bad

a serious accident or disaster.

Most readers will be non-scientists.to write in a clear and simple way.

I ve got the science background my degree

in Chemistrv.I

@3.+ tist"n again and.write the first part of the sentences in exercise 7.

Work with a partner. Complete the sentences with your own ideas.

I2

J

4

5

6

I wouldnt like to be a journalist because

It's easy to find information today because ofThere are a few jobs I would like to do, such as

It's not easy to get a job lhese days. For this reason,

There are parts of a newspaper I never read, for example,

Some TV programmes I really enjoy, for instance

Remember to listen for signposts thattell you the type of information thatwittfoltow.

t Becouse, because of(* neun1,.nO

thot s why are followed by a reason

or consequence

. For example,for instonce,andsuch as

are followed by an example / examptes

Recognizing these signposts wit[ help you

understand the information you need.

a lot of space is sold for advertising,

the Internet or academic journals.

an accident on the motorway.

she studied graphic design.

sports or nature pictures.

he hadn't enjoyed science at school.

business and international news.

I wasnt

a guest

we have

I @l.q Listen to the first part of sentences 1-7 and match them with a suitablesecond part a-g.

Itr2tr3tr4nstr6tr7a

a

b

c

d

e

f6

I like to keep in contact with my friends and family. That's why

Unit 3 . Careers in the media 17

Discuss the questions with a partner.

1 Do you want to be a journalist?

SPEAKING Talking about jobs and studies

2 What do you want to do?

I @l.S Listen to the questions. What does the speaker's voice do at the endof the questions?

@PractiseSaFngthequestionswiththecorrectintonation.

ln yes / no questions (closed questions that have the answer yes or no) the intonation

usuatly rises at the end of the question.7

Did you wont to present the news yourself?

ln wh- questions (open questions which begin with a question word, e.g. why / what /when) the intonation often rises and then fa[[s at the end of the sentence.

----------------sWhy k thot important?

@t.O fist"n to sentences 1-8. Are they wh- or yes / no qtestions? Completethe first column below

Question type

4

5

6

1 ves/no2_

Do vou have anv exoerience?

3

4

5

6

7

8

@l.O fitt"n again and write the questions in exercise 3 in the second column.

Practise saying the questions with the correct rising or falling intonation.

@ffi@ @ l.l ritt"n and underline the stressed words.

1 I m going to write my essay tonight.2 the caf6 doesnt open till 10.

3 Do you have any free time this afternoon?4 He doesnt have any experience.5 I think hdll enjoy the new challenge.

6 When's she starting the job?

ln a sentence, the important words are stressed, that is, they have more emphasis so thatthey are clearer. Auxiliary words, e.g. do, om, would and contractions, e.g. l'd, you\e are

unstressed, and are less clear. They often have the schwa /e/ sound.

l'd like to go to thot lecLure. latd 'latk te gao te 6ret 'lektJe/

Does class start at 10.00? /d,rz''klo:s sto:t et ten?/

Sa!,ing sentences with the correct stress makes your speaking clearer.


Underline the stressed words in the paragraph about a graphic designer.Work with a partner. Take turns to read the paragraph aloud.

Graphic designers of magazines decide how magazines should look.They choose the colours, the photos, the illustrations and the fonts, anddecide the layout of the magazine. That's why they have to be creativeand have good visual communication skills. They also need to have goodtechnical skills because they use design software programs such as Adobe@Photoshop. Finally, they should be well organized so they can completetheir work in time.

@l.S titt"n and check your answers.

You are going to listen to Kalim talking about his studies. Tick the topicsfrom the list you think he will talk about.

E subjects he is studying

E where he lives

I reasons for choosing subjects

fl soorts

I future iob

E hotiday jobs

9 @l.g Listen and compare what Kalim says with your answers to exercise 8.

l0 @t.g Listen again and complete the five questions you hear.

1

2

J

4

5

So

Is

And whyAnd what\ahy

f@l![ Work with a partner. Talk about yourstudies. Ask and answer the questions in exercise 10.

Use the expressions from the Language Bank to givereasons and examples.

?

?

il

You can help your listeners understand you by:

r structuring your talk clearty, e.g. speaking from notes organized

by a mind map.

r usinS signposts to show what type of information you are giving,

e.g. for giving a reason, use because, thot's why, etc.

r using rising or fa[[ing intonatidn for questions.

r stressing the important content words.

A magazine

TANGUAGE BANK Expressions for giving reasons and examples

Consequences and reasons

That s why (* clause)

People want to know the news when it happens. That's why they check the news sites on the lnternet.

For this reason, (* clause)

Many employers only hire people with experience. For this reason, it can be difficult to find your first job.

Becouse (* ctause)

Fewer people buy newspapers today because they can find the news for free on the lnternet.

Becouse of (* nelrr;The speaker was difficult to understand because of her accent.

Examples

For example (* clause)

I listen to some programmes on the radio, for example discussions and documentaries.

For instance (* clause)

Several people work together to produce an article, for instance the writer, the editor, and the grophic designer.

:l:l;;l;;[]'"mmes, such ai cookins competitions ond same shows, are very poputar at the moment.

I


I

ttt

VOCABU IARY DEVELOPMENT

Verb and noun col[ocations

IEE@I@ Underline the nouns that go with the verbs in bold.

1 Ming will introduce the speaker at the beginning of the lecture.

2 Ana has to attend a lot of meetings every week.

3 The lecturer explained the complex idea in a simple way.

4 It took several hours to find all the information that was necessary.

5 I'm going to give my seminar paper next week.

Match a verb 1-5 with a noun a-e.

a a conference

b onTVc a proSramme

d a solution

e a talk

to presentto announceto produce

to writeto readto edit

6

-money

7

-aphonecall

8

-

an exercise

9

-

a decision

10

-

a mistake

Verbs often go together with certain

nouns. These are ca[led co[locations.

to present the news

to explain an idea

The verb and the noun have equal stress.

Using cotlocations makes your English

sound more natural.I E find

2 n give

3 E appear

4 n attend

5 E produce

3 Complete the sentences, using the verbs from exercise 2 in the correct form.

1 Over a thousand people the conference last month.

2 Keiko a good solution to her transport problem - a bicycle.

3 The radio programme was in Sydney.

4 The visiting professor will

-

a talk on her research.

5 He never wanted to

-

on TV.

+ @l.lO Listen and check your answers. Underline the stressed words.

5@Choosethecorrectnounfromtheboxtogowiththeverbs.

TV a lecture an article a programme a conference

to attendto giveto cancel

to attendto organizeto cancel

3 to appear onto watchto turn on / off

6 Complete the collocations with do or make.

1

-

aproject2

-your

homework3

-

an announcement4

-a

speech

5

-

research

Complete the questions with a suitable verb and noun collocation fromexercise 6. Work with a partner and ask and answer the questions. Remember

to use the correct intonation.

t \Mhen do you usually

2 How do you feel wheri you'. ofa group ofpeople?

in English in front

Would you like to university in the future?in English?Do you find it easy to

3

4

Some nouns go together with severa[ verbs:

to listen tota beton

to switch on

Similarly, some verbs go with several nouns:

Recording a[[these collocations helps you

expand your vocabulary.


ata

REVIEW

I You are going to listen to an online producer talking about his job.Tick the responsibilities and skills you think he has.

E organizing a website

E writing a[[ artictes on a website

E editing

E giving technical support

E using good communication skills

E ttskitts

E managing content

@l.ll ti"t"n and check your answers.

t @l.ll Listen again and complete the mind map.

SFABT:11a1't'1t:111111:111r11ii1:1'Uii11..,, , f.jj,]ll

iiiii," *"" utd derisht Fersuson B ##:'*"' *'-

r'Ciinunic atrora skilis -.-./

Skills and

'/ qualilies

/',_----3__---/)

t'---

-

(il;G^ii,r*-:'-------*:-.---s-'

,/// -'.-. -\l

-,!

Responsibilitias -r'\"--=-- *-*--"/'

Match the beginnings of the sentences with a suitable word or phrase fromthe middle, and an ending.

T

I Good communication ski[ls are essential, --r-. because a lack of space.

2 ldecideontheorganizationof thesite,and \ becauseof b thenews,areupdatedeverytwohours.

3 I don't need to be an lT expert, \-f for example,--1 c the technical creation of the website is done by lT specialists.

4 Some sections of the site, thats why \ d I need good design ski[[s.

5 We have to keep the articles short such as )-e its necessary to be able to write wel[,

@l.ll Listen and checkyour answers.

Complete the questions about being an online producer. Use the questionwords in the box.

who why which what are

1

-

kind of skills-are needed?

2

-

are good design skills important?3-isresponsibleforthetechnicalcreationofthewebsite?4

-

section is updated every two hours?

5

-

short articles necessary? Why?

Work with a partner. Take turns to ask and answer the questions, using thecorrect intonation.


tISTENING SKILtS Using visuals (l) and (2) . Listening for detait (1)

SPEAKING SKlttS Defining and describing objects . Helping the listener (3)and (a)

RESEARCH Using the lnternet (2) ;VOCABUTARY DEVETOPMENT Register(1) . Mutti-wordverbs

LISTENING Biomimicry

I Work with a partner. Look at the dictionary entries. Discuss what youunderstand by'biomimicryi

2 Look at Figures I and2. Discuss the questions with a partner.

1 How do the shoes close?

2 What is sticking to the denim material?3 How do they stick there?

bio- I'barcol prefix (in nouns, adjectives andadverbs) connected with living things or human life:bi ology o b iodegrada bl e

mimic2 /'mrmrk/ noun fc]a person who can copysb's behaviour, movements, voice, etc. in anamusing way ) mimicry /'mrmrkri/ noun lul

New or important words are often presented in

tabetled pictures and diagrams in a talk. Study

these diagrams and pictures while you listen tohetp you understand.

I @ q.l Listen to a talk on biomimicry. Work with a partner. Discusswhat you think the main topics of the talk are.

4@@4.1ri't",againanduseFigures|_2toanswerthe questions.

I When did George de Mestral go for a walk in the countryside?2 \{hat did he notice after his walk?3 How long did it take for de Mestral to invent Velcro?4 \A{rat material is Velcro made of?

5 How does Velcro stick together?6 What happens when you pull Velcro open?7 'vVhat is Velcro used for?

5 Match words 1-4 with definitions a-d.

I E hook

2 E loop

3 E fasten

4 E seed

a smalt.hard part of a plant, from which a'new plant can grow

b to close or join two parts of something

c a curved piece of metal, plastic, etc. that is used for hanging something on or catching fish

d a curved or round shape, made by a line curving round and joining or crossing itself

k

Biomimicry: an introduction - how nature has inspired inventions

loops

hooks

f:

12 Unit 4 . lnnovations from nature

l@@ Look at Figures 3 and4 and labelthe box.

them with the words in

i

!

I

,,7

E

surface blood vessels cut hairs fibres resin hole

I Biomimicry

Figure 3: A cross-section through skin Figure 4: Self-healing plastic

@ q.Z Listen to a radio programme on other examples of biomimicry andcheck your answers.

@ q.Z Listen again and complete the sentences.

1 You can see the

-

of the skin at the top, with a fewcoming through.

2 At the bottom, there are red and blue

-

.

4Thesecells-thebleedingand-thehealing,orrepairing process.

5 These fibres, which contain , go horizontally and verticallythrough the material.

r@@+.lri,tentotheextractsandcompIetethesentenceswhich rephrase the wordg in bold.

I This is the material that fastens, or things.2 He noticed that the seeds stuck repeatedly, so he could remove the seed

and stick3 When the loops and hooks are separated, they produce a characte

ripping sound. This is4 What happens when you cut yourselft Your body heals, or

ristictearing.

@ q.q Complete the sentences with a word or phrase in the box. Listen andcompare your answers.

These are This is This those that or

1

2

4

5

Scientists are studying spider silk. the material that spiders make.ThesilkismadeupofpolymerS.-longchainsofconnectedmo1ecules.Lizards can walk up walls. How do they manage to adhere to,

-

stick to the wall?Energy-effi cient processes, use less energy, are necessary today.Many people talk about sustainable development. aims to protect the environment for the future.

While you listen to a lecture orpresentation, dnw pictures or diagrams

and labelthem. This will help you

remember important information and

new vocabulary.

ln presentations and lectures, speakers

often repeat or rephrase importantinformation. lf you miss the informationyou need, or don't understand something,it is important to continue listening forany repetition or gxplanation, e.g.

l'd like to talk about self-heoling plastics.

fhese ore plastic moteriols thot can heolor repoir themselves.

Unit 4 . lnnovations from nature 23

llt

SPEAKING Describing objects

I @4.5 Listen to a student describing a gadget she has. Look at Figures 5-7and tick the one she is talking about.

[email protected] at Figure 7 and correct the mistakes.

It's a really useful object. It's made of metal and it's small so it's quite light.

It has a lot of faces and each one is pentagonal in shape, in other words, ithas four sides. In the middle of each face there are two points for putting a

plug into. Then there's a cable which is plugged into a phone. It's called an

e-ball multi-plug adaptor and it's used to adapt plugs from electronic devices

to an electrical supply. It's great and everyone shouldhave one!

@ A.S Listen again and check.

lf you can't remember the word for an object, define or describe it.

. Use words such as oblecf, thing, machine, moteriol, device, e.g. ... on obiect that ...

. Give a description, e.g. tt's pentogonal in shope.lt's made of plostic.

. Describe its purpose, with for * -,n8, e.8. lt's for putting a plug into or to * verb,

e.g.lt's used to connect a lot of plugs.

r Use relative pronouns, such as whlch or that (informa[), e.g.There's a cable which is

plugged into the wall.

Choose an object and write a description of it. Work with a partner.Take turns to read your descriptions and guess what the objects are.

You have three minutes to prepare a one-minute talk on an object. Answerthe questions below to make notes. If you can't remember the word forsomething, define or.describe it.

Figure 5 E

Figure 6 E

Figure 7 E

.rxi.:.{

I

_Whatis tha object?

a

a

What doesit looklike? What is it usedfor?

a

Why do you useil?

a

a

a

a

a

a

5 Work with a partner. Take turns to give and listen to each other's talks.

24 Unit 4 . lnnovations from nature

Structuring a talk

6@@q.dListenandcompletetheintroductiontoatalk.

1

2

how nature has inspired architecture.

toit-3-adescription of a natural construction which keeps a constant temperature

and a, how architects have copied this system

and built a high-rise building with a similar cooling system.

much easier - the credit card.2 - firstly, a short

history, 3, the advantages and disadvantages of

a credit card, and 4

5

, how it affects my life. If you

, you can see one of the first credit cards ever

made. That is the end of part three. So, 6, you

, can see how important a credit card is today.

littilfifilf+iil @ q.A Listen and mark the pauses (/) in the sentences.

1 When a hole forms in the surface of the material, the resin moves tothe hole and blocks it, or closes it.

2 This material can be used to cover the surface of different machines,like aeroplanes, and so improve their safety.

@ q.g Listen and. read the paragraph. Mark the pauses (/). Work with a

partner. Take turns to read the paragraph aloud.

Swimmers and other athletes are always trying to swim faster, using less

energy. To do this, they must wear clothes which produce very little friction,or resistance, when they move through the air or water. Scientists whodesign these clothes have studied some of the fastest fish in the sea, sharks.

They have copied the skins of these animals and invented a material whichreduces friction. The result is that swimmers can swim even faster and bemore energy efficient.

RESEARCH

ll@Youaregoingtogiveatwo-minutetalkaboutapieceoftechnology or a process.

1 Choose a piece of technology to talk about.2 Find some information about it.3 Find a diagram or picture of it.4 Write notes on your talk.5. Use expressions from the language Bank.

2 Give your talk, describing your object and pausing where necessary.

Complete the sentences takenLanguage Bank.

r1

from a talk with expressions from the

a piece of technology that has made my life

TANGUAGE BANKExpressions for structuring talks

Beginnings and endings

l'd like to tolk obout ...

My talk todoy k about ...

There are (two / three) parts to it: ...

Fnrtly, ... Secondly..., Finally, ...

Fkst of all, ...

To conclude / To sum up ...

Referring to visuals

As you can see in the picture, ...

The first / second / next slide shows ...

Look at Figure 2.

lf you look at the diogram, you con see ...

This slide / picture / diagram shows ...

Help listeners understand your tatk by

structuring it clearly. Use expressions toshow:

r the beginning, middle, and end of a tatk

. the visuats you are referring to

ln longer sentences, words are grouped

together and said in phrases to make thesentences easier to understand, e.g.:

@q.tThere are two parts to it /- first of all, /a description of a notural construction /which keeps o constant temperoture /and secondly, / h9w orchitects hove

copied this system / and built a high4sebuilding / with o similor cooling system.

lmages can be found on many websites, e.g.:

@http;//www.p icsearch.com /

Always give the source of any photograph

you use with a complete reference, e.g.:

http://en.wi ki ped ia.orglwi kilVelcro

{)e/11/11],

xUnit 4 . lnnovations from nature 25

\$U\$ NN LN UN NY N NN. NkS P NS NNN Informal or format?

Underline the more formal word.

1 adhere / stick2 thing / object

3 invent / make

4 get I obtain5 illustrations / Pictures6 prevent / stoP

Underlinetheinformalwordorexpressioninthesentenceswhichisinappropriate. Replace with a formal word or expression'

1 Scientists are inspired by lots of aspects of nature'

2 Theprofessor thought the exam re-sults were great'

3 The students were idvised to watch a documentary on TV'

4 It is not OK to cancel an appointment at the last moment'

5 Schools are concerned about how much exercise kids take'

6 The lecture was sort of interesting'

@ qfi Listen and check Your answers'

Replacetheformalwordorexpressioninboldwithaninformalonefromthe box.

----_-*-tI made stuck tike much better get here thing

i

| -.-- -

----.-_--i

1 When did the sPeaker arrive?

2 The ring tone on his mobile is similar to mine'

3 We prof,u.ed a model of the Formula 1 car in the lab'

4 This object is reallY great.

5 We attached the pieces of wood together'

6 My tutor said the'second draft of my essay was a great improvemenf'

Replace the formal verb in bold with an informal multi-word

verb from ttr"Jo* in its correct form.

1

I setto go down 80 over think about carry on find out work out Put off---t

i

The register of language is the type

of language you use, whether formal

or informal. ln an academic situation

use formal language. ln a more relaxed

situation use informa[ language e.g.:

,Ail sturt'ei:ts r,viij i:e crbiE tr: s.S"-fs$s tii*irrs-rili$ fiuni f,\s exsi::-r ci$r.e. {ii';Yji*ry-: ;i1l r1r:; gs$ .'f+ i*sr:il, r ii)

The register you use dePends on the

context or situation.

$t obtoin

N$#efsffis sss

A mutti-word verb is a verb combined witl-

a preposition or adverb (or both) which

can sometimes give a new meaning' These

verbs are often informat, e.g.:

Ihs fwr: t:sris of li;s Uelrru r.Jn l:a ,su'i .'

sussN n-l*ny titlies.

$tl ,\,"'isstt'$ *msk tJte seeri-i s$$ i\is rueri

I The scientists discovered why the fish could swim so fast'

2 When he arrived at the library, he started writing his report'

3 I reviewed all my lecture notes before I wrote my essay'

4 Continue with the discussion until you agree'

5 Food prices fell bY 5% last month'6 Musical people can usually solve logical puzzles easily'

7 Dorita.ciae until you have considered everlthing'

8 The meeting was postponed until next week'

Complete the questions with a multi-word verb from exercise 4 in its correct

form. Work wiih a partner. Ask and answer the questions'

1 What time did You =-- college todaY?

2 Areyou good at

-mathematical

problems?

3 Have you ever changing your job/your studies?

. 4 Do you often doing work until the last moment?

5 When you finish this course, will you with your studies?

6 Do you always your notes before an exam?

26 Unit 4 ' lnnovations from nature

REVIEW

I You are going to listen to part of a lecture on how insects have inspired thebuilding of an office block. Match the titles with the illustrations, using a

dictionary to help you.

a An office complex and shopping centre

b A cross-section through a termite mound

+tAM

Figure 2

2 tabel Figures I and2 with the words in the box.

chimneys vents concrete arches chimneys vents

@ +.ll Listen and check your answers.

@ +.ll Listen again and answer the questions.

1 Where is the Eastgate office complex and shopping centre?

2 Why is the Eastgate Centre unusual?3 Why do termites open and close the vents in their mounds?4 How does warm air escape from the Eastgate Centre?

5 What is the purpose of the concrete arches?

6 Compared to other buildings, how much energy is used in theEastgate Centre?

Replace the formal word or expression in bold with an informal one from thebox. Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions.

get out stay start left out asking

1 Have you ever omitted a question in an exam? Why?2 What time does your first lecture commence in the morning?3 How late do you remain at university or college in the evenings?

