Headway academic skills introductory level reading and writing

Headway

Academic SkillsReading, Writing, and Study Skills

INTRO DUCTO RY LEVEL Student’s Book

O X F O R DSarah Philpot and Lesley CurnickSeries Editors: Liz and John Soars

Headway

Academic SkillsReading, Writing, and Study Skills

I N T R O D U C T O R Y L E V E L Student’s Book

Sarah Philpot and Lesley CurnickSeries Editors: Liz and John Soars

O X FO R D

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CONTENTS1 Meeting people

READING New people p4-5S u r v e y in g s u r v e y in g a t e x t to f i n d o u t w h a t i t is a b o u t RULES P r e s e n t S im p le ( 1 ) t h e P r e s e n t S im p le w i th fee a n d o t h e r v e rb s

KEY LANGUAGE The alphabet p 6 T h e a lp h a b e t c o n s o n a n ts a n d v o w e ls

W RIT IN G Introductions p 7 RULES A r t ic le s : a a n d a n P u n c t u a t i o n (1 ) c a p ita l le tte r s C h e c k in g y o u r w r i t in g ( 1 ) c h e c k in g fo r m is ta k e s w i th

s u b je c t a n d verb , a n d a r tic le s

2 CountriesREADING Mountains, seas, and rivers p i0-11P r e d ic t i n g u s in g p ic tu r e s a n d th e t i t le to p r e d ic t th e s u b je c t o f a t e x tRULES th e r e i s / th e r e a re

W RIT IN G Mycountry p l 2 - 1 3

L in k in g id e a s (1) a n d a n d b u t P u n c t u a t i o n (2 ) u s in g c o m m a s in lis ts

3 Your studiesREADING Everyday pl6-17S k im m in g r e a d in g a t e x t q u ic k ly f o r g e n e r a l m e a n in g

KEY LANGUAGE Time p lSRULES P r e p o s i t i o n s o f t i m e i n i a t I o n

W RIT IN G Your day p l9W r i t in g s e n te n c e s w r i t in g s e n te n c e s w i th a su b je c t, a verb ,

a n d a n o b je c tC h e c k in g y o u r w r i t i n g ( 2 ) c h e c k in g fo r s p e llin g m is ta k e s

A W here we workREADING Where do they work? p22-23F in d i n g i m p o r t a n t w o r d s u s in g im p o r ta n t w o r d s in q u e s t io n s to h e lp f i n d

in fo r m a t io n in a te x tS c a n n in g r e a d in g a t e x t q u ic k ly to f i n d sp e c ific in fo r m a t io n

W RIT IN G A good place to work p 2 4 - 2 5

L in k in g id e a s (2 ) b e c a u se

5 Signs and instructionsREADING Signs-an international language p28-29 U n d e r s t a n d in g a t e x t REVIEW of Study Skills

6 Health and medicine

W RIT IN G Forms p 3 0 - 3 1 C o m p l e t i n g a f o r m r e a d in g in s tr u c t io n s ca re fu lly ,

c o m p le t in g a f o r m c o rre c tly

READING Good health p34-35U n d e r s t a n d in g p r o n o u n s u n d e r s ta n d in g p r o n o u n re fe re n c in g in a t e x t RULES P a s t S im p le r e g u la r a n d ir r e g u la r p a s t s im p le f o r m s

W RIT IN G Medical discoveries p 3 6 - 3 7 A v o id in g r e p e t i t i o n u s in g p r o n o u n s to a v o id r e p e t i t io n in

a te x t

7 The history o f transportREADING Important first flights p40-41M a k i n g n o te s (1 ) lo o k in g f o r im p o r ta n t w o rd s , n a m e s , n u m b e r s , a n d d a te s

KEY LANGUAGE Ordinal numbers p 4 2 O r d in a l n u m b e r s r e c o g n iz in g o r d in a l n u m b e r s D a te s w r i t in g d a te s in d i f fe r e n t w a y s

W RIT IN G Trains p43W r i t i n g f r o m n o te s o r d e r in g n o te s to in c lu d e p o in t s in a

lo g ic a l o rd e r

8 Doing businessREADING The business of sport p46-47M a k in g n o te s (2 ) m a k in g n o te s u n d e r d i f fe r e n t h e a d in g s

W RIT IN G Polite emails p48-49W r i t i n g p o l i te e m a i l s u s in g p o l i te p h r a s e s in e m a ils