4 If you were enquiring about student accommodation, who wouldyou contact?

5 If you were stuck in a lift, what would you do to escape?

Figure.l

&

Unit 4 . lnnovations from nature )7

Itl

tISTENING SKlttS Listening for detail(2) . Distinguishing speakers .SPEAKING sK!!-Ls conversationattopics . Keeping a conversarion going (r)and$)VOCABUTARY DEVETOPMENT Word buitding (l)and (2) ';l

IISTENING Welcome to the first day

Read the notice for the conference. which degrees in the listare multi-disciplinary? Compare your ideas -itt u partner.tr M.A: European Law & TechnologyE g.Sc. Pure & Applied ChemistryU B.A. Business Administration & fapaneseE Vt.Sc. Mechanical Engineering & S^ocial Sciences

llhat_are the advantages or disadvantages of multi_disciplinary degrees?

You are going to listen to the welcome speech on the firstday. Tick the information you expect toiear.E a welcome to participants E room detailsE hotetarrangements n time detailsn introductions

n [unch menuE historyof the conference

@ 5.1 titt"nand check your answers.

Brainstorm four or five words associated with subjects l_4.Compare your ideas wilh a partner.1 Nursing Studies hosfitat' 3 Engineering2' Law 4 Environm"rrtul Strdie.

Em! @s.t workin groups of four. Listen againand note the information you need.

Student A You are interested in Engineering.Student B You are interested in Environmental Studies.Student C You are interested in Law.Student D You are interested in Nursing Studies.

In the past, students went to Univen:nty and studiedone subject, for example pure Lldematics, or ftvorelated subjects such as French Isngt.age andLiterature. However, today rre need graduxes with awider understanding of the rruld- Th[s is w&ry manyuniversities are now offering @lees iD tuo *bjects,for exarnple European fawaafefuologr. ftrisapproach to education is known as mrfridisciplinaryand the Organization of Muhi-.Dsciflinay Surdies(OMDS) aims to encourage this aeriUryenttyevents such as our conference this asdDay l Programme9-9.30 Welcome SpeecH(Dr fenpe CasflUnera,

Chair, Organizing Cornmittee) Mrin IIal

Before listening, think about what informanxr you need- Listenfor the key words and associated ytords- Dont ii3t€n forinformation you do not need. Sele.ting wlnttolisten for willhelp you focus on the relevant infonmtlon

@ s-.2 risten to part of each of the four lectures. which lbcture wouldstudents A-D listen to?

1" 2_ 3_ 4_Which words helped you decide? a

Unit 5 . Conversations

B Environmental Studies

28

Who is speaking?

6 Look at the photograph. Answer the questions.

1 Where are the people?2 What do you think they are talking about?

7l@@s.ltist"ntothestartofaconversation.Answerthe questions.

1 How many people are talking in total?2 How many are men? How many are women?

@S.l frsten to the rest of the conversation. Match each speaker 1-4 withtheir opinions a-d about Dr Smart's lecture.

1 E Tom O'Farrett(first man)

2 n Louisa Parker (first woman)

3 E Rebecca Fong (second woman)

4 I Richard West (second man)

a britliant

b exceltent

c interesting

d one of the best

9 l@ @s.s ritt"n to the whole conversation. Answerthe questions.

1 Which of the speakers know each other?2 Which person is a stranger?3 Is the conversation formal, informal, or neutral? How do you know?

10 @ S.O Listen to three conversations. Are the speakers friends (F),a mixture of teachers and students (TS), or strangers (S)?

1 2 3

That was fascinating, wasnt it?

what did you think of Dr Smart's talk?Um, I thought it was very interesting.

so far?

but I

l,

It can be difficutt to understand if there are

severat peopte speaking. Listen for differentaccents and tones. This wi[[ help you decide who

is speaking, and to understand what they are

saying.

. ills+kf ..i:!ii

ru,:f\./.d*

1..*f

!

,ffi

a

1l @S.O Listen again. Complete the conversations.

1AB

2CDC

3EF

G

Listen to how people speak to each other and

what [eve[ of formality they use. This will help

you understand the relationship between them,e.g. work cotleagues, teachers and students,

students, or strangers.

, but the handoutin the middle.

Unit5' Conversations 29

ll

SPEAKING Making conversation

I work with a partner. would you discuss these topics with a friend (F),a stranger (S), or both (FS)?

o the weather

. your salary / income

o politics

. a ptace, e.g. the city you are in / where you study / worko work / studies

o family

2 lil4ltis!!ilf @5.1 fnt"n to four conversations. Are the speakersfriends (F) or strangers (S)?

Conversation 1

Conversation 2

Conversation 3

Conversation 4

How you speak depends on who you are speaking to and the topic you talk about.With people you don't know talk about neutraltopics, e.g. the weather, places, work,your studies.

Topics for conversation vary in different countries. For example, in many countries itwould not be correct to ask about someone's salary. It is important to find out andrespect these cultura[ 'rules'.

filfif,l ltttl @S.l Xeadand listen to the conversations again.Underline the examples of returning questions.

1 A Hi, Lucy! How's your family?B Hello, Sally. They're fine, thanks. And yours?A Yes, well, thanks. A1e you going ...

2 A It's a great city for a coiference, isnt it?B Yes, it is. Is this the first time youve been here?A No, actually, I know the city quite well. What about you?B This is the first time ...

3 A Im from Chicago.B Really! Me, too. Where exactly?A Hyde Park district, near the university. And you?A I m quite close to you. I ve got an apartment ...

4 A I've finished my essay. How about you?B Another five minutes. Will you wait for me?A Yeah, sure. I'll just ...

To keep a conversation going, invite the other person to speak by:

r askint a new question, e.g. /s thrs the first time you've been here?r asking for further, more detailed, information, e.g. Where exactly?. returning a question, e.g. And you / yours?, Whot / How about you?

30 Unit5 . Conversations

@ S.A Read and listen to the conversation. Work with a partner. Thke turnsto keep a conversation going. Student A Start the conversation. Student BKeep the conversation going by asking questions and for more information.

Student A OK, that's it. I think I'll stop now and have a break. Whatabout you?

Student B Yes, I think I will too. Are you going for lunch now?

Student A Yes, I am - what are you going to do?

Aroyoufrom here? Aroyou ensoyingthe

course?

What did you think oftheleclure?

What areyou doing

attheweekend?

S @S.g Read and listen. Complete the conversation with the words in the box'

study habits and reatly Leyburn

A I had an interesting time this weekend.

3 I ?'v\rhat did you do?

A I went on a study trip to Leyburn.gz ?

A Yeah,'it's a small coastal town in the north.B Oh,3_?A Well, it was fascinating. We did a survey of study habits.

B 4_?A Yeah, study habits. It was amazingwhat we discovered about ...

@Workwithapartner.Practisetheconversationinexercise5.Use the correct intonatioh.

Work with a partner. Take turns to have two conversations, using theinstructions given.

1 A Start the conversation. Tell your partner about something you did at

the weekend.B Show interest and ask for more informationA Continue the conversation.

2 B Start the conversatlon. Tell your partner about something you have. seen in the news.

A Show interest and ask for more informationB Continue the conversation.

Unit5 . Conversations 3l

To keep a conversation going, show interest in what the speaker is saying. Use:@ S.1O

Jt Really? with rising intonationJt And? with rising intonation

Jr repetition of a key word with rising intonation, e.g. Leyburn?

You can express stronSer interest by increasing the [eve[ your voice rises:

J). Reolly? and Reolly?

WSfr&mUt&RY mffiVHtSPMH$NY Suffixes

[email protected] you notice any patterns?

1 discussion introduction conversation2 biology archaeology anthropology3 medical musical physical

R Underline the stress on the words. Practise saFng the words aloud.1 adminislption 4 technology 7 electrical2 education 5 geology3 pronunciation 6 zoology

tll8 mechanical9 economical

@ S.tl Listen and check your answers.

S @ S.tl T,isten and mark the stress on the words in bold. practise sayrngthe sentences aloud.

1

2

The government is increasing tax on fuel.We are looking into the development of a new multi-disciplinarycourse in Arabic and American Studies.Thank you for that very interesting talk on the environment.

This morning's lecture is on the early history of capitalism.As a teacher, you must not show favouritism in the classroom.I know many of you are interested in a career in journalism.

The iriendliness of the island people is well known.The accident was caused by the driver's carelessness.Blindness can be caused by bacteria in rivers and lakes.

10 Young children have the ability to learn languages easily.11 The local community will benefit from the new sports centre.12 It is important that biological diversity, that is, the range of animals

and plants, is maintained.

Prefixes

S ffi]W Add a prefix from the box to the word in brackets tocomplete the sentences.

1 A _- (organism) is a very tiny living creature.2 A

-

(-doctorate) student is someone who continues tostudy after they have a Ph.D.

3 An (-theft) alarm is a device in a car that makes a loudnoise if someone tries to steal the car.

4 A

-

(national) organization is one that works in manydifferent countries.

5 A

-

(annual) event is one that happens twice in one year.

s @ s.t+ Listen and check your answers. Listen again. Mark the stress onthe words. Practise saytng the sentences aloud.

4

5

6

8

9

-ology

-ment

Suffixes are added to the end of a word and teilyou the part of speech ofthat word.

m Common noun endings are:-ion, -rnent, {ogy, -ness, -ism, -ity

s Cornmon adjective endings are:

fu., -ical, -al, -able

n For these suffixes: -ian.logy, -iral the mainword stress is on the preceding syllable.

e.g. dricussion /dr sknJni

For other suffixes, use a dictionary to find themain stress in the word you need.

Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word andchange the meaning of the word. For example, a

book about the life of a person is a biogrophy.A book about the life of a person written by theperson is an autobiogrophy.

Use your dictionary to check the stress pattern.

32 Unit5 . Conversations

REVIEW

I put the key words and phrases under the correct heading in the table.

accountancy buildings design human resources lnternet microchip profit

production skyscrapers social networking urban ptanning wortd wide web

@ SSS Listen to the introduction to three lectures.

a Number the subjects from exercise 1 1-3 in the order you hear them.

Business Management IT

-

Architectureb Listen again and tick the key words and phrases in exercise 1 that are used.

J-

a

b

I @SSO Listen to three conversations. How many speakers are there in each

conversation?

1_ 2_

+ @S.ll Listen to two conversations. Answer the questions.

What is the topic of conversation?Are the speakers friends (F) or strangers (S)?

S @S:A Read and listen to the conversation. Complete the gaps with wordsand phrases that keep the conversation going.

A Is this your first term?B Yes, it is. 1

A Yes! And Im having problems finding my lecture room!B What 2 is that?

A Archaeology 101.g3A Yes. a

B I m studying Archaeology, too!

Work with a partner. Take turns to have a conversation using the prompts.

1 Tell your partner about your plans for theevening, weekend, or holidays. -..-..-..-.-.--.->

Student A

5 Show interest.

Student B

2 Show interest and ask for more information.

4 Tell your partner your plans.3 Give more information and ask

. about your partner's plans.

Unit5 . Conversations 33

i

l

I

1,.l*

tlsrENlNG sKltls Listening for gist (2) . Taking notes (j) . rnterpreting meanrng

SPEAKING sKltLs Helping the listener (5) . checking understandins il#VOCABUTARY DEVETOPMENT Collocations (3) r

tISTENING Functional foods

I work with a partner. Look at the photos and discuss the questions.1 What is the name of the food in each picture?2 Why do people eat these rypes of food?

2 @ e.l Listen to three extracts from a lecture and list the foods inthe order you hear about them. Which key words helped you?

r' llrflil[il @6.1 titt"nagain and tickthe attitude of the lecturer.What helped you find the answers?

2 How many people in the world dont have enough iodine?3 When was iodine added to salt in Thnzania? ---4 what percentage of the population of rhn zania did.ndt have enough. iodine in their diet in the'1990s?5 what percentage of children now has normal levels of iodine?

Extracti tr tr nExtract2 n tr nExtract3 n n tr

+ @ o.t Listen to the first part of the lecture and tick the correct answer foreach question.

1 What is'functional food'?a food that gives nutrition E b food that gives extra benefits n

2 l//hat would not be added to make functional food?a bacteria fl b sugar n

3 \Mhat is iodine?a asalt E b amineral E

a wh{ happens to young children if they do not have enough iodine?a They can have low intelligence. Eb They can have problems moving. E

5 Does iodine occur naturally in salt?ayesn bnoE

5 +-ffifittllFt.1ilr @ o.l Lirt"r, again and answer the questions. write thefigures only.

1 When was the name'functional food, invented?

0mega I

Recognizing the attitude ofthe speaker, orhow they think and feel about something,can help you understand a tatk or lectureListen for the intonation of the voice andwords that express different attitudes, e.g.:

@ a.z

r enthusiastic

This i very importont.It's o wonderful invention.

r certain

l'm sure.

This hos been cleorly shown.

r unsure

There is some truth in that, but ...

Moybe.

When taking notes of numbers, write thefigures, not the words.

You hear sixty per cent.Write 60%.

Numbers are often repeated in a [ecture.If you don't hear or understand a number,continue to listen for the repeatedinformation.

25 per cent, that's o quarter.

One in two people, thot's fifty per cent.

34 Unit 6 . Food science

Facts and speculation

@ O.q Listen to the second part of the lecture. Tick the statements that are true.

1 Omega 3s are beneficialto health. tr2 Omega 3s are made by the body. n3 They are added to foods like juice and milk. tr4 Probiotics are live bacteria. n5 Probiotics are added to e88s. n

@@o,qListenagainandcompletethesentences.1 These are ones containing the fatty acids Omega 3s, which

reduce the risk ofheart disease.

2 They beneficial effects on other diseases, such as

some cancers.

And, itpeople.

Omega 3s improve brain function in older

4

5

They naturally in certain foods, like some fish.

However, now food manufacturers Omega 3s tocommon foods, such as fruit juice, eggs, and milk.

6

7

8

Probiotics foods like yogurts and yogurt drinks.think that they help the body fight diseases.

Indeed there is some evidence that probioticscertain infections.

Speakers express facts (what happened) and speculate (gues).

Facts are true statements.

42% of the populotion in Tonzonia were lacking iodine.

Specutation is uncertain. lt can be expressed with:

r a modal verb, e.g. Probiotics may ottack certoin infections.

r wordsand phrases, e.g.Thisfunctionolfoodhosprobablysavedhundredsof lives.

r verbs, e.g. Screntlsts thinkthotthey helpthe body fight diseoses.

It is important to distinguish between facts and speculation.

Work with a partner. Are the statements in exercise 7 expressed as factor speculation?

Change the factual sentences into speculation, using the words in brackets.

1 Taking vitamin pills is not always good for you. (might)

Taking vitamin pills rrright not always be good for you.

2 A poor diet causes brain damage. (possibly)

3 Eating fish is good for-the brain. (Some people believe that)4 Yogurts that contain live bacteria are better for you. (may)

5 Superfoods such as blueberries help prevent cancer. (Experts claim that)6 A little chocolate every day is not bad for you. (probably)

7 Too much fat in your food causes heart disease. (can)

8 Not enough physical exercise is bad for your heart. (Doctors think that)9 A stressful lifestyle is a capse ofcancer. (It is possible that)

@ O.S Listen and check your answers.

attack

Unit 6 . Food science 35

Work with a partner. Do you agree with the statements? '1

- --... -'-..-."

tll

SPEAKING Expressing approximations

l@@@ @ o.o Listen to thepairs

394 0 406 489 58 510

1 -

people attended the lecture.

2 -people

attended the lecture.

3 The equipment cost €

4 The equipment cost €

- .

5 The lecture lasted for -

minutes.

6 The lecture lasted for -

minutes.

of sentences with approximations andwrite in the appropriate number.

I @ O.O Listen again and check your answers.

Express the numbers in sentences 1-8 as approximations in as many differentways as possible. Use expressions from the Language Bank.

1 The reoort contained 67 pases.almostT0 pages

aboulT0 pages

underT0 pages

2 Prices increased by 2.L%o last month.3 A return ticket costs €19.4 L984 grams of salt was added to one litre of liquid.5 The computer was in constant use for 6 hours 57 minutes.

6 The library was closed for three weeks five days.

7 397 people have enrolled for the conference.

8 The cost of repairing the building was €300,130.

Compare your answers with a partner. Practise saying theapproximations aloud.

Work with a partner. Ask and answer these questions. Giveapproximate numbers.

1 How many students attend your college / school / university?2 How many people live in your city?

3 What is the average temperature in your country in fuly?4 How much does a kilo of coffee cost in your country?'5

How long does your journey to college / school / university / work / takein the morning?

Help your listeners understand numbers by:

r repeatinS or rephrasing them

! using approximations

LANGUAGE BANK Expressions for giving approximations

oround / aboute.g.The semester finishes in oround / about three weeks. (20 days)

approxim otely (Formal)

e.g. The results showed thot opproximately 95% of the children were now out of danger. (95.4%)

olmost / neorlye.g. The study took olmost / nearly 12 weeks. (il weeks and five day$

(just)more thon / (just) overe.g.There ore more thon / over 20 places in the seminar room. (23 places)

(just) less than / (just) undere.g. A new computer rrlsts less than / under €800. (f786)


Checki ng understanding

5 You are going to listen to part of a seminar on bacteriophages. These are

viruses that kill bacteria. Discuss the questions in small groups.

1 What happens to fresh fruit and meat after a few days?

2 Why is some food kept in the fridge?3 Why do you think food companies add bacteriophages to food?

S @ O.l Listen and complete the notes. Check your answers to the questions inexercise 5.

Bacteriophages

Date discovered

Advantages 1,

2

Added to food by

Safety?

(viruses that kill bacteria)

@ 6.1 fist"n again and tick the expressions in the Language Bank that

you hear.

@Workwithapartner.TaketurnstouSeyournotesaboutbacteriophages and the expressions in the Language Bank to have a

conversation, following the instructions.

Student A Student B

1 Saywhatbacteriophages are. =>

3 Repeat what you said. {4 Give the two advantagesofbacteriophages' ---------------,

5 checkyourunderstandingby

6 Sayyes,7 Ask if Studentany questions.

repeating what Student A has

said.

8 Ask a question about the safety

of bacteriophages.

B has

Bacteriophages

LANGUAGE BANK Expressions for checking understanding

Speakei

Asking the [istener questions

Do you know what I mean (by ..)?

ls that clear / OK / akight?

Asking the [istener for questions

Do you have any (other) questions?

Would you like to ask anything?

Listener

Asking for repetition or ctarification

Could you repeat that name / word, please?

Could you exploin ...?

Checking understanding by repeating

So what you're saying is ...

So that's ...

It's important to make sure any

information you are giving or receiving

is communicated correctly.

When speaking:

r check the [istener understands.

r ask ifthe listener has any questions.

When [istening:

r ask for clarification or repetition.

r check you have understood by

repeating the information to the speaker.

&

9 Answer the question <---==-


tltt

\$$ $&N L$ t&RV m NWffi tuS ptu$ NNT

Adjective and noun collocations

WUnderlinetheadjectivesandnounsthatgotogetherinthe sentences.

I Eatins fruit and vesetables everv dav has a beneficial effect onoolt

your health.2 A lack of iodine can cause low intelligence in children.3 There was a slight increase in the price of milk last month.4 Adding iodine has produced an enormous improvement.5 Doctors recommend everyone has a balanced diet.

Complete the sentences with the correct adjective.

1 Supermarkets offer a

-

choice of food.a long b wide c big

2 Only a

-

amount of salt should be eaten every day.

a little b light c small

3 Some people have to live on a

-

diet.

a weak b poor c little4 Doctors have reported a

-

improvement in the general

health of people.

a wide b narrow c slight

5 There is some simple advice on how to have a

-

lifestyle.

a wide b beneficial c healthy

Cross out the adjective that does not go with the noun.

2 a widea weaka gooda limited

Certain adjectives and nouns often go

together, e.g.:

flesir rbr:s

,hiqfu lnt*il$enre

Always make a note of the words thatgo together.

fresh food

s $sS& t $cxrpro wenxss? f.i\i\.,\u.s\

r -. "i*\)Si:."\:"$"ta '''.) ": g1s

t healthybalancedstrongpoor

choice

illness

3 freshtinneddriedjunk

fruit

exerclse

and check

diet

4 fastfreshjunkwide

food

5 poorseriousminormajor

6 gentlephysicalregularweak

@ O.A Complete the sentences with a word from the box. Listenyour answers.

--**-----tnrrrsrca!

|

I beneficial high stressful small fresh

1 Do you eat - fruit every day? What do you eat?

2 What do you do to manage a

-

lifestyle?

3 Do you think regular exercise is important? 'vVhat exercise do

you take?

4 Do you believe functional foods have effects on health? Give

some examples.

5 Do you think a

- arnount of chocolate is good foi you? Why / Why not?

6 Can certain foods help you develop intelligence? Give some examples.

Work in small groups and discuss the questions in exercise 4.


REVIEW

t @ O.g Listen to an interview about functional foods. Is Dr Reinhardt certain,

unsure, or enthusiastic?

@ O.g Listen again and answer the questions.

1 Which foods are not as good as functional foods?

2 Give two reasons why extra minerals or vitamins are added to foods.

3 Name two situations when people might need functional foods.

4 Give three examples that show that functional foods are a growing market.

You are going to listen to the second part of the interview. Before you listen,

tick which of the sentences you think are facts and which are speculation.

The market witl grow. n trSubstances like Omega 3s witt be developed. tr trPeople are concerned about their health. n trFood companies are devetoping new foods. tr nSome new foods protect people from diseases. n trThe future offunctional foods is exciting. tr n

@ o.lo Listen and check your answers.

Look at some Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) values for an adult.

Calories 2000

Protein 509

Carbohydrates 3009

Fat 659

Fibre 25g

You are going to compare.two breakfast cereals in Figures I and2. Work witha partner. Student A, talkiabout the cereal Healthy Way and Student B, talkabout the cereal Good Balance. Follow the instructions.

Student AChoose one ingredient in HealthyWay, say how much of it there is,

and speculate about why it -r\is important. --)

Repeat what you said. <-------------------)

Clarify what Student Bsaid by repeating it. '

Ask a question aboutwhat Student B said.

Student B

Ask for repetition of theamount.

Give similar informationabout Good Balance andspeculate about why it isimportant.

Confirm or correct whatStudent A said. Add anotherpiece of information aboutGood Balance.

Answer the question.

with added calciumfor strongerteeth & bones

For every 1009Calorieb 418

Protein 9.89

Carbohvdrates 73.19

Fat 8.5e

For every I00g

Calories 449

Protein 8g

Carbohydrates 579

Fat 16g

Fibre 18g

5 Discuss with your partner which cereal you think is healthier. Give reasons.


IISTENING SKlttS Taking notes (4) . Listening for detail (3) .l

SPEAKING sKltts Presentations . spoken punctuation (3) . Giving opinions, agre

VOCABUTARY DEVETOPMENT Register (2)and (3) -s'

tISTENING Heroes and heroines

I Look at the photos from a website about Elizabeth Garrett Anderson.Work with a partner and discuss the questions.

1 Which century was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson born in?a the 18th century b the 19th century c the 20th century

2 What was her job?a ateacher b apoet c adoctor

z @l-l Listen to the introduction to a podcast about Garrett Andersoncalled Heroes. Check your answers in exercise 1.

3 You are going to listen to the rest of the podcast about Elizabeth GarrettAnderson. Tick the information you expect to hear.

E achievements E qualifications n character E Uirttr

E death f] education n famity

@l.Z fisten and checkyour ideas.

4 @@ @l.z tisten again and complete theheadings and notes.

ELIZABETI{ GARRETT ANDERSO N

I

born

one of ohildren

2 Education / Qualifications

school

enrolled as

WOS SoqgVg!_nr:::_ E chemists)

learnt

medical degree at Unwersifr- ot

3 Problens

impossibletor to study medicine

bannedtrom

determined,

It is easy to miss information when you are taking notes. lf youdo not hear clearly the information you need:

r write down what you think you heard. Do not worry aboutspelling. Check the information later in a reference book or onthe lnternet. For example, lB65 Society of 'Apothikoris,. lf youput this into a search engine, it says

Do you meon'opothecories'?

r put a question mark to remind yoursetf to check theinformation later. For example, born 183?

It is important to continue listening so that you do not missother information.

4

founded a

became an

for women

40 Unit 7 . Greit lives

tor other women

Opinions and facts

S @l.t Listen to |ames, Yasmin, and Parvin discussing their heroes. Complete

the table. Listen as many times as you need to.

6 @l3 Listen again. Answer the questions. Write |ames (|), Yasmin (Y),

or Parvin (P).

1 Who thinks their grandfather is a hero?

2 Who thinks that Florence Nightingale is a hero? -3 Who thinks that Fleming is a better hero than Garrett Anderson?

-@@l.lri'tenagain.AretheseStatementSfact(F)oropinion (O)?

1 A hero is someone who has found a cure for a disease. -2 Penicillin has saved millions of lives.

-3 Yasmin's grandfather is a hero. -4 Crick and Watson are heroes. -5 The discovery of DNA has changed the world of medicine.

-6 Getting doctors and nurses to wash their hands saved thousands

gflives. -

To express opinions, speakers use phrases such as:

To my mind,...

For me, ...

Personolly, ...

ln my opinion, ...

Listening for these phrases will help you distinguish

between opinions and facts.

Unit 7 . Great [ives 41

Crick - Ettglish

Watsotr - Amorican

nurse and statistician

DNA helix peniciItin

-

SPEAKING My hero

I Look at the list of professions. Whichdo you most admire? Compare with apartner and explain your ideas.

o enSineers

o doctors

o fire fithterso writers

o teachers

nililr,llllilr You are going to give a presentation on 'why carl von Lindeis a herol Read the encyclopaedia entry. underline important information.

i*apr510J$n,iilfffi(1B42_1g34)wasaGermanprofessorandengineer.Helis remembered as the inventor of the first practical refrigerator or 'fridge'.

He was born in Berndorf, Germany and was the son of a clergyman. Atfirst, he was expected to follow in his father's footsteps but, instead, he choseto study engineering in Zurich, Switzerland.

He graduated in 1864 and went on to work in a cotton-spinning plantand later in a locomotive factory. Then, in 1868, he became a lecturer andresearcher in engineering at a new university in Munich. It was here thathe started to work on the process of cooling, or refrigeration. In 1g73, afterfrve years of research, he built the first practical and portable compressorrefrigerator.

The invention of the fridge allowed ordinary people to keep their foodsafe from bacteria and mould. In this way it was an invention that changedpeople's lives.

von Linde married Helene Grimm in 1866, and they had six children. The'father of refrigeration' died in Munich in 1934.

illl

Car[ von Linde

Make notes for your presentation, using the headings below.

wl{Y CARI VON LINDE IS A I{ERO

A Background

B Education / Qualifrcations

C Career

D Achievemenls

E 0pinion

Give a one-minute presentation about von Linde.

+ @l.l Listen to a student talk about von Linde. Answer the questions.

1 Did the speaker include the same information as you?,2. Did the speaker include information you did not use?3 Did the speaker put the information in the same order as you?4 Which was more successful? Why?

42 Unit 7 . Great [ives

When you are presenting, it is importantto setect only relevant information.Think about:

r the titte of your presentation

. the reason for your presentation

r who you are speaking to

Make notes using headings, numbers,

diagrams, etc.

Organize the notes into the order you wi[[talk about them.

@PractisesayingthesentencesabovewiththepauSeS.

ln formal presentations, you can use comptex sentences with clauses to give extra

information. ln writing, the extra information is put between commas in the middle

of a sentence, or between a comma and a futl stop at the end of a sentence. When

speaking, pause to show where the clause begins and ends. This witt help your listeners

understand they are hearing extra information.

Carl von Unde, [pause] who invented the fridge, [pause] was originally expected to

study religion.

Von Linde invented the compressor fridge, fpause] which is o type of cooling device

using oxygen.

Pausing

5 @l.S Listen and read the sentences. Add commas where the speaker pauses.

1 She was born in East London which was a Yery poor part of the city.

2 Madame Curie who was Polish lived most of her life in France.

3 Lancaster University where I studied was founded in 1964.

Agreeing and disagreeing

Student A Yes, I suppose 5

6

@@l.6ri'tenandcompletethestudents,discussionwithexpressiops from the Language Bank.

Student A Well, I a real hero is an ordinary

person who does something extraordinary. You know,like that group

of blind climbers who conquered Everest. Now; they're heroes2_.

Student B 3 because that's a personal act ofheroism. By'hero I mean someone who is respected and admired for

doing something that has an effect on the lives of many people.

Student C a . A hero has to be someone who has

had a real impact on how we live.

. In that case,

I'll vote for Alexander Fleming. His discovery

of penicillin has saved millions of lives.

Student B Yes, that's not a bad suggestion, but what about ...

Work with a partner. Look at the table in exercise 5 on page 41. Discuss whichone ofthe three people is a hero, using expressions from the Language Bank.

Prepare a short presentation.

o Choose a famous person whom you admire.

o Use the lnternet or reference books to get information.

o Make notes using headings, numbers, etc.

o Use expressions to show your opinion.

o Practise giving your presentation, pausing to show the clauses which give extra information.

Work with a partner. Take turns to give your presentation about your hero.

Discuss which of the two will be your joint hero. Use expressions from the

Language Bank to give your opinion and to agree or disagree.

ln seminars and tutorials, you will need toexpress your opinion, and agree or disagree

with the opinions of other people. lt is

especia[ly important to be polite when

you disagfee.

TANGUAGE BANK

Expressions for discussion

Giving opinions

ln my opinion ... (F)

I think / believe ...

For me,

It seems to me ...

Agreement

lquite agree (with you). (F)

You're right.

Thotsright/true.Exoctly.

Disagreement

I'm afroid I disagree. (F)

I disagree.

No, thot's wrong.

Unit 7 . Great lives 43

\$$S"&NNL&RY SN\nNilSpN$NNy Register

N W Put the phrases for disagreeing in order fromformal) to 5 (the most informal)., ! I think you coutd be wrong.b n l'm terribly sorry, but I don't think you,re right.c n t think you're wrong.

d E No, you're wrong.

e E t think you could be mistaken.

@l.l fisten and check your answers.

R Match a request 1-4 with the person they are speaking to a-d.

t E What was that?2 E Sorry, what did you say?

3 n Would you mind repeating that, please?

4 n Coutd you say that again?

Formal and informal verbs

$ Match a one-word verb 1-6 with a multi-word verb a-f.

a come / go in

b find outc go down

d goupe leave outf pick up

1 (the most

ill

The register used in speaking (words and

trammar, and tone of voice), depends onthe relationship between the speakers. Be

more formal if the person you are speakingto is:

m olcler

* in a higher position than yau,

e.g. a teacher cr menager

B a stran$er

It is especially important to be moreforma[ when disagreeing, requesting, etc.Use:

u phrase*l surh ,ts

l'rr sory,li'.vr nfr*rcl J t&inkm mr:daL verbs, *.g. ri:uJd

N positive adjertives with iroi,e.g. I dom'f ifirnlr fhats mgdrf"

lf you are not sure which register to use, itis better to be more neutral or formal.

a a teacher

b a fellow student

c a work co{league

d a close friend

IT2n3tr4flsn6tr

rncrease

decrease

coltect

discover

enter

omit

Complete the sentences with a one-word verb fromexercise 3 in the correct form.

1 Last year an increasing number of young people universityto study Business Administration.

2 Next week we will =_- who exactly was responsible forthe breakthrough.

3 It is hoped that food prices will

-

again this month.4 Students can

- their marked essays from the department

secretary.

5 He -.. _ --- important information about his research in the article.6 We hope to the numbers of overseas students studying here.

-R"tl u student's report to a tutorial group. Reprace the multi-word verbs inbold with a one-word verb in the coirecfform.

i-*-*-.*._*-'------ti _'::1::l:_1gT_ :lrs:_ o:.:1.:

_]9*_:T"11_i

Lee and I lfell out initially about our choice of hero. I had chosen Marie Curie, butL": had 2come up with Jonas Salk. We discussed it for some time and then decidedto 3look into the effects of both people's work more deepry. Then Iafound out how Jonas salk rraa aevetoped the vaccine for polio and thdt thisvaccine, and a later one, skilled off polio around the world and saved millions of

. Iives. So, finally I also 6werit for Salk.

@l.t frtt"n and checkyour answers.

ln formal, academic speaking and writing,it is better to use one-word verbs rather

44 Unit 7 . Great lives

REVIEW

t @l.S Listen to the introduction to a talk about |onas Salk. Complete theheadings 1,2, and 3 in the notes.

NAME: Jonas Salk NATI0NALITY: PROFESSION:

1.3 collegez lawthen

2-l worked w Thomas Francis Jr - a to discover a

2-2 n47headVirus lab.Unw.ot

-

23 P testedl*vao.on

-

fina

-

andhinselfll

2:4 lqi9became

3_3.1

t @t.lO Listen to the rest of the talk and complete the notes. Check spellingand dates, ifnecessary, in a reference book or on the Internet.

I @l.ll Listen to a discussion about the talk. Write true (T) or false (F).

1 Salk's polio vaccine was more widely used than Sabin's.

-2 Sabin's work on a polio vaccine would not have been possible withoutSalk's work.

3 Suheir agrees with Lee's choice. -

I @t.ll Add commas to the paragraph to show clauses. Listen and checkyour answers.

Albert Sabin who was born in 1906 discovered the first oral polio vaccine. It was

much easier to vaccinate people especially children by giving the vaccine on a sugar

Iump than injecting them with a needle. Using this vaccine which is so easy to give

polio has been practically eradicated and millions of lives have been saved.

Practise reading the paragraph aloud, pausing to indicate commas.

Work in small groups. Look at the statements. Take turns to agree or disagree.

Give an opinion or reason.

I Studying Engineering is more useful than studying History.2 LearningEnglish is essential for a good education.3 The most important quality for a doctor to have is intelligence.

3.2

Unit 7 . Great lives 45

tlsrENlNG sKltts Understanding incomplete speech . Contractions and [inking

SPEAKING sKltLs Asking questions in a survey . Register (4) . Reporting results

vscABLlLARY sEVE[-sPfidENT Modifying adjectives . ordinary and strong adjectives

tISTENING A survey on e-communicating

I Look at Figures 1-5. Which ways of communicating do you use the most?Compare your answers with a partner.

m hr John eanDc:

Hi lohn, Nice to hear ftom you

2 @ A: Listen to three extracts from a survey on the ways peoplecommunicate electronically. Tick the methods each speaker uses.

3 E@@ @ B.l titt"n again. Write the exact wordsthat correspond to the complete sentences.

i2

3

4

I suppose I use texts the most.I don't use it.I'm between 18 and 24years old.It's a waste of time. I dont knowwhy people use them.I use them all the time.I like my friends to know whatIm doing.

5

6

ln conversations, when peopte speak informally their speech can be incomptete.

There may be no subject in the sentence, or they may use only short phrases:

Do you use lnternet access on your phone?

No, don't use it much. / Not that much (= t don't use it much)

speakers change how they say something, or they say the same thing in different ways:

But I suppose texting the most. Yes, I text a lot.

. This can make it difficutt to understand. Listen for stress on the content words, andw.hether the speaker rephrases what they say.

KEY

1 mobile phone

2 email

SMS on phone

btog

sociaI network page

3

4

5

t

G'r'ilii

gil

s.

&.#hWW

oGoo

.J

SMS / texting on phone

46 UnitS . Communication

Understanding spoken Engtish

q @g.l Listen to three extracts from a survey about diferent uses of mobilephones. Decide if the statements are true (T), false (F) or not given (NG).

Speaker 1 uses her Internet connection regularly. -Speaker 2 uses his mobile phone for checking his emails.

-Speaker 3 uses all ofher apps. -

S @A) Listen again and answer the questions.

1 What does Speaker 1 mainly use her phone for?2 How many texts does she send and receive every day?

3 Does Speaker 2 send texts or make calls the most?4 What does he use the Internet for?5 Which function does Speaker 3 use the most?

6 How many apps has she got?

6@@a.lListentosentencesl-6.Writethenumberofwordsyou think there are in each sentence. Count contractions (e.g. I'm) as one word.

ln spoken English, individualWords are not always easy to understand. This can

be because:

r contractions are used, e.g.:

ldon't lar deunt/t'll lafll

r d word ends in a consonant sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound,

so the two words are linked and not ctear, e.g.:

lf i*3trgent, couldgou tell me? /fits' s :d5ent codj e' telmi/

Recognizing words that are contracted or linked can help your listening comprehension.

t' @s.t Listen again and complete the sentences.

I a survey.

mobile phone?

without it.ofapps.apps?

remember.

2

4

5

6

Count the words and check your answers to exercise 6.

A mobile phone user

UnitS' Communication 47

SPEAKING Asking questions

I You are going to listen to an extract from a survey on Internetconnections at home. Tick the words and phrases you expectto hear.

E choosing a computer n diat-upE wireless E helplinen emails I downloading

r _ E speed of connection E recycling computerslrI J @ a.q Listen and check your answers.

I ilf,ll|,ilf @A.q Listen again and complete the questions for theanswers given.

The type of questions you ask depends on the information you need.

For a fu[[ answer, ask wh- or 'open' questions:

Whot do you do if there's a problem?

For specific answers, ask a yes / no or closed question:

ls it o wireless network?

For answers you can compare easity, ask multiple-choice questions to limit thepossible answers:

ls the speed of the lnternet cannection: a) very fast, b) fort, c) slow, or d) very slow?

Practise the dialogue with a partner, using the correct intonation forthe questions.

E@@i",

I @ fl ii|,:L,tlj.**#L:y:i broadband

If you need to ask for information frompeople you don't know remember to use

polite, forma[ language.

Start with an expression:

Excuse me!

Use modalverbs for a polite request:

Mayl osk you o few questions, pleose?

Thank peopte with a polite phrase:

Thonk you very much for your help.

Speaking to strangers

4 @trDBE Match the beginning of the sentences with their middleand ending.

a few questions?

lnternet at home?

do you have?

wireless network?

a) very fast, b) fast, c) slow, or d) very slow?

if theres a problem with the connection?

a) excellent, b) very good, c) good, d) poor, or e) very poor?

oK.

Yes, I do.

Er, broadband.

Yes, it is.

I d say a) very fast.

I phone the helpline.

b) very good.

I Excuse mel Would you mind

2 Good afternoon! May I

3 Excuse me! Could you

4 Thank you

5 Thank you very

for

much for

answering

ask you a

answer

few questions?

your time.

a few questions?

answering my questions.

some questions for me?

@A"S Listen and check your answers. Practise saying the sentences.

48 Unit8 . Communication

Reporting results

S @ A.O Listen to a report on the findings of the survey in exercise

Number the information in the order you hear it.1.

broadbonda n age of people

b n conclusion

n different types of connection

E number of people questionedc

d dial-uplnternet

fum$p$smm

6 @ A.O Listen again and answer the questions.

1 What was the purpose of the survey?2 How many people were questioned?3 How old were they?4 What kind of connection did most people have?

5 How fast was the Internet connection for users of broadband?6 How fast was the connection for dial-up users?

7 How did a minority of people describe the helpline service?

8 What was the conclusion of the report?

f,@@ Prepare a report about the findings,from the survey on mobile phones, using the notes. Donot give the numbers in the Results section. Instead, use

expressions from the Language Bank.

, Purpose: tofindoutaboutuseofmobilephones I

Number of people interviewed: 20 i

Ages: 18-22

1 Questions : use of mobiles,frequency of turting, calling, :

: lnternet, & other apps, etc.

I Results: 20 ownedmobiles

16 nain use - texting, 00-20 texts a day)

second use - calling hverage 5-10 calls a day)

2 usedlnternet on phonetor emails, generalinformation

search, & social notutorking

}ther apps used e.g. gafios, camera, calendar, etc

8 Work with a partner. Thke turns to give your report.

Doing a survey

9 Work in groups. You are going to carry out a survey.

Your teacher will give you the topic.

1 Brainstorm the information you want to find out.2 Write six questions to find this information, using

different types of questions.3 Ask other members of the class your questions,

using the correct intonhtion. Remember to use politeformal phrases to start and end your questions.

4 Write down the answers. If necessary, check youunderstand them.

5 With other members of your group, put all theanswers together. Prepare a report on your findings,using expressions from the Language Bank.

6 'Present your report to the class.

wireless

When reporting resutts or findings, give clear general information.

It is not necessary to give the specific questions or individual

replies. Give:

r the purpose of the survey / test / experiment

. the numbers of people involved

. the method you used, e.g. face-to-face, by telephone

r the most important results using statistical expressions, e.g.

most people

r a conctusion

TANGUAGE BANK Expressiops for reporting results

One hundred per cent100% of the people surveyed hod lnternet access at home.

The majority (F)

The majority had lnternet access ot home.

Most people

Most people had a very fost connection.

Some

Some ofthe group had never used their phone to play games.

A minority (F)

A minority of people used dial-up connections.

Only ten per centOnly ten per cent of those questioned used the helpline service.

A fewA few students colled home every doy.

No one

No one used their phone while driving.

On averoge

On overage, people sent five texts a doy.

Unit8 . Communication 49

lll

N$SANNL&WV $NNNL$PMNNY Adverbs and adjectives

\WUnderlinetheadverbsthatmodifi,theadjectivesinthe sentences.

1 The questions in the survey were ver), simple so the results were easyto calculate.

2 in the quiet lecture theatre the sound of the mobile phone wasextremely loud.

3 Installing the new program was not very complicated so downloadingthe file was really fast.

4 The examination was less difficult than the students had expected.5 The Internet connection was fairly slow

R Complete the scale with the adverbs from the box.

I very not very reallyi

extremely fairly II

weakest strongest

complete the sentences about you with an adverb from exercise 2. Discussyour answers with a partner.

1 My Internet connection at home is _ fast.2 The signal here for my mobile phone is _ strong.3 Buying things on the Internet is _ safe.4 In my opinion, a social network is

-

useful for communicatingwith people.

5 I think designing a website is

-

difficult.