9 W aterREADING Using water p52-53U n d e r s t a n d in g t a b le s a n d c h a r t s (1 ) u s in g ta b le s a n d b a r c h a r ts to h e lp y o u

u n d e r s ta n d a te x tU n d e r s t a n d in g t a b le s a n d c h a r t s (2 ) c h e c k in g n u m b e r s in a ta b le o r b a r c h a r t

a g a in s t in fo r m a t io n in a te x t

W RIT IN G More or less p 5 5 - 5 6D e s c r ib in g s ta t i s t i c s d e s c r ib in g s ta tis t ic s u s in g p h r a s e s to

c o m p a r e a m o u n ts

10 Ambition and successREADING Great ideas p58-59U n d e r s t a n d in g t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f a t e x t u s in g to p ic s e n te n c e s to h e lp u n d e r s ta n d

w h a t a t e x t is a b o u t

W RIT IN G Success p60-61W r i t i n g a p a r a g r a p h u s in g a to p ic s e n te n c e , o r g a n iz in g

in fo r m a t io n lo g ic a lly in a p a ra g r a p h C h e c k in g y o u r w r i t in g ( 3 ) c h e c k in g g r a m m a r , sp e llin g , a n d

p u n c tu a t io n in a te x t

W ORD LIST p64 PHONETIC SYMBOLS p71

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Instructions p 8 F o l lo w in g in s t r u c t io n s : c irc le , c o m p le te , c o rre c t, m a tc h , e tc .

REVIEW p 9R e a d in g a w e b p a g e , w r i t in g a p a r a g r a p h a b o u t a

m c m n c r o f y o u r fa m ily

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT A lphabetical o rd er p l 4

U s in g a d i c t i o n a r y (1 ) f i n d i n g th e p a r t o f sp eech , m e a n in g a n d e x a m p le s in a d ic t io n a r y

REVIEW p l 5R e a d in g a t e x t a b o u t a c o u n t r y , w r i t i n g a p a r a g r a p h

a b o u t a c o u n t r y

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT W ords th a t go to g e th e r p 2 0R e c o r d in g v o c a b u la r y (1 ) re c o r d in g v e r b + n o u n c o llo c a tio n s

REVIEW p21R e a d in g a b o u t d a i ly r o u t in e s , w r i t in g a b o u t s o m e o n e ’s

d a i ly r o u t in e

RESEARCH Search engines p 2 6

U s in g a s e a r c h e n g in e (1 ) c h o o s in g w o r d s to se a rc h f o r in fo r m a t io n

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Vocabulary records p 2 6R e c o r d in g v o c a b u la r y (2 ) c r e a t in g v o c a b u la r y reco rd s

REVIEW p 2 7R e a d in g a b o u t s o m e o n e ’s jo b , c o m p l e t i n g a t e x t w i th

t h e c o r r e c t l i n k in g w o rd s

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Topic areas p 3 2 R e c o r d in g v o c a b u la r y (3 ) re c o r d in g v o c a b u la r y in to p ic se ts

REVIEW p 3 3R e a d in g u s in g a l l s t u d y s k i l ls , c o m p le t in g a f o r m

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT N oun san d verbs p 3 8R e c o g n iz in g p a r t s o f s p e e c h r e c o g n iz in g d i f fe r e n t p a r t s o f sp e e c h a n d r e la te d n o u n s

a n d v e rb s

REVIEW p 3 9R e a d in g a t e x t a b o u t c h e m ic a ls a n d h e a l t h , u s in g

p r o n o u n s i n a p a r a g r a p h

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Verbs in th e Past Simple p 4 4U s in g a d i c t i o n a r y (2 ) u s in g a d ic t io n a r y to f i n d ir r e g u la r v e r b fo r m sR e c o r d in g v o c a b u la r y (4 ) re c o r d in g v e rb s w i th p r e p o s i t io n s t h a t fo l lo w th e m

REVIEW p 4 5R e a d in g a t e x t a b o u t s o m e s a i l in g f i r s t s , w r i t in g

a p a r a g r a p h a b o u t s o m e im p o r t a n t r a c i n g f irs ts

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT W ords w ith m ore th an one m eaning p5()U s in g a d i c t i o n a r y (3 ) lo o k in g u p w o r d s w i th m o r e th a n o n e m e a n in g , f i n d i n g th e

c o r r e c t m e a n in g

REVIEW p 5 1R e a d in g a t e x t a b o u t s p o r t s a n d te le v is io n , w r i t in g

a p o l i te e m a i l

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT O pposite adjectives p 5 6R e c o r d in g v o c a b u la r y (5 ) re c o r d in g o p p o s i te a d je c t iv e s to g e th e r