WRewritethesentencesusingastrongadjectivefromtheboxand the adverb absolutely.

impossibte freezing terrified-**---**--lexhausted

I

*.__-___-]

1 I was very tired. I was absolutely exhausted.

2 The report was very interesting.3 Kalim found the exam very difficult.4 The winters were very cold.5 The arrangements for the conference were very good.6 The lecture theatre was very big.7 Lina was very nervous before doing her presentation.

@ a-l rrsten and check your answers. Practise saylng the sentences aloudwith the correct stress.

Complete the sentences with the adverb very or absolutely.

1 Wireless connections are __ useful.2 The results of the survey were interesting.3 The lecture was

-

fascinating.4 Living without a mobile phone would be

-

impossible for me.5 The seminar room was , small.6 My parents were _ delighted with my results.7 I found the exercise difficult.8 The amount of information on the Internet is

-

enormous.

It is possible to make an adjective strongeror weaker by using an adverb. Use adverbssuch as not very,less and foirly to makethe adjective weaker:

lls tt*f re,"1r lritpori'unt.

Use adverbs such as very, reolly, andextremely to make the adjective stronger:

if s erlre,"lely ruriplicsl*sl

extremely

w&sm$ssN$$s

-N--"\-.N":"_.\,

f,ffirrfy

Some ordinary adjectives have a

stronger equivalent:

imporfanf-ess e nt i a l. p le a sed-de*glited

Strong adjectives can be made strongerwith adverbs such as absolutely.

It's absolutely essentral.

Very is not used with strong adjectives.

Reolly can be used with both types ofadjective.

Strong adjectives are usually stressed.When an adverb is also used both theadverb and the adjective are stressed.

50 Unit8 . Communication

What is the main topic of conversation?

What do the students agree to do?

REVIEW

t @ A.A You are going to listen to three students discussing some work they are

preparing. Listen to the extracts and answer the questions.

t @ A.g Listen to conversation 1 again and complete the sentences.

Work in groups of three. Practise reading the conversation in exercise 2 aloud.

@ a.lO Listen to conversat ion 2 again and write the exact words thatcorrespond to the more formal complete expressions.

3

4

Write four questions to ask a partner about their access to the Internet. Use

the question words in the box.

Where...? Why...? Do you...? What kind ...?

How much ...? What...? '

How often ...? Have you ...?

Where do you usually accesslholnternet?

Work with a partner. Take turns to ask and answer your questions fromexercise 5.

Student A So, 1 ideas for our presentation?

What 2 we should talk about?

Student B Well, I thought we could do something on using mobile phones.

Student C Not 3 . What about access to the Internet?

Student A What a ?

Student C I mean, where and how people access the Internet. At home, university, in parks ...

Student B 5 ?

Student C Yes, in some cities,6 Internet in the parks.

Student A Yeah, and in some caf6s too. I suppose we could do that. And who pays? At home7 pay for Internet access, at university it's free, and so on.

Student B Yes, OK then. 8

research on the net.

that. Access to the Internet. We can do some

lnformal FormalSorry, what did you say?

about I have found a lot of information aboutfree access in different countries.

Yes, but not too many slides.

I'll send you my information by email.

2 I've foundfree access in

3 Yeah, but not

different countries.

UnitS . Communication 5l

flIil

tISTENING SKlt!.S Supporting an argument . Understanding words in conteitSPEAKING SKILLS Helping the listener (6)and (7) , ... ,:

RESEARCH Using the lnternet (3) .', ",vocABUtARYDEVEtoPMENTCompoundadjectives.Compoundnouns

IISTENING The Lewis chess set

I Label Figures 1-3 using the words in the box.

a wheel a Roman mirror chessmen

Work with a partner. Answer the questionsabout the objects in exercise 1.

1 Which object has changed human history the most? How?2 Which object has changed human history the least? Why?3 Which object would you like to own? \Mhy?

@eS Vooare going to listen to a radio programme about the Lewischessm-en and the game of chess. Listen and answer the questions.

1 When were the Lewis chessmen made?2 Where did the game of chess come from?

4 @@ @9.1 ti"t"nagain and make notes on the supportingreasons why the Lewis chess set is significant.

r- ii!!ll9f llllWJllg!,y_r._sles sel !1a eiqlifiqe[Ueletskliecl_. t a tryaillqn ot plev!! ganes l.l

;2 2.1 6Ih century lndia

2.2

@e.l Ust"n to the programme about mirrors. Mark the statements true (T),false (F), or not given (NG).

1 Glass mirrors were first made around 6000 BCE. _ '2 The earliest mirror was found in present-d ay ltaly. _3 People used cosmetics for the first time in 6000 BCE. _4 People could see the world in two new ways with mirrors.

-5 The first mirrors must have seemed magical. _

2-3

3.1g_

@e.Z fisten again and make notes ofthe supporting reasons for thespeaker's point of view.

Ll9tltl9r_YGwi1rrylrrr!:E-. :

i Raason I

ww_

ln lectures, good speakers always supporttheir argument with reasons, evidence,

and examples.

Listening for the supporting points willhelp you follow the speaker's argument,

and help you decide if you agree with itor not.

52 Unit 9 . Signiflcant objects

I Reason2

example

-

@@9.lri"tentosomedescriptionsoftheLewischessmenand mirrors. Number the phrases (1) to (3) in the order you hear them.

E in other words E that is n which means

lf a speaker is using words that are difficult to understand, they will often explain the vocabulary by using:

r phrases, e.g. such as,which meons,that is,or, in other words

r a defining phrase, e.g. Mirrors were made of obsidian, o type of stone-

Even if you do not understand a word or phrase at first, continue to listen for further explanations or examples.

8 @S.l Listen again and circle the word or phrase which is the best definitionof each word.

1 carved a

bc

2 convex a

bc

@S.l fitt"n to a description of the Hoxne pepper pot. Complete thesentences with the missing words. Do not worry about spelling.

decoratedmarkedcut

flatcurved outcurved in

3 graves a

b

is the top half of a person.

is a tpe of dress.

places where soldiers liveplaces where dead bodieswere buriedplaces where leaders go

1A2A

are valuable stones.

4 Someone who is has a lot of money.

l0@@e.sristentothewho1etalk.Completethenotes,usingwords, phrases, abbreviations, and symbols'

SICNIFICANT 0BJECI Thglloxne pepper p9!

Raasons: I

-

Baokground: foundin

hidden

:. -- ,.-- : .soli{ gqld

_----::: gold and silvor items :

=-=-:-:9!!v4'sP9q9

-

silvar popper pots

The Hoxne pepper pot

ln a lecture you often have to take a lot of notes. To do this quickly and effectivety:

r write down only key words and phrases, not complete sentences

r use abbreviations, e.g. lfor example), i.e. (thot is), etc.

r use symbols, e.g. - under / less than + over f more than' ) leads to / to .'. therefore '.' because

i use your own shorthand, for eiampte, prob instead of probably, wd and cd instead of would and could, etc.

Unit 9 . Significant objects 53

flr

SPEAI(lNG Machines

I timll lEll'til! Read the notes on the Singer Sewing Machine and checkthe meanings of any new words in a dictioiary. Reph"rase, explain, or giveexamples of this vocabulary, using words and phraies in the study skf,ls box.The 9inger sewing Machine company was founded, that is, started, in lgsr-

l"t domestic machine VST1870 170,000+ machines sold

1880 t/znillion+ machines soldl4lg 3 million+ machines sold

SIGNIFICANCE:

@ ravolutioniz ea donestia life f or women

e.g-beforeSM l0 hours to make a drass / withSM I hour

l-l womenhad morefreetime

l-2 women did extra sewingto make mone,y

12 machines ) mass production of clothesinfactories

2.1 morewomenwent outtowork

2,1_ ryanywoyen suff9red19or conditions and low wages

when you present information in a seminar or tutorial, it is tikety that you will usespecialized vocabulary. Help your listeners by rephrasing, exptaining it, tr giving examplesof itRephrasing Explaining

that is this / which meonsin other words

thot is to soy

Giving examples

for exomple

such os

@Giveaone-minutepresentationonthehistoricalsignificanceof the sewing machine, using the notes in exercise 1 and the explanations ofthe vocabulary.

TANGUAGE BANK Expressions for supporting an argument

Listing Adding Giving evidence Giving reasons Giving examplesFirstly, Furthermore, This shows... /f rs ... because (of) For eiample,Secondly, Moreover, Tltis proves is why it is ...Lostly, tn oddition,

rySlng.. x-fAutomatic

ITITSTatt0BffiT

Aboktdt U.Stnrt€L UOtblBrrrIB Aq&n.hd_ srorrEi eEd&Satrct $ul!s facttn;GvE toy6dIE r&E Gt& oor DdDli. f,. atr.br b di4fls.yrMdy vho ldla L &@.

SS Ttr $3TGTQ ilTNMCIUPING CO.oFtcEs tx €VEBY cm tt rHE rcElO

The Singer Sewing Machine

9r.U Listen to a presentation about the sewing machine. Answerthe questions.

I Did the speaker use the same information as you?

? fh" w_ords or phrases did the speaker explain?3 What phrases did the speaker ,re to explain the words?

When you present an argument, it is

important to support it with reasons,evidence, or examples. Use words orphrases from the Language Bank tointroduce your supporting a16uments.

54 Unit 9 . Significant objects

RESEARCH

I @[@ Use the Internet to find which museums display these objects:

1 the Mona Lisa2 Kismet, the world's first sociable robot3 the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun4 'Sue', the most complete skeleton

ofTyrannosaurus Rex

5 the Concorde aeroplane

Many museums have their co[tections and / or education departments on the lnternet.

You can study these by logging onto the museum's site, e.t.:

The British Museum http://www.britishmuseum.orslexplore/online-tours.aspx

The Science Museum http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk

TheSmithsonian lnstitute http://si.edu/

Massachusetts lnstitute of Technology http.//web.mit.edu/museum/

lf you are researching a particular object, put it into a search engine with +museum

e.g. Guernico+museum, or ask a question: Where is Guernico displayed?

Atways credit the site you use, saying when you accessed it, e.g.:

http://www.britishmuseum.orglexplore/hiShlights,/hiEhliEht:objects/me/m/ottoman-mosque-

lamp.aspx 0l/03/ll)

Choose an object from the list. Research it on the Internet and make notes fora two-minute presentation.

o smart phone

. computero refriSeratoro washing machine

o internal combustion engine

I Describe the object.2 Say why it is significant.3 Support your ideas with examples, evidence, or reasons (give at least three

supporting arguments).

Prepare the presentation from your notes. Check the structure of thepresentation.

Work in small groups. Take turns to give your presentation.

1 The listeners make notes on the objects and supporting arguments inthe table.

2 Ask at least one question on each of the presentations. '

3 Vote on which object i$the most significant.

il1il

The sarcophagus of Tutankhamun


WS(&NL$LARV mNNNTSPNNNY Compound adjectives

}[email protected]'t"nandcompletethesentences.Readthesentences aloud.

1 The Lewis chessmen are particularly famous for thegrumpy-_ queens.

2 Mirrors were highly objects.3 Before the invention of the match,lighting a fire was

-consuming.

X @ g.A Choose a present or past participle from the box to complete thesentences. Listen and check your answers.

I2

J

4

5

Mirrors were made of highly-- stone or metal.The tunic of the Hoxne pepper pot was loose--.Some of the chessmen are fierce- soldiers.Only a highly-- society could produce such beautiful objects.Before the invention of the sewing machine all clothes were hand

lll

Compound adjectives are often formed

i from an adjective, adverb or noun *

i present or past participle. The main stress

i is usually on the adverb or adjective. Use

a dictionary to check how to pronounce I

and write compound adlectives. i

liL__-.__-_____ _*_* ___ I

time-consumint

&wppy-$mw&smg

S @ q.q Listen to and read the sentences. Mark the main stress on thecompciund nouns in bold. W1 The chess set represents the coming together of three important cultures.2 A game of chess is essentially a war game, a battlefield.3 Perhaps the Lewis chess queens had toothache.4 The object I find significant is the sewing machine.5 These machines meant that mass production of clothes was possible.

S Match a noun in coiurnn A with a noun in column B to form acompound noun.

Compound nouns

A

I crime

2 science

3 university

4 plastic

5 web

are wfltten:

u its t''ws i,inlds. e.g. i:,l€-\-i:;ei

N rs *ire wo|d. s.g, bciflsilEid

Usualty the first noun is stressed

e.g. chess set. Use a dictionary tocheck how to pronounce and writecompound nouns.

- _._____-._-----* --...-_--._--_-_l

B

sites

department

fictionrate

surSery

S Put a compound noun from exercise 4 into the questions. Work with apartner. Ask and answer the questions.

I Do you enjoy reading2 Would you think about having

painless and cheap?

J

4

Is the

Whichuse them to find out?What

if it were

in your city rising or falling?do you visit most often? What do you

potished

A compound noun is formed by puttingtwo nouns together. Sometimes these

56 Unit 9 . Significant objects

do you study in?

REVIEW

I @eSO Listen to a presentation about the match and complete the notes.

&

&I

2

', 0bject: Tl{E MATCII

lnvented:

Significance: changed

SUPPORT & EXAMPTES

fire nec. tor

w/out match . ltghting fras

3 w match cd

@g.lO Listen again. Complete the sentences.

1 A

-

is a simple stick used to light fires.

2 The word

-

means immediately.3 The word

-

means replaced.

Prepare a short presentation on the significance of the mobile phone, usingthe notes.

A match

ARGUMENTS SUPPORT & EXAMPLES

2 provideseourifi 2 a parents can call children b can make emergency callwithout rrronsy

3 lg[9pygtureg9levelpas'!9uhrypery 3 p_lotgsotljvg:2arre4:!qr]4!!ale

Work with a partner. Take turns to give your presentations.

Work with a partner. Ask and answer questions using the compound ,rorrr. "

house credit note news pass television

5

6

Which is the most important channel in your country? Whatsort of programmes does it broadcast?

Do you record new vocabulary in a

-book

or on thecomputer? Why?Do you use a word to protect your computer? Do you use anyother protection on your computer?Which is the most popular - --paper in your country i city? Whydo you think it is so popular?Which do you use most often: cash or a

-

card? Why?What hold appliance is most important for you? Why?


-ril

I

I

lr

tISTENING SKILtS Dealing with longer listenings (l)and (2)

SPEAKING SKltts Transitions . Deatingwithquestions

VOCABUTARY DEVETOPMENT Dependent prepositions

tISTENING Ecotourism

I Work with a partner.Look at Figures 1-3. What do they show?Discuss, then answer questions a-d.

a What are the advantages and disadvantages of tourism?b How do people choose places for their holidays?c Which Figure do you think could be an example of ecotourism?d Can you define what you mean by ecotourism?

@lO.l Listen to two radio advertisements for holidays. Which one is for: .a Iecotourism bEordinarytourism

Iif,tllilfnllr'ilf Look at the mind map about a talk on ecotourism. Add thewords from the box to the diagram.

recycling energy [oca[ community environment reduce poltutionwater plants & animals tourists

Figure 2Figure I. Figure 3

When listening to longer listenings, helpyour understanding by:

r predicting

r listening for signposting [anguage

r taking notes

r selectinBinformation

r studying visual aids

58 Unit l0 . Responsible tourism

You are going to listen to a lecture on ecotourism. Use the question words towrite questions about ecotourism.

i What? What arethe advantages of ecotourism?

2 Who?

3 Where?4 How much?

@lO.l Listen to the introduction to a lecture on ecotourism. Make suitableheadings for notes which you could take during the lecture.

] ECOTOI,IRISM

@lO3 Listen to the lecture and look at Figure 1. Take notes under theheadings you made in exercise 5. Did you find the answers to your questionsin exercise 4?

Figure I

Cruise ships Packageholidays Ecotourism

Type of holiday

Work with a partner. Discuss the questions.

1 Did you have any problems listening to the lecture in exercise 6?

2 What can happen when you are listening to long talks or lectures?3 What do you do if you have problems?

@rc.q Listen to a lecturer giving advice about listening to longer talks.Does she mention the same things as you did in exercise 7?

@n.q Listen again and3nswer the questions.

1 What happens if you stop concentrating while listening to a talk?

2 What should you do?

3 'What three things can you do to help yourself?

IO litqlltfiIlltllll Work with a partner and discuss your answers to thequestions in exercise 9.

2

:9:4

100

s90r $80IttolE60]Es0

.r 40

9. 30

tP20tElo

EN6V;€

lf you lose concentration during a lectureor longer tatk, listen for:

r signposting and then continue to listen

, key words about the subject

r the summary and conclusion

Unit l0 Responsible tourism 59

SPEAKING Transitions

lr'tEltl!!1llilrPutthewordsinordertocompletethesentences.the importance of tourism for the economy'

When giving a tatk, indicate clearly any

new sections or change of direction.

Use phrases to show transitions to the

different parts, e.8.:

Now l'd like to turn to / tolk obout ...

ln this section l'll discuss ...

Let's think about ...

This leads me to ...

Going bock to ...,

1

2

J

4

5

(section / I'11/ this / discuss / in)

- my first point about the employment of

local people, (to / back / going)

- the third Part of mY talk.

(leads/to/me/this)

(to / like I twn lId / to)

(think/about/let's)

@lo.s Listen and check your answers. Practise saying the sentences aloud.

the subject of money brought into the country'

the disadvantages of tourism'

:a

2

3 Prepare a two-minute presentation from your notes in

exeicise 6 on page 59 on the advantages of ecotourism

over traditional holidays. Work in pairs' Give your

talks. As you are listening to your partnerb talk' tick

the transition phrases that are used'

4 Work with a partner. What can you say ' "1 when you dont know the answer to a question?

? when vou want to eive yourself some time to answer a question?

-

3 when you dont understand a question?

5 Use headings 1-4 to make notes for a two-minute talk on taking a holiday in

your countrY.

I lntroduction ' 3Disadvantages

Deating with questions

a

a

a

| \lva$ages ot tholidqv invour counlrv

a

a

Cottclusiott

a

I

When answering questions during or after

a talk, it can be useful to:

r give yoursetf some time to think of the

answer, e.8.

That's an interesting question. Can I

come back to it later?

r ask the questioner to repeat or rephrase

the question, e.g.:

I'm not sure what You meon bY that-

Could you explain that Please?

60 Unit 10 ResPonsible tourism

Work with a partner. Follow the instructions and take turns to give your talkand ask questions, using transition expressions.

Student A Student B1 Introduce your talk.2 Make a transition to the first part. --------): Askaauestion.4 Give yourself some time to think. <'--

- -1---------' :1

5 Move on to your next part. -..-.-.-_--___+ 6 Ask another question.

7 Askforrepetitionof <the question. ----------------

A

7

9 Answer the question.10 Conclude your talk.

12 Give yourself time to answer. <13 Answer the question.

presentation

Prepare a four-minute presentation on one of the topicsor a topic ofyour choice.. Communication in the 2lst century. The economic development of my country. The most important scientific discovery of the last 50 years

r A healthy lifestyleo An important environmental issue in my country

Think about:

Organization

Research the topic on the lnternet

Find some images to illustrate your tatk

Make notes

Organize the notes into sections

8 Repeat or rephrase yourquestion.

11 Ask another question.

Language

Use signposting [anguage to:

r introduce the tatko show transitionsr give examp[es, explanations, refer to

visuats, and so on. conclude the talk. ask for and dea[ with questions

Pronunciation

Check and practise your

pronunciation, including:

o word stress

o [inking

o pausing between thought groups

o intonation of questions

Work in small groups. Take turns to give your talk.

1 Listen and make notep on the main points of each of the presentations.2 Ask at least one question about each ofthe presentations.

Unit l0 Responsible tourism 6l

wss&wM t&RY mffiwNrsptuxHNY

Words and dependent prepositions

lllt

WCirclethecorrectprepositioninthesentences.Useadictionary to help.

1 The majority of students are intereste d for / in / to doingsport regularly.

2 People who study physics are often good ro / for / at m:usic.

3 Australian English is quite similar with / to / about British English.4 \44ro is responsible to / for / with organizing the conference?

Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. Use a

dictionary to help.

1 The police are investigating the cause

-

the fire.2 What are the differences your new mobile phone and

your old one?

3 There was a decrease

-

the use of the multimediacentre last semester.

4 there were over a hundred applications the job.

@rc.e Make sentences using the beginnings, a preposition, and an ending.Listen and check your answers.

I People who suffer I from I cheating in the exam.

2 The student was accused I with I the job of research assistant?

3 How many candidates applied I of I the other students on the best place for a holiday.

4 Azizdid not agree I for I diabetes need to fottow a careful diet.

Complete the questions with the correct preposition. Work with a partnerand take turns to ask and answer the questions.

1 Are you interested

-

economics?

2 At school, which subjects were you good

-

?

3 \44-rat are the main causes air pollution?4 What are the main differences

-

ecotourism and

ordinary tourism?5 Do you agree the need to restrict the use of cars?

6 Would you ever apply

-

a job abroad?

S Put the nouns, verbs and adjectives in the box with their prepositions.

!

I spend (money/time) decrease

I .pply concentrate increaseL-_

Adjectives, nouns, and verbs are often associated

with prepositions. ln other words, they have certainprepositions which follow them. For example:

Ihe studenf r.trcs dfsspp*fmf*ci w"f$,Ills psoreX*,-t: resirff.

IJrere ftos Seen orr rursresse im ffie prlre nfl oll.

Iftp rou,.se sssrsdsfs o$sx dlffereirf mndufe"r.

The preposition is not stressed in the sentence. lt is

important to learn the prepositions when you learn

the words.

'l

I

I

I

good

aSree

depend interested

responsibte disagree

bad hopeless

ask argue

t

consist ofgood mf

s s' -N\

".+\ -tS* S-*\. -*x N....\-t*"**s >\ \\N. \\:\ \. \\\ i* N N \) s \N

_on

-at -

with tn

-

for

62 Unit l0 . Responsible tourism

'-$tlr

REVIEW

I You are going to listen to some talks about three tourist destinations. Beforeyou listen, work with a partner and brainstorm what you know about theplaces. Use the questions in the box to help you.

@lO.l Listen to the talk about Switzerland and answer the questions. Howare you going to listen?

1 Why do people go to Switzerland?2 What problem does the speaker mention?

@lO.l Listen again and answer the questions. How are you going to listen?

I Which country does not border Switzerland: Germany, Luxembourg,France, Italy?

2 How do tourists travel to the top of the mountains?3 Do only advanced skiers go to Switzerland?4 Name two ways the tourism representatives are solving the problem.

@fi.A You are going to listen to part of a tutorial about tourism in Rio de

|aneiro. How many people are talking?

@rc.A Listen again and answer the questions. Which part would you listento if you were only interested in:

1

2

J

4

5

three main tourist destinations in fordan.talk about the historical ancient sites.

, I will finish with city tourism.Petra.

|erash,

Complete the sentences with a preposition, using a dictionary to help you.Discuss the questions in small groups.

1 Are you concerned the environment? What should people do to protect it?2 Who should take responsibility

-

conserving energy? People or governments?

3 Should flying be more expensive to pay for the pollution it causes? Do people travel

-

plane too often?

4. Would you be interested working in tourism? \t\hy / Why not?

Where is it?

Why do tourists go?

What is it famous for?

Switzerland

6 @lO.g Listen to part of a talk about |ordan. Name three types of tourism there.

I @lO.g Listen again and complete the sentences.

Today

,I willAndfordan is famousThere are many other ancient sites

Madaba and the desert'castles.Petra, Jordan

Unit I0 . Responsible tourism 53

A&JBI0 SCmtprS

lrt

Good morning, everybody. Let me introduce myself: I'm Dr Greenand I'm the Senior Tutor for overseas students. So, first of all, I d liketo welcome you to the university. I hope that you will work hard andprofit from your time here.

Over the next couple of weeks, I m going to meet each of youindividually, but this morning I just want to give you some generalinformation about the practicalities of life here on the campus:housing, money, and health.

For anl.thing to do with accommodation, please see Mrs Robertsin Room tlvo hundred and fourteen in the Senate Building' That'sroom two-one-four. For any financial advice, such as setting up abank account, transferring money, etc, make an appointment to see

Dr Reynolds, the Student Financial Adviser, in Room one hundredand seventeen, one-one-seven, in the Admin block. The universityhealth centre is next to Admin and it is a good idea to register withthe centre as soon as possible. To do this, youjust need to give yourpersonal details to the receptionist. Oh, and you will need to showher your passport and student card.

Right! Any questions so far? No? OK, then lett move on to thereason you're here: your studies. You will be given tutors in yourindividual subject area, but I m the person to see ifyou have anymore general concerns about your work. For example, timetableproblems or ...

@ x"z1 [E=

E

2 As you can see from the graph, the urban population has

increased rapidly. At the same time, the rural population has

fallen dramatically. One explanation for this may be ...

3 Please note that Professor Lee's talk on Innovations in Medicinewill be held in Room 407, not 507 as stated on the programme.

4 A Excuse me, sorry, excuse me! I'm doinga surveyon ...B Sorry, havent got the time now.A Excuse me, madam. I'm doing a survey on shopping habits

and I wondered if I could ask you some questions. It will onlytake two minutes.

C Er, well, OK, then.

5 Two people are known to have been killed and ten others injuredafter an accident involving a main line train and a car which,apparently, had got stuck on a crossing.

@ r"E1 Hello, eyeryone. My name's Ali El Hendi.2 Hello, may I introduce myself? I am Dr Phillips.3 Professor Adwan, isnt it? Hello, I'm Mrs Elliot, Lina Elliot, from

Administration.4 Hi, I sawyou in the lecture. Im Mei...5 Morning, I'm Elif, Elif Tan, and I'm from Istanbul.

@ x"*Tutor OK, we're all here, so let's get started. As ihis is the first

tutorial of the year, I think it would be a good idea if everyonebriefly introduced themselves. I'11 start with myself. I'm Dr PeterBlack and my particular subject is Accountancy and EuropeanLaw. And...

A Morning everyone. I'm Dilek Sancak and I'm from Izmir, inTurkey. Like you all, I'm studying Accountancy and Finance.

B Hel1o, my name is Sachit Malhotra from New Delhi, the capital ofIndia. And I m doing Accountancy and Finance as Id like to workin an international organization after graduating.

C Hi, I'm Mahmoud Subri and I'm from Jordan. Also, from thecapital city, Amman. At the moment I'm more interested infinance and financial institutions, but that may change over thecourse!

AEAE

@ r"s

4A

1ABA

2ABAB

3ABA

Give me a ring on my mobile. The number's 076532215.Did you say two two one five?Yeah, two two one five.

Let me make a note of your email address.Sure. It's [email protected] that thirteen or thirty?Thirteen, one three.

Good niorning, this is Ella Peters speaking. Is that Chang Li?Yes, it is. Sorry, this is a bad line. I didnt catch your name.Ella, Ella Peters. We met at the conference last week.

Itt Paul. Can I pop round and return that book I borrowed?

@ t"sIts Emily, that's e-m-i-l-y dot shaw, thatt s-h-a-w, at interfone,i-n-t-e-r-f-o-n-e, dot com. All small letters.

|im dot grant32, that's j-i-m, dot g-r-a-n-t 32, atliv, that's l-i-v,dot a.c., dot u.k.G dot reddy, that's r-e-d-d-y, at public underscore info, that'sp-u-b-I-i-c, underscore, i-n-f-o, dot gov, that's g-o-v.Brzz dot Peters, that's B-u-z-z dot P-e-t-e-r-s at nsw dot ac dotaus, a-u-s,W-w-w dot researchinfo, that's r-e-s-e-a-r-c-h i-n-f-o dot net,thatt n-e-t, forward slash mech hyphen eng, that's m-e-c-hhlphen e-n-g.

Where's your room?B It's Bowland Tower, room nine on the third floor.A Third floor?B Yeah,...

5 A The best person on this subject is Dr Shehadeh and I adviseyou to read her latest article.

B Sorry, could you repeat the name, please?A Certainly, Dr Shehadeh, that's S-h-e-h-a-d-e-h.

@ x"r1 detail 2 advise 3 campus 4 mobile 5 thirteen6 thirty 7 return 8 passport 9 account 10 repeat

@ua1 depend 2 b:Ior 3 accent 4 accept 5 lecture

@ x.s1 sign 2 rlght 3 what 4 island 5 guest 6 science

7 business 8 column 9 answer

64 Audio scripts

@uaLecture 1

Well, good morning and welcome to the Institute of ComputingStudies. I'm going to start by giving you an outline ofthe firstfive lectures in the History of Computing course. I'd also like torecommend two essential books on your'Computers: Ancient andModern reading list.

Lecture 2

The first and most important question is: what does 'Business

Management'mean? Does it mean human resources, that islooking after people at work? Does it mean finance? Does it meanmanagement systems? Well, of course, it means all of these aspects

and more!

@r.nLecture 2

The first and most important question is: what does 'Business

Management' mean? Does it mean human resources, that islooking after people at work? Does it mean finance? Does it meanmanagement systems? Well, of course, it means all of these aspects

and more!So, let's get to know each other. I'm Dr Knight and, as well

as being Head of Department I will be your tutor for HumanResources. On my right, is Mr Adams who will be teaching youabout Finance and Commerce, and this is Dr Williams. She is yourBusiness Systems tutor. Now today ...

@ t.rGood afternoon. As I said in the handout, today we'II be looking at

what effect being an island, i.e. being separated by water, has on howa country develops economically. I hope you've all read the materialI suggested. If you have, you 1l know that we 1l be using Madagascarand the Philippines as our examples. We'Il look in depth at how theirindustries and agriculture, for example food processing and coffeegrowing, developed because they are islands.

However, before going into too much detail, let me give you an

overview of each island.As you can see from Map one, Madagascar is situated in the

Indian Ocean, off the east coast of Africa. It has a tropical climatearound its coast but is dry in the south. Although it is verymountainous, its also very rich agriculturally. Today its main cropsare rice, vanilla, coffee, and sugar cane, and, unsurprisingly, its mainindustries are food processing and sugar production.

Map 2 shows the second of our two island states, the Philippines.It's very different. It is in fact made up of over 7,000 islands. ThePhilippines is situated in the Pacific Ocean in South-East Asia. It's

got a tropical climate, so two seasons: wet and dry. The main island,Luzon, is mountainous inland. These mountains were once coveredin forest. However, increased agriculture, mining, and the woodindustry have led to deforestation. The Philippines produce a rangeof crops including rice,malze, coconuts, and sugar cane. The mainindustries are mining, petroleum refining, electronics, and food anddrink processing.

OK, so that's the brief overview. Now let's turn to how theirindustries and agriculture were developed as a result ofbeingislands. fust a couple of quick examples to give you the idea.Madagascar's location in the Indian Ocean meant it became animportant trading post and so was able to quickly develop the exportof its agricultural produce. The Philippines in the Pacific Ocean . . .

@ z.zI Although it is very mountainous, it's also very rich agriculturally.2 It has a tropical climate but is dry in the south.3 However, increased agriculture, mining, and the wood industry

have led to deforestation.

@ t.tI Australia is a large country and ...2 Although Australia is a large country, ...3 Most of the population still work in agriculture, which ...4 Most of the population still work in agriculture, but ...

@LqMap 2 shows the second of our two island states, the Philippines.It's very different. It is in fact made up of over 7,000 islands. ThePhilippines is situated in the Pacific Ocean in South-East Asia. It's

got a tropical climate, so two seasons: wet and dry.

@ z.tAustralia is the largest island in the world. It is situated between thePacific and Indian Oceans. It has different tJpes of climate because itis so big. It is tropical in the north but has continental weather in thesouth. The centre is very dry.

@ t.oSpeaker A I come from Sri Lanka it is a very hot country in south

Asia. The climate is tropical. It is famous for its tea production,rice, sugar cane, and rubber. There's lots offlat countryside.There are mountains in the middle it's cooler in the mountains.Our industries are telecommunications, banking, clothing, andtourism.

Speaker B My talk is about Sri Lanka. It is an island located inSouth Asia, in the Indian Ocean, south of India. The countrysideis quite flat in most places. However, there are mountains inthe central part of the island. The climate is tropical with twomonsoons, that is heavy rains, a.year. Although Sri Lanka isparticularly famous for its tea pioduction, rice, sugar cane, andrubber are also important agricultural products. The principalindustries aretelecommunications, banking, clothing, andtourism.

@ t.tI The main produce is coffee.

2 Coffee factories produce a lot ofwaste.

@ z"alaproduce bproduce2aexport bexport3arecord brecord4apresent bpresent5aresearch bresearch

@ t.g1 Companies cannot import without an import licence.2 The group will present its findings tomorrow.3 The students gave their professor a present when he retired.4 The secretary made a record of the meeting.5 Ifyou wish to record this lecture, please do so.

6 Singapore exports a lot of electronic equipment.7 Two of the main exports from Madagascar are vanilla and coffee.

Audio scripts 65

@ x"rCIIn this lecture about island states we're going to turn our attention to]apan and will be looking at three main areas: Iocation and climate,land use and agriculture, and the principal industries.

@ x"teIn this lecture about island states we're going to turn our attention to]apan and will be looking at three main areas: Iocation and climate,land use and agriculture, and the principal industries.

Firstly, where is |apan? As you can see from the map, it is innorth-east Asia and is situated close to Russia and South Korea inthe North Pacific Ocean.

The climate is very varied. In the south it is tropical, but in thenorth it has a cooler, more temperate climate. This ailows a range ofagricultural products to be grown, for example rice, sugar beet, andfruit. Fishing is also important to fapan's economy. It isestimatedthat fapanese fishermen catch about l5o/o of theworld's catch.

However, it is the other industries, particularly car manufacturingand the production ofelectronics goods that are the main sources of)apan's wealth.

@ z"tz|amaica is an island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba. It generallyhas a tropical climate, but the mountainous interior is moretemperate. Agriculture is an important part of lamaica's economy.Sugar cane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, and vegetables are allgrown on this small island.

@ z.txAlthough lamaica exports a lot of agricultural products, tourismis its main industry. However, recently the number of tourists hasdecreased. This has hurt the econom)a but the government hopesthat tourism will improve again as the global eionomy grows.

@ E"t

Well, lets start. Good morning, everyonel My name's Mari Kaplanand I m here to talk to you about my job. I'm a science journalist,that is, I write scientific news articles. Id like to tell you what this jobinvolves, the main challenge for a science journalist, what skills youneed, and finally, why I chose this profession.

So, what does the job involve? Generally, a science journalist hastwo mdn things to do. Firstly, they have to research what's new inthe world of science. And secondly, they need to write articles.

First of all, the research: journalists have to find out about newscientific discoveries. How is this done? Well, there are severaldifferent ways, for example, by attending academic conferences, andlistening to talks; or byvisiting research institutes and interviewingthe scientists there - finding out about the work they are doing. Anda third way we journalists keep informed is by reading academicjournals. This is just like any other journalist who needs to knowwhatt happening. But here, the subject is always science!

Next, once they have the news item, the journalist writes anarticle. This brings me to our main challenge. The key question hereis, 'Who's going to read the article?' The kind of article you writedepends, of course, on who the reader will be. Let me give you anexample. If the article is for a flewspaper, most readers will be non-scientists. For this reason, we have to write about scientific subjectsin a clear and simple way. This is the challengel

_S9, what qualifications and skills does a science journalist need?

Well,-usually they need a science degree and secondly, they have tobe able to write clearly and simply about science subjects, in otherwords have good communication skills.

I ve always been fascinated by science and I've always wanted to ,

communicate my interest to others. That's why I chose this career.I enjgy the challenge of explaining a complex idea in simple terms.I'v9 S9t the science background because of my degree in Chemistryand the necessary communication skills from a post-graduate degree

66 Audio scripts

in fournalism. So, my education has given me the qualifications andskills for this challenging job.

Now if you have any questions, I'il be happy to answer them.

@ x"zA So, Ahmed, what was your first job?B My first job was with a small TV station. I didnt present the

news. I researched the news stories, wrote them, and edited them.Then a presenter read the stories on air.

A Did you want to present the news yourselfiB No, not really. I liked researching and editing. I didnt think about

being a presenter because I wasnt very self-confident and youneed to be. An1.way, one day someone was ill and they needed aperson to announce the programmes, so they asked me. It wasjust to say a few lines, so I agreed. Afterwards, they told me Ihave a very good voice and good presentation skilis. Apparently, Isound honest and serious and I suppose I iook quite good on TV!So that's why the producer suggested more live televiJion work tome. At first I wasn t sure. It's quite stressful speaking live on TVbut eventually I agreed to do it. I started reading thi news and Idiscovered that I really liked it! And so I continued.

A You said you need to be self-confident. What other qualities areimportant?

B Actually, there are a few other things that are necessary. Forinstance, sometimes you need to be calm.

A Why's that important?B Well, many things can go wrong, such as a guest being late.

Imagine you're just going to introduce someone onto theprogramme, and then you hear he or she hasnt arrived. you needto think quickly and find something else to say.

A Are there any other important qualities?B Yes, you need to stay neutral. Sometimes you have to announce

bad news, for exampie a serious accideat or disaster. It'simportant to keep neutral and not show your feelings.

@ s"t1 I didnl think about being a plesenter because I wasn t very

self-confident.2 Apparentll.I sound honest and serious. Thatt why the producer

suggested more TV work to me.3 There are a few qualities that are necessary. For instance,

sometimes you need to be calm.4 Well, many things can go wrong, such as a guest being late.5 Sometimes you have to announce bad news, for example a serious

accident or disaster.6 Most readers will be non-scientists. For this reason, we have to

write in a clear and simple way.7 I've got the science background because of my degree in

Chemistry.

@ E.qI He didnt want to become a scientist because ...2 Maya was good at art. Thatt why ...3 You can find information from different sources, such as ...4 The guestwas late because of ...5 Magazines are expensive to produce. For this reason ...6 Newspapers are divided into sections, for example ...7 Photographers specialize in a subject, for instance ...

tll

@ t.sI Do you want to be a journalist?2 What do you want to do?

V No, not everlthing. Actualiy, I have four major responsibilities.I choose the articles and then I edit them. Also, I decide on theorganization of the site, that's where and how every,thing appears.And finally, itt my job to make the site attractive to people whovisit it.And what skills are important to do this?Well, first of all, good communication skills are essential, forexample, it's necessary to be able to write well and communicatewith other people. As I said, I decide on the organization ofthesite, and that's why I need good design skills too. But I dont needto be an IT expert, because the technical creation ofthe website isdone by IT specialists.What makes your job difficult?Well, some sections of the site, such as the news, are updatedevery two hours. So things are always changing. And there's a

problem of space. We have to keep the articles short because oflack of space.

And what advice would you give someone who wants to be anonline producer?Thatt simple. Work hard. Work very hard!

@ t.oI2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Do you have any experience?How do you find your information?Is it difficult?What time do you start work?Where is the editor's office?Would you like to work abroad?

Why do you want to be a journalist?Have you written the article?

IV

Iv

V

@ t.roI2

J

4

5

Over a thousand people attended the conference last month.Keiko found a good solution to her transport problem - a bicycle.The radio programme was produced in Sydney.The visiting professor will give a talk on her research.He never wanted to appear on TV.

@ t.t1 I'm going to write my essay tonight.2 The caf6 doesnt open till 10.

3 Do you have iny free time this afternoon?4 He doesn't have any experience.5 I think he'Il enjoy the new challenge.6 Whens she starting the job?

@\aGraphic designers of magazines decide how magazines shouldlook. They choose the colours, the photos, the illustrations and thefonts, and decide the layout of the magazine Thatt why they haveto be creative and have good visual communication skills. They alsoneed to have good technical skills because they use design softwareprograms such as Adobe@ Photoshop. Finally, they should be wellorganized so they can complete their work in time.

@ t.s[I = Interviewel, K = Kalim]I So, what are you studying, Kalim?K Economics and Business Studies.

I Is that interesting?K Yeah, it's because itb a good combination. The courses are varied

but the subjects go well together.I And why did you choose it?K I really liked Economics at school, that's why I wanted to study

it in more detail at university. But I also wanted to do BusinessStudies. I'm very interested in different aspects ofbusiness, suchas finance, marketing, and accountancy.

I And what do you want to do when youve finished?K Well, I'm not sure but at the moment, Id like to work for an

international company.I I see. Why do you want to do that?K Because I think there are lot ofpossibilities for a good career.

@ t.rtGood communication skills are essential, for example, it'snecessary to be able to write well.I decide on the organization of the site, and that's why I needgood design skills.I dont need to be an IT expert, because the technical creation ofthe website is done by IT specialists.Some sections of the site, such as the news, are updated every twohours.We have to keep the articles short because of lack of space.

@ t.u[I = Interviewel, V = Vince]I So, Vince, whattyourjob?V Well, I'm an online producer, that is, I manage the content of the

website of a TV company.I OK so do you write everything thatt on the website?

@ q.rToday we are going to talk about biomimicry. This is using natureas a model, or how biology can inspire engineering. I will give anexample of an invention that was inspired by nature.

The invention I ve chosen is one of the most famous examplesof biomimicry - Velcro. This is the material that fastens or closesthings, such as shoes, clothes, and bags. It's also used to attachobjects to materials and keep them in place. The Swiss engineerGeorge de Mestral invented Velcro after observing somethingsimilar in nature. One day in the summer of 1948, de Mestral wentfor a walk in the countryside. When he got home, he noticed someseeds sticking to his coat. Figure I shows these seeds on some denimmaterial. De Mestral took the seeds off his coat and examined themclosely. He saw that there were very small hooks on the end of them.Ifyou look at the inset in Figure 1 you can see a close-up of one ofthe seeds and the hooks on it. These hooks altached themselves toanything with a loop, like fibre on clothes, or animal hair. He noticedthat the seeds stuck repeatedly, so he could remove the seed andstick it on again many times. He decided to use the same systemto make a fabric. After ten years of trying out different things, heproduced Velcro.

Velcro is used in clothes,'shoes and sandals like those in Figure 2.

There are two parts to Velcro. The first part uses hooks and thesecond, loops, as you can see in Figure 2. The material is usuallynylon. When the two parts are pressed together, the hooks catch theloops and hold the fabric in place. When the loops and hooks areseparated, they produce a characteristic ripping sound. This is a loudnoise, like something tearing. The two parts can be pressed togetherand pulled apart many times, making Velcro very useful for closingshoes, clothes,'and so on.

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@ q"zHello, and welcome to today's unit on biomimicry - using nature asa model. Id like to talk about self-healing plastics. ThesJare plasticmaterials that can heal or repair themselves. The invention oithesematerials takes their inspiration from skin.

Look at Figure 3 in the unit. This is a diagram of skin. You can seethe surface of the skin at the top, with a few hairs coming through.At the bottom there are red and blue blood vessels. There is also acut in the surface ofthe skin. \44rat happens when you cut yourselRWell, your body heals, or repairs itself when special blood cells movefrom the blood vessels to the cut. These cells stop the bleeding andstart the healing, or repairing process.

A material has been developed that acts in the same way. Thematerial is a composite, that is, it's made of different parts. If youlook at Figure 4 now, you can see this composite material. One partis fibres. These fibres, which contain resin, go horizontally andvertically through the material and are similar to blood vessels.When a hole forms in the surface of the material, the resin moves tothe hole and blocks, or closes it. And so it repairs the hole.

This material can be used to cover the surface of differentmachines, like aeroplanes, and so improve their safety.

@ a.t1 This is the material that fastens or closes things.2 He noticed that the seeds stuck repeatedly, so he could remove

the seed and stick it on again many times.3 When the loops and hooks are separated, they produce a

characteristic ripping sound. This is a loud noise, like somethingtearing.

4 What happens when you cut yourself? Your body heals, or repairsthe cut.,

@ q.q1 Scientists are studying spider silk. This is the material that spiders

make.2 The silk is made up of polymers. These are long chains of

connected molecules.3 Lizards can walk up walls. How do they manage to adhere to, or

stick to the wall?4 Energy-efficient processes, those that use less energy, are

necessary today.5 Many people talk about sustainable development. This aims to

protect the environment for the future.

@ q.sIt's a really useful object. It's made of plastic and it's small so it'squite light. It has a lot of faces and each one is pentagonal in shape,in other words, it has five sides. In the middle of each face thereirethree points for putting a plug into. Then there's a cable which isplugged into the wall. It's called an e-ball multi-plug adaptor and it'sused to connect plugs from electronic devices to an electricai supply.It's great and everyone should have onel

@ *"aMy talk today is about how naJure has inspired architecture.There are two parts to it - first of all, a description of a naturalconstruction which keeps a constant temperature and, secondly, howarchitects have copied this system and built a high-rise building witha similar cooling system.

@ E.zThere are two parts to it / - first of all, / a description of a naturalconstruction / which keeps a constant temperature / and secondly, /how architects have copied this system / and built a high-risebuilding / with a similar cooling system.

@ q.s

@ q"aWhen a hole forms / in the surface of the material, / the resinmoves to the hoie / and blocks it /or closes it.This material / can be used / to cover the surface ofdifferentmachines, / Iike aeroplanes, / and so improve their safety.

Swimmers and other athletes / are always trying to swim faster,/using less energy.l To do this,/ they must wear clothes whichproduce very little friction,/ or resistance,/ when they move throughthe air / or water.l Scientists who design these clothes / have studiJdsome of the fastest fish in the sea,/ sharks./ They have copied theskins of these animals / and invented a materiai which reducesfriction./ The result / is that swimmers can swim even faster / and bemore energy-efficient.

@ a:aI Scientists are inspired by many aspects of nature.2 The professor thought the exam results were excellent.3 The students were advised to watch a documentary on television.4 It is not acceptable to cancel an appointment at the last minute.5 Schools are concerned about how much exercise children take.6 The lecture was fairly interesting.

@ q:tThe design_of an office complex and shopping centre in the capitalcity of Zimbabwe was inspired by nature. The Eastgate CentrelnHarare is unusual because it has no air conditioning or heatingsystem, but stays at a constant temperature. The ins"piration foi itsdesign comes from the African termite. These are small insectsthat build large mounds, or nests. The temperature inside themound is kept constant through a system ofvents, or openings thatthe termites open and close. When the vents are open, cooleiairfrom the outside is drawn into the mound while hbtter air escapesthrough chimneys at the top of the mound.

The Eastgate Centre follows the same principles. There are ventsat the bottom of the building and chimneys at the top. Cool air issucked through the building and warm air escapes through thechimneys. In addition, concrete arches protect the buitdiig fromthe sun by shading the windows. As a result, the building rises lessthan_107o of the energy that other similar buildings use ind so thebuilding is an exceilent example of an environmentally-friendlydesignl

68 Audio scripts

@ s.tGood morning. Welcome to the international conference on'Multi-Disciplinary Studies'. I am Dr Felipe Castillo-Fiera, Chair of theOrganizing Committee, and I am delighted to see colleagues from allaround the world with us today. It is a truly international gathering!I am sure that we are all going to learn a great deal from each otherduring the next two days, not only from the lectures and seminars,but also from the more informal discussions that take place overcoffee and lunch. I am also pleased to see that so many students havejoined us, too. Welcome to you all.

Before the first speaker ofthe day, I would like to point out a fewchanges in the programme. You will find a copy of the programmein your welcome packs. Everyone found it? Good. So, Dr MariaSmart's talk at 9.30 on'The role of IT in modern medicine'will be inroom 602, not 502. That's room 6-0-2. Dr Smart will be looking athow computer technology is changing nursing and hospital practice.

Professor Anwar's discussion group on Science and the Law in thetwenty-first century is now timetabled for 11 otlock this morning,and not five this afternoon, and will be in Hall B. The discussionswill cover both criminal and business law. Because of this change,

the university workshop on careers in Engineering and SocialScience will now be taking place at 5 otlock this afternoon in room46 instead.

Lastly, I'm sure some of you are probably interested in the effectsof world trade on global warming, and how to protect the planet.If so, you will be pleased to hear that Professor Carlo Brunetti haskindly agreed to give a talk on this important subject immediatelyafter lunch today, thatt at2.30 in Central Hall.

Well, I think that's all. Let me again welcome you to Madrid and Ihope you will all profit from today's events.

@ s.t1 How do people see a member of our profession? I think that if

you asked a member of the public, they would say an engineeris a man wearing a hard hat and big boots who walks aroundbuilding sites. But that picture is not true in todays world. Thereare mechanical or electrical ...

2 So, as I was saying, patients'records are now stored electronically.This, of course, means that information can be shared fasterand more efficiently between medical staff. It also means thathospitals no longer ...

3 To sum up, weve looked at the increasingly important role ofstudying evidence in laboratories, the use of DNA being the mostwell known. The police have used this evidence in law courts formany years now. So, let's go on to ...

4 No, indeed, Dr Smith, not all the effects of increased internationalcommerce on the environment are negative. As I was sapng,studies have shown that some trade can have positive . . .

@ s.tITO = Tom O'Farrell, LP = Louisa Parker, RF = Rebecca Fong,RW = Richard WestlTO Excuse me, may I join you?LP/ RF Please do. / Yes, ofcourse.TO Thanks, I'm Tom O'Farrell, bythe way.

LP Pleased to meet you. I'm Louisa Parker (TO Hello), this isRebecca Fong, and this is Richard, Richard West.

RF Hello, there.TO Morning.RW Pleased to meet you.

@ s.qRW So Tom, what did you think of Dr Smart's lecture?TO I thought it was excellent, actually. \{rhat about you?RW Me, too, in fact it was one of the best presentations I've ever

heard!

wlw2

I agree. Dr Smart is a brilliant speaker.I'm not sure I agree with'brilliant', but it certainly was aninteresting start to the conference.

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@ s.sTO Excuse me, may I join you?LP/RF Please do, /Yes, ofcourse.TO Thanks, I'm Tom O'Farrell, bythe way.LP Pleased to meet you. I'm Louisa Parker (TO Hello), this is

Rebecca Fong, and this is Richard, Richard West.RF Hello, there.TO Morning.R\,V Pleased to meet you. So Tom, what did you think of Dr

Smart'.s lecture?TO I thought it was excellent, actually. What about you?RW Me, too, in fact it was one of the best presentations I ve ever

heardlLP I agree. Dr Smart is a brilliant speaker.

RF I'm not sure I agree \l,ith 'brilliant', but it certainly was aninteresting start to the conference.

@ s.oHe1lo, AIan, what did you think of Dr Smart's talk?Oh, good afternoon. Um, I thought it was very interesting. Iparticularly liked her description of nursing in the future.I agree. The nursing profession is really going through someinteresting changes, isnt it? \Arhat about you, |ill? Did youenjoy it?Absolutely, I thought ...

Good morning.Good morning.Are you enjoying the conference so far?Very much. What about you?Yes, thereve been some interesting speakers. What area ofmulti-disciplinary studies are you involved in?Im... r

That was fascinating, wasnt it?Yeah, but I got a bit lost in the middle.Me too, but the handout helped a lot.What handout?Didnt you get the handout? Look, I've ...

@ s.t1 A Hi, Lucy! Howt your family?

B Hello, Sally. They're fine, thanks. And yours?A Yes, weU, thanks. Are you going ...

2 A It's a great cityfor a conference, isnt it?B Yes, it is. Is this the first time you've been here?A No, actually, I know the city quite well. What about you?B This is the first time ...

3 A ImfromChicago.B Really! Me, too. Where exactly?A Hyde Park district, near the university. And you?B I'm quite close to you. I've got an apartment ...

4 A I ve finished my essay. How about you?B Another five minutes. Will you wait for me?A Yeah, sure. I'll just ...

@ s.aA OK, thatt it. I think I'11 stop now and have a break. What about

you?B Yes, I think I will too. Are you going for lunch now?A Yes, I am - what are you going to do?

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@ s.gI had an interesting time this weekend.Really? What did you do?I went on a study trip to Leyburn.Leyburn?Yeah, it's a small coastal town in the north.Oh, and. . .?

Well, it was fascinating. We did a survey of study habits.Study habits?Yeah, study habits. It was amazingwhat we discovered about .

Since the invention of the microchip and the creation of theworld-wide web, the way we exchange information has changeddramatically. This series of lectures will investigate how thenature and content of communication has changed. Hence, thetitle From speech to social networking.This field ofstudy can be divided into several important areas. Forexample, we'llbe looking at the importance of the role of the HRdepartment, that's human resources, in a modern company as wellas the basic principles behind the production ofgoods and services.

3 When you tell people what you are studying, they will usuallythink that you design houses, theatres, and other buildings.However, as you are aware, our profession involves far more thanthat. For example, many of our graduates go on to work in urbanplanning departments in cities across the country or work ...

@ s:aI A What do you think, Mia?

B I'm not so sure but ...C Surely it's quite clear that ...A Please let Mia finish.C Sorry, Mia.B As I was saying, it's ...

2 A I absolutely agree with Dr Smith's point.B Well, I'm afraid that my research team produced very different

results. How would you explain that, Dr Smith?C Obviously I would have to study your results more thoroughly

in order to ...

3 A How's the course going?B Not bad actually. But there's an awful lot of worklC Yeah, for my course, too. But most of it's research and reading,

which I really like.D Lucky you! I have to write two or three essays a week!

ABABABABA

tll @ s.toReally?And?Leyburn?Really?Really?!

@ s.u1 discussion introduction conversation2 biology archaeology anthropology3 medical musical physical

@ s.tz1 administration 2 education 3 pronunciation 4 technology5 geology 6 zoology 7 electrical 8 mechanical9 economical

@ t.tt1 The government is increasing tax on fuel.2 We are looking into the development of a new multi-

disciplinary course in Arabic and American Studies.3 Thank you for that very interesting talk on the environment.4 This morning's lecture is on the early history of capitalism.5 As a teacher, you must not show favouritism in the classroom.6 I know many of you are interested in a career in journalism.7 The friendliness of the island people is well known.8 The accident was caused by the driver's carelessness.9 Blindness can be caused by bacteria in rivers and lakes.

10 Young children have the ability to learn languages easily.11 The local community will benefit from the new sports centre at

the university.12 It is important that biological diversity, that is the range of

animals and plants, is maintained.

IABA

@ x.y

2ABA

Beautiful day, isnt it?Glorious. I'm pleased to be here - it's rainy and cold at home!Ah, and where's'home'?

What do you think of the election results?I'm pleased. I was really hoping theytl win. What about you?I'm not so sure. I really thought it would be a victory for...

@ s.tqI2

A microorganism is a very tiny living creature.A post-doctorate student is someone who continues to study afterthey have a Ph.D.An anti-theft alarm is a device in a car that makes a loud noise ifsomeone tries to steal the car.A multinational organization is one that works in many differentcountries.A biannual event is one that happens twice in one year.

@ s.ts

@xaA Is this your first term?B Yes, it is. What about you?A Yes! And I m having problerris finding my lecture room!B What Iecture is that?A Archaeology 101.B Really?

A Yes. Why?B I'm studying archaeology, too!

@ a.r1 This was an enormous improvement. In fact, this functional food

has probably saved many young lives and prevented millions ofpeople from having low intelligence, just by simply and cheaplyadding iodine to salt.

2 Now let's turn to another example of good functional foods.These are ones containing the fatty acids Omega 3s, whichscientists believe reduce the risk ofheart disease. There is realevidence now that they may aiso have beneficial effects on otherdiseases, such as some cancers, and ...

3 Indeed there is some evidence that probiotics may attack certaininfections. However, there is a need for more research andinformation about their safety and use before we can be sure.

@ a.zThis is very important.Itk a wonderful invention.I'm sure. '

This has been clearly shown.There is some truth in that, but .

Muyb".

70 Audio scripts

@ s.tPart 1

Good morning. Today's lecture is about'functional foodsl What arethey and what do they claim to do?

First of all, what are functional foods? Well, the name 'functionalfoods'was invented in Japan about 30 years ago in the mid-8Os.Clearly, all food is functional, as it provides nutrition, taste, and soon. But'functional foods' are foods which give extra benefits such as

improving health and reducing the risk of disease. These functionalfoods are made by adding minerals, vitamins, or live bacteria toordinary food.

First, let's look at an example of a type of food that contains extraminerals. We all know that minerals are very important for health.Take the example of iodine. If a child doesn't get enough of it, thentheir brain doesnt develop normally. But iodine is also essential foradults. Not having enough can cause serious problems in peopleof all ages. This is a problem that affects two billion people, that'saround 30% of the world's population. So, a functional food wasproduced to try and solve this problem, by adding iodine to salt.The results have been amazirg. Lett look atTanzania.In the early1990s,42o/o of the population in Tanzania were lacking iodine, that'smore than four out of ten people. Iodine was then introduced intosalt and the results were very promising. |ust twelve yearslater 94o/o

of children had normal iodine levels in their bodies. This was anenormous improvement. In fact, this functional food has probablysaved many young lives and prevented millions of people fromhaving low intelligence, just by simply and cheaply adding iodine tosalt.

@ o.qNow let's turn to'another example of good functional foods. Theseare ones containing the fatty acids Omega 3s, which scientists believereduce the risk ofheart disease. There is real evidence now that theymay also have beneficial effects on other diseases, such as somecancers, and it is possible that Omega 3s improve brain function inolder people.

They cant be made by the body and so must be eaten. They'refound naturally in certain foods like some fish. However, now foodmanufacturers add Omega 3s to common foods, such as fruit juice,eggs, and milk. Eating these foods with added Omega 3s can havereal health benefits.

A third example of functional foods are ones with probiotics inthem. These are live microorganisms, or good bacteria, which have ahealth benefit. Probiotics are added to foods like yogurts and yogurtdrinks. Scientists think that they help the body fight diseases. Indeedthere is some evidence that probiotics may attack certain infections.However, there is a need for more research and information abouttheir safety and use before we can be sure.

@ a.s1

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Almost 400 people attended the lecture.Over 400 people attended the lecture.The equipment cost nearly €500.The equipment cost more than €500.The lecture lasted for over an hour.The lecture lasted for less than an hour.

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Taking vitamin pills might not always be good for you.A poor diet possibly causes brain damage.

Some people believe that eating fish is good for the brain.Yogurts that contain live bacteria may be better for you.Experts claim that superfoods sqch as blueberries help preventcancer.

A little chocolate every day is probably not bad for you.Too much fat in your food can cause heart disease.Doctors think that not enough physical exercise is bad for yourheart.It is possible that a stressful lifestyle is a cause ofcancer.

@ e.tToday I m going to talk about a way of making food safer. Weknow that we can only keep fresh food, such as meat or fruit, fora short time because it goes bad. This is because bacteria attackthe food and start to break it down. Keeping the food cold inthe fridge stops the bacteria from growing quickly. Cooking orheating the food to a high temperature also stops the bacteriafrom growing. Another way is to kill the bacteria on the food,without changing the food itself. This can be done by addingspecial viruses or'bacteria eaters' called bacteriophages.

Could you repeat that name, please?

Yes. Bacteriophages. These viruses were discovered in 1915,almost a hundred years ago. They have two advantages. Firstly,they dont attack humans or animals, so they dont cause anydiseases. And secondly, they only attack specific bacteria. Theydont kill good bacteria, such as those found in probiotics. Do youknow what I mean by probiotics?Yes, they are bacteria that are added to food to give a healthbenefit.Exactly. Now these bacteriophages can be added to food to kilIsome of the bad bacteria.

B Could you explain how they are added to the food?A Yes, a liquid solution of the bacteriophages is sprayed onto

the surface of the meat, or other food. Do you have any otherquestions?

C Are these bacteriophages completely safe?

A Studies so far have shown that they are, although some scientistsbelieve that more testing needs to be done.

C So what youre saying is that there may be some danger fromusing bacteriophages on food...

@ o.a1 Do you eat fresh fruit every day? What do you eat?

2 What do you do to manage a stressful lifestyle?3 Do you think regular physical exercise is important? What

exercise do you take?

4 Do you believe functional foods have beneficial effects on health?Give some examples.

5 Do you think a small amount of chocolate is good for you? Why /Whynot?

6 Can certain foods help you develop high intelligence? Give someexamples.

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6"9[I = Interviewer, DR = Dr Reinhardt]I It is common today to add vitamins and minerals to foods and

sell them as functional foods that are heaithier than other foods.But do these functional or fortified foods reaily have beneficialeffects on our health? Today I m talking to Dr Reinhardt, head ofthe Food Science and Technology department at the university.Dr Reinhardt, are these foods really better for us than ordinaryfoods?

DR First of all, it depends what you mean by ordinary foods. Ifwe are talking about processed food, which has lost a lot of itsnutrients, or a lot ofthe fast food that people eat today, yes,

functionai foods are probably much better. This is becausefunctional foods have extra minerals or vitamins. These areadded because they are lost from the foods during processing;or sometimes these ingredients just dont occur naturally in thefoods.

I So, do we need to eat them?DR Yes, people who have a poor diet, who eat the same types of

food every day, can suffer from a lack of essential vitamins orminerals. And the reasons for a poor diet can be varied. Somepeople living in poorer countries do not have any choice. Theyeat what they can. Other people just eat badly, even thoughthey could have a balanced diet. In both these cases, eatingfunctional foods can be beneficial. But for those of us who eatwell, and by that I mean a well-balanced diet with plenty offruit and vegetables, enough protein, and not too much fat orcarbohydrates, functional foods are probably unnecessary.

I And is there a big market for functional foods?

DR Yes, this is a growing business. It's been estimated that themarket grew 9.60/o in this country last year. That's nearly l0% inone year! The business is worth just under one and a half billioneuros today. And all the time new products are being developedand sold in our shops. In fact, in just over two years, the numberof foods with added Omega 3s has increased by over 687o! Andthat's just one example! ...

@ m"rm

I So Dr Reinhardt, what is the future of functional foods?DR The market will probably continue to grow and I think moresubstances like Omega 3s wiil be developed. Nowadays people areconcerned about their health and the food they eat and this isntgoing to change. There's always going to be an interest in new foodsand food companies are researching into them all the time. They are

developing ones that may protect people from diseases and foodsthat could even increase intelligence. The future offunctional foodsis certainly very exciting and I believe we'll see some great newproducts in our supermarkets.

@ v"x

[P = Presenter, ER =Emma Reynolds]P Good evening and welcome to the last in our present series of

Heroes. As regular listeners will know, each week we invite oneguest to present their hero to us, and another guest to discussthat choice.This week we have the well-known author and Professor ofTropical Diseases, Dr Emma Reynolds, and her hero is DrElizabeth Garrett Anderson, who was born in London in 1836.So, Emma, why choose Garrett Anderson as your hero, orshould I say heroine?

ER Well, for many reasons, actually. First of all, ...

@ x.r-P Good evening and welcome to the last in our present series of

Heroes. As regular listeners will know, each week we invite oneguest to present their hero to us, and another guest to discuss thatchoice. This week we have the well-known author and Professorof Tropical Diseases, Dr Emma Reynolds, and her hero is DrElizabeth Garrett Anderson, who was born in London in 1836.So, Emma, why choose Garrett Anderson as your hero, or shouldI say heroine?

ER Well, for many reasons, actually. First of all, in 1865, at the ageof 29, she became the first woman in England to become a doctor,and so gave other women all over the country the opportunity toalso practise medicine.

P And that's why she's your heroine?ER To my mind, it's not just her great achievement. It's the way she

did it. She was a strong and determined character and nothingstopped her.

P What do you mean?

ER Let me tell you a bit about her childhood. She was born in1836 in East London, which was a very poor part ofthe city,and she was one of 12 children. But she went to a good schooland decided she wanted to be a doctor. But at that time, it wasimpossible for women to study medicine. Instead of giving up,she enrolled as a nursing student and slipped into classes fordoctors.

P Didnt anybody notice?ER Well, of course they did and banned her from the classes.

P So, what did she do next?ER She enrolled in the Society of Apothecaries, or what wed call

chemists, or pharmacists, today, passed the exams and in 1865received a certificate to practise medicine.

P So, that was the end of the fight?ER Not exactly. And this is why I admire her so much. Although

she could practise medicine, she was still determined to get aproper medical degree.

P But, I thought you said that;vas impossible.ER It was in England. But that didnt stop her. She taught herself

French and then took a medical degree at the University of Paris.In my opihion, this was a huge achievement.

P Definitely a role model for determination and hard worklER Indeed! But she went further. She founded a hospital in London

for women, staffed completely by women. This was a first inEngland. And, by the way, the hospital still exists!

P So, how would you sum up your decision to make ElizabethGarrett Anderson your heroine?

ER For me, it's her character: determined, hard-working,courageous, and generous, especially to other women who wantedto follow her into medicine. And, of course, her achievements:becoming the first woman doctor, founding a hospital for women,and becoming an example for other women. A great lifel

P Thank you Emma. Now, Id like to bring in Dr Adam Robbins. DrRobbins is ...

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@ t.t[J = James, Y = Yasmin, P = Parvin]

J I dont think that Garrett Anderson is a great hero. To my mind,a hero should be someone who's found a cure for a disease, forexample someone like Alexander Fleming, the Scottish biologistwho discovered penicillin. Apparently, he saw many soldiers diefrom blood poisoning in the First World War and wanted to findsomething that would stop this happening. And he did! I mean,penicillin has saved millions of lives. What do you think, Yasmin?

Y I believe that choosing a hero is a very personal thing. I mean,for me, my grandfather's a hero. But, with regard to Fleming, Ithink he was one ofthe great 20th century scientists, but not thegreatest. Personally, I'd vote for Crick and Watson. Crick was

an English physicist as well as a biologist while the American,Watson, was a biologist and zoologist. Working together, theirdiscovery of DNA has changed the world of medicine.

P Absolutely, but what about someone like Florence Nightingale?In my opinion,. she's a real English hero. You know, she was thefounder of modern nursing. She started simple things like, well,just by getting doctors and nurses to wash their hands betweenpatients, she saved thousands and thousands oflives. I mean,thatt amazing, isnt it? And, what's more, she was also a greatstatistician and she ...

@ruI would like to tell you about my hero, the inventor Carl von Linde.Firstly, I'll tell you about his background, then I shall talk about hisachievements, and, finally, tell you why I think he is a hero.

So, first of all some background. Von Linde, who was born inBerndorf in Germany in 1842, was originally expected to studyreligion like his father. However, he decided he wanted to be anengineer so he went to Zwich to study and then worked as anengineer before becoming a university professor.

Now, I'11 tell you about his main achievement. Von Linde inventedsomething that we could not live without today: the refrigerator or'fridgel People had used ice boxes for many years to try to keep foodfresh and to stop it rotting and going bad. With the invention of thefridge, this became possible to do properly for the first time.

In my opinion, von Linde is a hero for two main reasons. Firstly,I admire him for his character. Although he was expected to studyreligion like his father, he knew he wanted to be an engineer. Thatmust have been very difficult for him and his family. Secondly, Ithink that the fridge is one of the most useful inventions of all time. Itis impossible for many of us now to imagine what life was like beforeit. Fridges are relatively cheap and reliable and available for everyone.

To sum up, for me von Linde is a hero because he succeeded inproducing something everyone uses.

@ t.sI She was born in East London, which was a very poor part ofthe

city.2 Madame Curie, who was Polish, Iived most of her ]ife in France.

3 Lancaster University, where I studied, was founded h 1964.

@'t.eA Well, I believe, a real hero is an ordinary person who does

something extraordinary. You know like that group of blindclimbers who conquered Everest. Now, they're heroes in myopinion.

B I disagree because that's a personal act of heroism. By'hero'I mean someone who is respected and admired for doingsomething that has an effect on the lives of many people.

C I agree. A hero has to be someone who has had a real impact onhow'we live.

A Yes, I suppose you're right. In that case, I think I'11 vote for AlexanderFleming. His discovery of penicillin has saved millions of lives.

B Yes, thatt not a bad suggestion, but what about ...

@ t.t1 I m terribly sorry, but I dont think you're right.2 I think you could be mistaken.3 I think you could be wrong.4 I think you're wrong.5 No, you're wrong.

@LaLee and I argued initially about our choice ofhero. I had chosenMarie Curie but Lee had suggested |onas Salk. We discussed it forsome time and then decided to study the effects of both people'swork more deeply. Then I discovered how |onas Salk had developedthe vaccine for polio and that this vaccine, and a later one, eradicatedpolio around the world and saved millions of lives. So, finally I alsochose Salk.

@ t.gA So, Lee. It's your turn for a presentation. Who have you chosen?

B My choice of hero is |onas Salk, the American virologist. First ofall, I'll give you some background information. Then, I'11 tell youabout his career and achievements, and finally, I'11 explain why Ithink he is a hero.

@ t.toSo, |onas Salk was born in New York City in 1914. Although hisparents were immigrants and had little formal education, theywanted their children to be well educated. As a result, |onas was thefirst member of his family to go to college. At first he studied law butthen changed to medicine. It was during his medical training that hedeveloped an interest in viruses.

After medical school he worked with the microbiologist ThomasFrancis |r. to try and discover a vaccine for influenza, or'flu'as itis more commonly known. This research was successful, and ananti-flu vaccine was developed. Salk's interest then turned to thedisease poliomyelitis, or'polio'. It 1947 he became Head of the VirusResearch Laboratory at the University ofPittsburgh and startedworking on a polio vaccine. In 1952 hd tested the first vaccine onvolunteers including himself and his family. In 1955, after furthertesting, the discovery of a polio vaccine was made public, and Salkbecome a national hero. This vaccine, and its development later byAlbert Sabin, has saved lives all over the world.

There are two main reasons why I chose fonas Salk. Firstly,because his work on both flu and polio vaccines has saved millionsof lives. Not only that, but today polio has been almost completelyeradicated from the world. My second reason is that Salk refusedto patent his discovery and make a profit from it as he wanted thevaccine to be as cheap and freely available as possible. So, it is thecombination of Salkt medical genius and his generosity that, in myopinion, makes him a hero.

@ t.lA Thank you, Lee. That was very interesting. Now, some reactions.

Suheir, what do you think?B Well, itt true that Salk discovered the first polio vaccine, but it

was Sabint vaccine that was more generally used and saved moreIives. So, I think that Sabin's more of a hero than Salk.

A Interesting. Peter?

C Well, I know what Suheir means. But it was Salk that did the firstvital studies. Without this work, Sabin could not have producedhis vaccine. So, in my opinion, Salk is a great man.

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@ t"tzAlbert Sabin, who was born in 1906, discovered the first oral poliovaccine. It was much easier to vaccinate people, especially children,by giving the vaccine on a sugar lump than injecting them with aneedle. Using this vaccine, which is so easy to give, polio has beenpractically eradicated and millions of lives have been saved.

@ e.t1 A Excuse me! Would you mind answering a few questions?

B \Mhat about?A We're doing a survey about how people communicate. Email,

blogs, phone calls, texts, and so on. It'Il only take a fewminutes.

B OK then.A \tVhich way of communicating do you use the most - texting,

email, phoning, or social networking like Facebook?B Yes, I use Facebook. But, I suppose, texting the most. Yes, I text

a lot. I think it's really useful.A And do you use the phone?B Sure. But itt cheaper to text.A And Twitter? Do you use Twitter?B Dont use it, no. Never.A What about emails?B Yes, every day.A And can I askyour age range? 18-24, 25-30?B t8-24.A Thank you very much for your help.

2 A Excuse mel Can I ask you a few questions about ways youcommunicate?Yes, as long as it doesnt take too long.Do you use an online social networking site?A what, sorry?A networking site, like Facebook or MySpace?Never.Could you tell me why?I think itt a waste ... Dont know why people use them.

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They're completely useless.A And do you send texts or speak on the phone?B Well, it depends. If it's urgent, or to a close friend, I'[ call. But

if it can wait, then a text.A And emails?B Use them all the time. They're essential.A Thanks, and could you tell me your age range?B Between 45 and 50.

A Good morning, I m doing a survey on communicating. CouldI ask you a few questions?

B Yeah, ofcourse.A Do you use an online social networking site, Iike Facebook or

MySpace?Yes, I do.And why, may I ask?WeIl, I like my friends ... I like to tell them what I'm doing.Do you use Twitter?Hmm, yes I do.And do you have a blog?Yes.

Er, how often do you update it?Every day. No, not that much. Four times a week, say.And finally, could you give me your age?Yeah, Im 26.

BABABABABAB

@ a.t1 We're doing a survey.2 Do you have a mobile phone?3 I couldnt live without it.4 Ivegotlotsofapps.5 What kind of apps?

6 I can't even remember.

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@ s.zA Hello there! Were doing a survey on mobile phones. Could

you answer a few questions, please?B Yes, sure.A Do you have a mobile phone?B Yeah, I do.A And what do you mainly use your mobile phone for?B Phoning and sending and receiving texts.A And um, how many calls do you make a day?B Well, it depends. Between 5 and 10.A Er, how many texts do you send and receive a day?B Probablyabout 15.A Do you use Internet access on your phone?B No, no ... neyer.A What other applications do you use on your phone?B Let me think. Yeah, I use the calendar a lot.A Thank you very much for your time.

A Excuse me! May I ask you a few questions, please?B Yes, OK.A Do you have a mobile phone?B Yeah, ofcourse.A And what do you mainly use it for?B Oh, sending texts.A And phone calls?B Yes, ofcourse, but I send more texts.A And do you use Internet access on your phone?B Yes, sometimes - to check my emails.A What other applications do you use?B Um, the camera.A And games? The calendar? Listening to the radio?B No, never.A Well, thank you very much for your help.

A Excuse me! Would you mind answering a few questions?B No, not at all.A Do you have a mobile phone?B Ohyes! r

A What do you mainly use it for?B Everything. Phone calls, texts, emails, Internet ... I couldnt

Iive without it.A What is the most important function for you?B Phone calls, I suppose. It is first after all, a phone.A Do you have other applications?B Sure, I ve got lots of apps.A \{hat kind of apps?B Every kind. GPS, train times, weather, games, dictionary,

translator. To be honest, I cant even remember what some ofthem are for. I've probably got over fifty by now.

A And do you ...

74 Audio scripts

;qil

@ a"qA Excuse me! I'm doing a survey on the Internet. May I ask you a

few questions, please?B OK.A Do you have the Internet at home?B Yes, I do.A What kind of connection do you have? Dial-up? Broadband?B Er, broadband.A Is it a wireless network?B Yes, it is. I can use the Internet all over the house.A Is the speed ofthe Internet connection: a) very fast, b) fast,

c) slow or d) very slow?B Sorry could you repeat the options, please?A Of course. Is the speed of the Internet connection: a) very fast,

b) fast, c) slow or d) very slow?B I'd say a) very fast.A What do you do if there's a problem with the connection?B I phone the helpline.A Is the helpline service: a) excellent, b) very good, c) good,

d) pooa or e) very poor?B Very good, though it is a bit slow sometimes.A Thankyouand...

@ s"s1 Excuse me! Would you mind answering a few questions?2 Good afternoon! May I ask you a few questions?3 Excuse me! Could you answer some questions for me?4 Thank you for your time.5 Thank you very much for answering my questions.

@ a.oThe survey was carried out to find out about Internet connections athome. A small group of twenty-five people, between the ages of 18and 24 were questioned in the street. People were asked about thetype of connection they had and their satisfaction with the service.

As we expected ofthis age group, 1007o ofthe people questionedhad Internet access at home. The majority of people, almost 80%,had broadband, and described the speed as 'very fast' or'fastl Mostof these people had a wireless network. The remaining2}o/o,whohad dial-up connection, found it slow or very slow. When there wasa problem, the helpline service used was found to be good or verygood, for most people, although a few described it as poorl

To conclude, this short survey shows that most of the youngpeople questioned have broadband connection at home and aregenerally satislied with the service.

@ a.t1 I was absolutely exhausted.2 The report was absolutely fascinating.3 Kalim found the exam absolutely impossible.4 The winters were absolutely freezing.5 The arrangements for the conference were absolutely perfect.6 The lecture theatre was absolutely enormous.7 Lirra was absolutely terrified befdre doing her presentation.

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!o, lave y9u got any ideas for our presentation? What do youthink we should talk about?Well, I thought we could do something on using mobilephones.Hmm. Not very original. What about access to the Internet?What do you mean?I mean, where and how people access the Internet. At home,university, in parks.Parks?Yes, in some cities, there's free Internet in the parks.Yeah, and in some caf6s too. I suppose we could do that. Andwho pays? At home you have to pay for Internet access, atuniversity it's free, and so on.Yes, OK then. Let's do that. Access to the Internet. We can dosome research on the net.

How's it going?What?How are you getting on?Fine. I've found lots of stuff about free access in differentcountries and in different places and ...Good. Now, we need to talk about visuals.Visuals?Yes, are we going to make a Powerpoint presentation? Or giveout_some photocopies. Or maybe we could make a big poster.Yeah, I think we should use a Powerpoint.Yeah, but not too many ... and I mean there shouldnt be toomuch information on each slide.No, of course not. If you give me the information that you'vefound, I can make some Powerpoint slides of it.OK that would be great.Yes, I'll mail you mine.

Thanks for the Powerpoint slides. They look really good. Ithink it's all ready now.Yeah, they're great. But Id really like to practise the talk, alltogether.Tliat's a good idea. But when ant where?What about straight after the class on Tuesday?No, I ve got a tutorial then. What about after lunch, Tuesday?Yes, but before 5, as I've got football practice then.OK. Does two oilock suit evervone?Yeah, fine.OK. And where?Well, lets meet at the main entrance to the library and I'11 bookone of those small workrooms.

AB

@ e.g1 A So, lave you got any ideas for our presentation? What do you

think we should talk about?B Well, I thought we could do something on using mobile

phones.C Hmm. Not very original. What about access to the Internet?A What do you mean? .C I mean, where and how people access the Internet. At home,

university, in parks.B Parks?C Yes, in some cities, theret free Internet in the parks.A Yeah, and in some caf6s too. I suppose we could do that. And

who pays? At home you have to pay for Internet access, atuniversity itt free, and so on.

B Yes, OK then. Let's do that. Access to the Internet. We can dosome research on the net.

-

Audio scripts 75

r.@ w"x*

How's it going?What?How are you getting on?Fine. I've found lots of stuff about free access in differentcountries and in different places and ...Good. Now, we need to talk about visuals.Visuals?Yes, are we going to make a Powerpoint presentation? Or giveout some photocopies. Or maybe we could make a big poster.Yeah, I think we should use a Powerpoint.Yeah, but not too many ... and I mean there shouldnt be toomuch information on each slide.No, of course not. If you give me the information that you'vefound, I can make some Powerpoint slides of it.OK that would be great.Yes, I'11 mail you mine.

(v w"q

This silver pepper pot is in the shape of the bust, or top half, of a

woman with holes in the bottom to release the pepper. The womanherself is wearing a loose tunic, or dress, and she wears gems,valuable stones, set in a gold necklace around her neck. Her hair isbeautifully prepared. She would probably have had a hairdresser todo it for her. She is clearly a wealthy woman, as only a person withmoney could afford to have pepper with their meals.

@t w"w

This week's item is the Hoxne pepper pot. It was just one objectamong thousands found in a field in November 1992.It is significantfor two reasons: firstly, it shows us how important and how far-reaching trade was in the 4th century CE. The pot was found inEngland, but pepper only grew in India. So, we know that pepperwas shipped first to Eg1pt, and then transported around Europe andNorth Africa. The pot is also significant because it tells us a lot aboutsociety in the Roman Empire in the late 4th century.

This silver pepper pot is in the shape of the bust, or top half, of awoman with holes in the bottom to release the pepper. The womanherself is wearing a loose tunic, or dress, and she wears gems,

valuable stones, set in a gold necklace around her neck. Her hair is

beautifuliy prepared. She would probably have had a hairdresser todo it for her. She is clearly a wealthy woman, as only a woman withmoney couid afford to have pepper with their meals.

Archaeologists believe that the treasure, including the pepperpot, was hidden around the end ofthe 4th / beginning ofthe 5thcenturies. This was probably because the Roman Empire was

beginning to break up and there was less security so rich peoplewanted to hide their money and jewels.

As well as the pepper pot, over 15,000 coins were found and morethan 200 other gold and silver items.

Of the coins, just under 570 were solid gold and just over 14,000

were silver. There were also about 100 silver spoons and three otherpepper pots. All together this is the largest treasure ever to be foundin the British Isles.

@ s.oThe object I find significant is the sewing machine. It is significantfor the effects it had on women in the home, and on the clothes andfashion industry.

Let me give you some background information. The SingerSewing Machine Company started in 1851 but it wasnt until 1857that the first real domestic machine, in other words, machine to beused in the home, was made. In 1870 the company sold over 170,000

machines and this increased to something over half a millionmachines by 1880. By about 1913 or so, over three million machineshad been sold around the world.

These machines revolutionized, that is, completely changed,domestic life for many women. Before it took about 10 hours tomake a simple dress, but with a machine it took about one hour. As a

result, women had more free time, and some women did sewing forother people to make a bit of extra money.

On the other hand, these machines meant that mass productionof ciothes was possible and many women went out to work infactories where they suffered poor conditions such as long hours andbad lighting, as well as low wages and a Ioss of independence.

@ s"xI The Lewis Chessmen are particularly famous for the grumpy-

looking queens.

2 Mirrors were highly-prized objects.3 Before the invention of the match, lighting a fire was

time-consuming.

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This week, I shall taik about the game of chess and the Lewischessmen, and give three reasons for their significance. The chess

set I have in mind was found on the Isle of Lewis, off the north-west coast of Scotland in 1831. It was originally made in the twelfthcentury, probably in Norway. There are three reasons why I thinkthese chessmen are significant.Firstly, they represent a tradition of playing games that humanbeings have enjoyed from the beginning of time, and in this wayconnect us to people who have lived before us, in the past, showingus what iinks humanity through time and place.

Secondly, this chess set represents the coming together of threeimportant cultures and traditions: India where the game originatedin the 6th century; the Islamic world which brought the game toEurope; and Mediaeval Christian Europe, which adopted the game

enthusiastically.Lastly, the game of chess is essentially a war game, a battlefield,

though fortunately one where no one is hurt. It shows how humanbeings can transform war into something more positive; perhapsfootball would be another example of this.

@ w"ru

I would like to suggest that the mirror is a significant object. Mirrorswere first made of polished metal or obsidian, a tlpe of stone,around 6000 BCE. The earliest example was found in Qatal Hi.iytikin present-day Turkey. The Romans were responsible for creating thefirst mirrors made of glass. So, why is the mirror a significant object?Wel1, for the first time, human beings could actually see themselves.This may seem yery obvious today, but imagine what it was like forsomeone to see their own image for the very first time. They couldlook at their own faces, and could even improve their appearancewith cosmetics if they wished. Furthermore, the mirror changedthe way people 'saw' the world in two important ways. Firstly, witha mirror, the image is reversed; that is, right becomes left, andsecondly, with a mirror you can see behind you. This must have

seemed almost magical to our ancestors.

@ s.sI The chessmen were carved, that is cut, from the teeth of whales

and one set was painted red.2 The first glass mirrors were made by the Romans. The method of

making these mirrors convex, which means curved out, changedlittle until the 15th century.

3 Mirrors were highly prized a,nd were often put into the graves, inother words the places where people were buried, of dead soldiers

. and leaders so that they could take them to the next world.

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@ g.a

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Mirrors were made of highly-polished stone or metal.The tunic of the Hoxne pepper pot was loose-fitting.Some of the chessmen are fierce-looking soldiers.Only a highly-developed society could produce such beautifulobjects.Before the invention of the sewing machine all clothes werehandmade.

@ s.gI The chess set represents the coming together of three important

cultures.2 A game of chess is essentially a war game, a battlefield.3 Perhaps the Lewis chess queens had toothache.4 The object I find significant is the sewing machine.5 These machines meant that mass production of clothes was

possible.

@ g:oMy choice of a significant object is the humble match, in otherwords, the simple stick with a black or pink tip that is used to lightfires. It is significant, I believe, because of the change it made topeoplet lives. Fire is something human beings cannot live without.We need it to cook food and to provide heat. Before the invention ofthe match in the 19th century, lighting a fire was a time-consumingand difficult process. But with the invention of the match, fires couldbe lit instantaneously, that is to say, people could cook their foodor get warm immediately. Now that matches have been superseded,that is, replaced, by gas and electronic lighters it is easy to forget thesignificance of the simple matchstick.

@ ro.t1 Treat yourself to a relaxing cruise in the Mediterranean and

enjoy a wonderful holiday on our luxury ship! Daytime visits tointeresting ports, where our fully-trained guides will show youthe sights. Delicious food served all day longl Fabulous eveningson the ship with entertainment. Shops with everlhing you needon board this fantastic cruise ship. CruiseWell Holidays will takecare ofyou!

2 Fiji Community Holidays! Take part in this exciting project andmake a difference to the local community. Help dig and plantgardens, or build huts. Learn traditional skills and some words inthe local language at the same time. In this village we recycle as

much as possible, use solar panels to heat the water, and all mealsare made from locally-grown organic food.

@ ro.zOK, I think I m going to start now. Good morning everyone. TodayId like to talk about ecotourism. There are four parts to my lecture.First ofall, I'll give a definition ofthe term ecotourism and I'11

explain the principles of this type of tourism. Secondly, I'll give youan example of real ecotourism. In the third part I'11 give you somefigures about the financial impact of green tourism compared totourism in general and, finally, I will conclude my lecture.

@ to.tSo, in this first section I'll discuss what ecotourism is. Well, ittresponsible travel to natural areas. And what is responsible travel?This is travel which conserves the environment and improves thewelfare or well-being of local people. There are three main principlesto this idea. Firstly, ecotourism should minimize, that is make assmall as possible, the effect on the locality. Secondly, ecotourismshould improve or conserve the local environment. And thirdly, thelocal popr,,lation should also benefit as a result of the tourism. Let'slook at those principles in detail.

Firstly, minimizing the effect on the locality. This is done bymaking sure that the tourism is small-scale and that something isgiven back to the community through the projects carried out. Nobig hotels are built and local people are as involved as possible in thetourism.

Secondly, ecotourism conserves or improves the environment.It does this through education, conservation, and recycling. Thisis education ofthe local people and also the tourists who visit.Conservation of the environment means respecting it by, forexample, using renewable sources of energy, like solar power, oravoiding unnecessary use of plastics. And recycling as much as

possible is important too.Lett think, then, about how the local population benefit. WeII,

this can be in financial ways, of course, by earning money from thetourists, but also through education, better schools, access to placesofinterest, better health services, and improved roads and othermeans of transport.

Now Id like to turn to an example of ecotourism holidays. Theseholidays are organized all over the world, mainly to natural areas.Most importantly, each holiday must make a difference to the localcommunity.

Let me give you one example: a ten-day holiday in Vietnam wheretourists can learn about the local customs and culture and, at thesame time, help the economy of the country. Only local guides areemployed to show the tourists the sights and explain the differentcustoms and culture. The tourists stay in locally-owned hotelsand can buy souvenirs made and sold by the local community. Inaddition, the tour operator supports a charity which enables thepoorest children to go to school and the company also helps protectsome endangered animals. So, you can see that this holiday canmake a difference to local people.

This leads me to the financial impact. In fact, there are somesurprising and encouraging figures. An increasing number ofpeople want their holiday to have a positive impact on local peopleand, as Ivejust said, ecotourism does this. Look at Figure 1. Thisshows the percentage of money frorn- holidays that goes to the localcommunity. As you can see, this figure is95o/o.In comparison, fortraditional package holidays, only 207o ofthe money spent reacheslocal people and for cruises it is even less than that.

So, finally, to summarize the main points of my talk. Ecotourismconserves the environment and improves the lives of localcommunities. I gave an example of a holiday in Vietnam whichbenefits the people living in that area in different ways. Finally, Ipresented some financial information about ecotourism.

So, to conclude, real ecotourism is a responsible way to travel,benefiting both the guest and the host. By that I mean both thetourist and the local people.

Someone said, 'Take only photographs. Leave only footprints.'I think this is a good principle, but I would like to improve it. Iwould say, 'Take only photographs. Leave sorrie benefit for the localcommunity!'

@ to.tMany students have problems listening to lectures and longer talksin a foreign language because they find concentrating for a longtime difficult. It's very easy to switch off and then not follow orunderstand, what the lecture is about. Ifthis happens, dorit worry.fust start listening again. You can still pick up the other mainideas. I think there are three ways to do this. Firstly, listen for thesignposting language which tells you that a new part or sectionis starting. Secondly, listen for keywords on the subject that yourecognize. Then continue to listen to the talk from that point.Thirdly, at the end of a talk the speaker often summarizes what hasbeen said. By listening for this summary you can find out what hasbeen talked about, and what you might have missed. You can thenfind this information by checking the Iecture notes of a colleague orresearching it on the Internet.

EAudio scripts 77

@2 How's it going?

&"T8

How are you getting on?

Fine. I've'found IotJ of stuff about free access in different

countries and in different places and '..Good. Now, we need to talk about visuals.

Visuals?Yes, are we going to make a Powerpoint presentation? Or give

out some pfioto-opies. Or maybe we could make a big poster'

A Yeah, I think we should use a Powerpoint.B Yeah, but not too many ... and I mean there shouldnt be too

much information on each slide'

C No, of course not. If you give me the information that you've

found, I can make some Powerpoint slides of it'B OK that would be great.

A Yes, l'[ mail you mine.

@ *"2

This week, I shall talk about the game of chess and the Lewis

chessmen, and give three reasoni for their-significance' The chess

set I have in miid was found on the Isle of Lewis, off the north-

west coast of Scotland in 1831. It was originally made in the twelfth

century, probably in Norrvay. There are three reasons why I thinkthese chessmen are significant.Firstly, they ,ep..."ttt u tradition of playing games that human

beings have enloyed from the beginning of time, and in this-way

conriect us to people who have lived before us, in the past, showing

us what links humanity through time and place.

Secondly, this chess set repiesents the coming together of three -

importanr cultures and tradiiions: India where the game originated

m the Oth century; the Islamic world which bro,ughJ the game to

Europe; and Mediaeval Christian Europe, which adopted the game

enthusiastically.Lastly, the game of chess is essentially a war game, a battlefield'

though iorturitely one where no one is hurt. It shows how human

beinfs can transform war into something more positive; perhaps

foot6al would be another example of this.

@ s.zI would like to suggest that the mirror is a significant object. Mirrors

were first made of polished metal or obsidian, a tlpe of stole,

around 6000 BCE. The earliest example was found in Qatal Hiiyiikin present-day T[rkey. The Romans were responsible for creating the

fi.it mi..o.s made of glass. So, why is the mirror a significant object?

Wel1, for the first timel human beings could actually see themselves'

This may seem very obvious today,6ut imagine what it was like for

.orr.on. to see their own image for the very first time' They could

iook at their own faces, and could even improve their appearance

with cosmetics if they wished. Furthermore, the mirror changed .

the way people'saw'the world in two important ways' Firstly, with

a mirror, the image is reversed; that is, right becomes left, and

secondly, with a ririrror you can see behind you' This must have

seemed almost magical to our ancestors.

@ E"s1 The chessmen were carved, that is cut, from the teeth of whales

and one set was painted red.

2 Thefirst glass -i.ro., were made by the Romans. The method ofmaking tf,ese mirrors convex, which means curved out, changed

little until the 15th century.

3 Mirrors were highly prized and were often.put into the qatlt: i'other words the-places where people were buried, of dead soldlers

' and leaders so that they could take them to the next world'

@ s.qThis silver pepper pot is in the shape of the bust, or top half, of a

woman with [olesln the bottom to release the pepper. The woman

herself is wearing a loose tunic, or dress, and she wears gems,

valuable stones, iet in a gold necklace around her neck' Her hair is

beautifully prepared. She would probably have had a hairdresser to

do it for hei. She is clearly a wealthy woman, as only a person withmoney could afford to have pepper with their meals.

@ s"sThis week's item is the Hoxne pepper pot. It was just one object

among thousands found in a fi1ta in November 1992.1t is significant

for twi reasons: firstly, it shows us how important and how far-

reaching trade was inthe 4th century CE. The pot was found inEngland', but pepper only grew in India. So, we know that pepper

wal shipped flrstio ngi"t, and then transported around Europe-and

North Airica. The poiijako significant because it tells us a lot about

society in the Roman Empire in the late 4th-century.

This silver pepper potls in the shape ofthe bust, or top half, of a

woman wlth holei in ihe bottom to release the pepper. The woman

herself is wearing a loose tunic, or dress, and she wears gems-,

valuable stones, iet in a gold necklace around her neck. Her hair is

beautifully prepared. She would probably have had a hairdresser to

do it for hei. She is clearly a wealthy woman, as only a woman withmoney could afford to have pepper with their meals.

Archaeologists believe that the treasure, including the-pepper

pot, was hidden around the end ofthe 4th / beginning ofthe 5th

ienturies. This was probably because the Roman Empire was -

beginning to break up and ihere was less security so rich people

wanted to hide their money and jewels.

As well as the pepper pot, over 15,000 coins were found and more

than 200 other gold and silver items.Of the coins, just under 570 were solid gold and just over 14,000

were silver. Theie were also about 100 silver spoons and three other

pepper pots. Atl together this is the largest treasure ever to be foundin the British Isles.

@E.a !

The object I flnd significant is the sewing machine. It-is significant.for the effects'it had on women in the home, and on the clothes and

fashion industry.Let me give you some background information' The Singer

Sewing Malhine Company started in 1851 but it wasnt until 1857

that th"e first real domestic machine, in other words, machine to be

used in the home, was made. In 1870 the company sold over 170,000

machines and this increased to something over half a millionmachines by 1880. By about 1913 or so, over three million machines

had been sold around the world.These machines revolutionized, that is, completely changed,

domestic life for many women. Before it took about 10 hours to

make a simpie dress, but with a machine it took about one hour' As a

result, womin had more free time, and some women did sewing forother people to make a bit of extra money.

On the other hand, these machines meant that mass productionof clothes was possible and many women went out to work infactories where they suffered poor conditions such as long hours and

bad lighting, as well as low wages and a loss of independence.

@ s""r

1 The Lewis Chessmen are particularly famous for the grumpy-looking queens.

2 Mirrors were highly-prized objects.

3 Before the invention of the match, lighting a fire was

time-consuming.

ABAB

CAC

76 Audio scripts

@ g.a1

2

3

4

Mirrors were made of highly-polished stone or metal.The tunic of the Hoxne pepper pot was loose-fitting.Some of the chessmen are fierce-looking soldiers.Only a highly-developed society could produce such beautifulobjects.Before the invention of the sewing machine all clothes werehandmade.

@ g.g

1 The chess set represents the coming together of three importantcultures.

2 A game of chess is essentially a war game, a battlefield.3 Perhaps the Lewis chess queens had toothache.4 The object I find significant is the sewing machine.5 These machines meant that mass production of clothes was

possible.

@ g.ro

My choice of a significant object is the humble match, in otherwords, the simple stick with a black or pink tip that is used to tightfires. It is significant, I believe, because of the change it made topeople's lives. Fire is something human beings cannot live without.We need it to cook food and to provide heat. Before the invention ofthe match in the 19th century, lighting a fire was a time-consumingand difficult process. But with the invention of the match, fires couldbe lit instantaneously, that is to say, people could cook their foodor get warm immediately. Now that matches have been superseded,that is, replaced, by gas and electronic lighters it is easy toTorget thesignificance of the simple matchstick.

@ to.rI Treat yourself to a relaxing cruise in the Mediterranean and

enjoy a wonderful holiday on our luxury ship! Daytime visits tointeresting ports, where our fully-trained guides will show youthe sights. Delicious food served all daylongl Fabulous eveningson the ship with entertainment. Shops with everything you needon board this fantastic cruise ship. CruiseWell Holidays will takecare ofyou!

2 Fiji Community Holidays! Take part in this exciting project andmake a difference to the local community. Help dig and plantgardens, or build huts. Learn traditional skills and some words inthe local language at the same time. In this village we recycle asmuch as possible, use solar panels to heat the water, and all mealsare made from locally-grown organic food.

@ ro.zO. K, I think I m going to start now. Good morning everyone. TodayIil like to talk about ecotourism. There are four parts to my lecture.First ofall, I'11 give a definition ofthe term ecotourism and I'llexplain the principles of this type of tourism. Secondly, I'11 give youan example of real ecotourism. In the third part I'll give you somefigures about the financial impact of green tourism iompared totourism in general and, finally, I will conclude my lecture.

@ to.tSo, in this first section I'll discuss what ecotourism is. Well, itsresponsible travel to natural areas. And what is responsible travel?This is travel which conserves the environment and improves thewelfare or well-being of local people. There are three main principlesto this idea. Firstly, ecotourism should minimize, that is mike as

-

small as possible, the effect on the locality. Secondly, ecotourismshould improve or conserve the local environment. And thirdly, thelocal population should also benefit as a result of the tourism. Let'sIook at those principles in detail.

Firstly, minimizing the effect on the locality. This is done bymakilS sure that the tourism is small-scale and that something isgiven back to the community through the projects carried out. Nobig hotels are built and local peopleire as involved as possible in thetourism.

Secondly, ecotourism conserves or improves the environment.It does this through education, conservation, and recycling. Thisis education.of the local people and also the tourists who visit.Conservaticin of the environment means respecting it by, forexample, using renewable sources of energy, like solar power, oravoiding unnecessary use ofplastics. And recycling as much aspossible is important too.

Let's think, then, about how the local population benefit. Well,this can be in financial ways, of course, by earning money from theto-urists, but also through education, better schools, access to placesofinterest, better health services, and improved roads and otliermeans of transport.

Now Iil like to turn to an example of ecotourism holidays. Theseholidays are organized all over the world, mainly to naturai areas.Most importantly, each holiday must make a difference to the localcommunity.

Let me give you one example: a ten-day holiday in Vietnam wheretourists can learn about the local customs and culture and, at thesame time, help the economy of the country. Only local guides areemployed to show the tourists the sights and explain the differentcustoms and culture. The tourists stay in locally-owned hotelsand can buy souvenirs made and sold by the local community. Inaddition, the tour operator supports a charity which enables ihepoorest children to go to school and the company also helps protectsome endangered animals. So, you can see that this holidJy cinmake a difference to local people.

This leads me to the finincial impact. In fact, there are somesurprising and encouraging figures. An increasing number ofpeople want their holiday to have a positive impa-t on local peopleand, as I've just said, ecotourism does this. Look at Figure 1. Thisshows the percentage of money from holidays that gois to the localcommunity. As you can see, this figure is95o/o.In comparison, fortraditional package holidays, only 20oA ofthe money spent reacheslocal people and for cruises it is even less than that.

So, finally, to surnmarize the main points of my talk. Ecotourismconserves the environment and improves the lives of localcommunities. I gave an example of a holiday in Vietnam whichbenefits the people living in that area in different wriys. Finally, Ipresented some financial information about ecotourism.

So, to conclude, real ecotourism is a responsible way to travel,benefiting both the guest and the host. By ihat I mean both thetourist and the local people.

Someone said, 'Take only photographs. Leave only footprintsiI think this is a good principle, but I would like to improve it. Iwould say, 'Take only photographs. Leave some benefit for the localcommunity!'

@ rc.qMany students have problems listening to lectures and longer talksin a foreignlanguage becau3e they find concentrating for a-longtime difficult. It's very easy to switch off and then noi follow oiunderstand, what the lecture is about. Ifthis happens, dont worry.fust start listening again. You can still pick up the other mainideas. I think there are three ways to db this. Firstlv, listen for thesignposting language which telli you that a new part or sectionis starting. Secondly, listen for keywords on the subject that yourecog-nize. Then continue to listen to the talk from that poini.Thirdly, at the ehd of a talk the speaker often summarizes what hasbeen said. By listening for this summaryyou can find out what hasbeen talked about, and what you might have missed. you can thenfind this information by checking thi lecture notes of a colleague orresearching it on the Internet.

Audio scripts 77

@ to.s

3

4

5

In this section I'll discuss the importance of tourism for the

economy.Going back to my first point about the employment of local

people.This leads me to the third part of my talk.

Id like to turn to the subject of money brought into the country'

Lett think about the disadvantages of tourism.

@ ro.s1 People who suffer from diabetes need to follow a careful diet'

2 The student was accused of cheating in the exam'

3 How many candidates applied for the job of research assistant?

4 Azizdid not agree with the other students on the best place for a

holiday.

@ rc.tSwitzerland is a popular tourist destination for many people'

Situated in Westirn Europe, it is bordered by Germany, France'-

Austria, Italy and Liechtenstein. This landlocked country is perhaps

one of ihe most beautiful in Europe. Tourists come mainly for the

spectacular mountain ,.e.t"ry und.njoy easy access to some ofthe highest mountains in Europe, thanks to the extensive public

transp"ort system. In the wintei the main attraction is skiing' -

Switzerland offers many top-class skiing resorts with a wide choice

of ski runs for all levels'of skiers, from 6eginners to advanced' The

mountain regions rely on skiing as their main source of income'

However, thJre is now a developing problem as a result of climate

change. Average temperatures are rising, resulting in warmer

wintJrs and leis snow Without enougtisnow, winter tourism in the

mountains will not be possible and t[e economic survival of these

regions is at risk. The tourism representatives are,reacting-to.these

ch?.tg"s by taking several -ea.o.e., such as installing artificial..,o*l-uki.,g michines and developing resorts higher in the

mountains where the temperatures are lower'

@rc.eA So today we are looking at Rio de |aneiro as a tourist destination.

I've askid some of youio prepare some background informationfor us. Perhaps we lould si*[ Uy asking the speakers to introduce

themselves u.rd th.i. talks. Camille, would you like to start?

B Yes. In the first part, I m going to talk about-the history of tourism

in Brazil and particularlyhow tourism has developed in Rio'

A Thankyou.EunSukiC In the second part, I shall be describing the financial impact that

tourism has had in Rio. Illl explain how much money has been

earned in real terms over the last 10 years.

D And in the third and final part I'm going to give a briefdescription of the main tourist sights in Rio and talk to you about

new piojects that have been introtuced, for example, visiting the

favelas,that is the very poor slum areas ofthe city'

A Thankyou. So, perhaps we can get started' Camille?

@wsGood morning and welcome. Today I want to talk to you about three

main tourist destinations in ]ordan. Tourism is a very importantpart of the economy in fordan, thatt whyJordan is investing a lot

in this sector. Firstly, I will talk about the historical ancient sites'

perhaps the most famous attraction of |ordan. Secondly, I will go. on

io talk about the natural reserves. And finally, I will finish with city

tourism.First of all, the historical ancient sites. Of course, fordan is famous

'because of Petra, which is one of the new seven wonders of the world

arid a UNESCO world heritage site. This spectacular city in the rock

receives millions of visitors err..y yea.. But there are many other

ancient sites, for example, |erash, Madaba and the desert castles' "'

78 Audio scripts

Consonants

I lpl as in2 lbl as in3 ltl as in4 ldl as in5 lkl as in6 lgl as in-

lf I/ tlt as ln8 lvl as in9 lsl as in

10 lzl as in11 lll as in12 lrnl as in13 lnl as in14 lhl as in15 ltl as rn

16 ljl as inI/ lwl as ln18 l0l as in19 16l as in20 ly as in2l lZl as in22 lfl as in23 ltsl as in24 lnl as in

penlpen/big lbtgltea lti:ldo /du:/c* katlgo lgeulforr lfc,lvery I'vertlson /srrn/

zoo lzu:llive /lrv/my lmatlnealr lntelhappy l'hr;ptlred,lred/yes /jes/want /wnnt/thanks /Oregks/

the /6e/she /.fi:/television l' t elrv r3nlchild /.Sarld/

German l'$e:menlEnglish /'14ghfl

Phonetic symbols

Phonetic symbols 79

Vowels I

25 li:l as in26 ltl as in27 ll as in28 lel as in29 le,l as in30 lo.:l as in31 lol as in32 lc,l as in33 lul as in34 lu:l as in35 l^l as in36 ls:l as in37 lel as in

see /si:/his /hIzltwenty /'twenti/teln ltenJ

stamp /stamp/father /'fo:de/hot /hot/morning /'mc:nr4/football /'futbc:Uyou /ju:/sun /srtn/learn /ls:n/lefter /'lete/

Diphthongs (two vowels together)

38 letl as in name /nerm/39 leul as in no /neu/40 latl as in my lmatl4l /aul as in how/hau/42 lctl asjn boy ibcrl43 lrcl as in hear /hre/44 leel as in where lweel45 lual as in tour /tue/

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