REVIEW p 5 7R e a d in g a t e x t a b o u t w a te r , u s i n g in f o r m a t io n i n a b a r

c h a r t t o w r i t e a d e s c r ip t i o n o f w a te r u s e

RESEARCH Finding th e right inform ation p 6 1 - 6 2U s in g a s e a r c h e n g in e (2 ) u s in g th e I n t e r n e t to f i n d fa c t s , im a g e s , m a p s , a n d

tr a n s la t io n s o f w o rd sC h e c k in g in f o r m a t io n u s in g m o r e th a n o n e w e b s ite to c h e c k in fo r m a tio n

REVIEW p 6 3R e a d in g a t e x t a b o u t t h e w e l l - k n o w n c lo t h in g b r a n d ,

w r i t in g a p a r a g r a p h a b o u t a s u c c e s s f u l p e r s o n

1 Meeting peopleREADING SKILLS Surveying

KEY LANGUAGE The alphabet

WRITING SKILLS Punctuation (1) • Checking your writing (1)

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Following instructions

READING New people

Read STUDY SKILLWork with a partner. Look at the webpage and the photos. Answer the questions.1 What is the club?2 How many photos of people are there?3 How many men are there in the photos?4 How many paragraphs are there?

STUDY SKILL Surveying

Before you read a text, look at the page quickly. Ask:■ What is the title?■ What do the pictures show?■ How many paragraphs are there?

The answers help you understand what a text is about.

UniversityInternet Chess Club

ABOUT THE CLUB NEW MEMBERS

New Members k l XMy name is Miguel Sousa.I come from Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil, and I am a lecturer. I play chess with my son.

I am Jane Day. I come from Sydney, in Australia. I am an English Language teacher.I am a beginner.

m

My name is Mona Patel.I come from Delhi, in India. I’m a medical student. I like chess very much.

I am Deniz Osman. I live in Ankara, in Turkey. I am a student. I play chess with my friends.

2 Read the webpage. Write the names under the photos. Check your answers with a partner.

3 Read the webpage again. Answer the questions.1 Which country does Miguel come from?2 What does he do?3 Which city does Jane come from?4 What does she do?5 Which city does Deniz come from?6 What does he do?7 Which country does Mona come from?8 What does she do?

H i

i

4 Unit 1 • Meeting people

4 Survey the webpage below. Answer the questions.1 What is the club?2 How many people are there in the photos?3 How many paragraphs are there?

www.onlinebookclub.com

ONLINE Book ClubABOUT US BOOKS N EW MEMBERS

New Members

Peter Blake com es from New York.He @ an engineer. He is married and has one daughter. He likes reading very much.

Ada and Ninoy Manlapaz com e from Manila, in the Philippines. They are teachers. They are married and they have tw o children. They read a lo t o f books.

5 Read about the new members. Answer the questions.1 Which paragraph is about people from the Philippines?2 Which paragraph is about a person from the USA?

6 Write the names of the people under the photos.Check your answers with a partner.

7 Read the rules. Work with a partner. Read the webpage again.1 (̂ i^ lg ) forms of the verb be.2 Underline the other verbs.

R U LE S Presen t S im ple (1)

Use the Present Simple to give facts (true information).

The verb be1 am

a teacher.He/She lit is

We / You / They are students.

Other verbs1 / You / We / They come

He / She / It comesfrom Delhi.

U n itl • M eeting people 5

http://www.onlinebookclub.com

KEY LANGUAGE The alphabet1 Write the correct small letter next to the capital letter. Check your answers

with a partner.

c s y e Ic V u p X i d n 0 g b q w t cr t' m f h z j 1

A « B c D E F G H 1

J K L M N O P Q R

S T _ u V W X Y z

2 (̂ I r d ^ the five vowels in exercise 1.Check your answers with a partner.

STUDY SKILL The alphabet

The alphabet has 26 letters. There are 21 consonants, for example, b, c, n, t. There are five vowels, for example, a. o.

Knowing the alphabet helps you:■ find words in a dictionary■ record vocabulary in a notebook or computer file

3 Work with a partner. Write the words in alphabetical order.

12345

6

lecturerstudentteacherdoctordentistengineer

4 Look at the registration desk for a conference. Where do these people go to register?1 Heinz Ehrhardt E-H2 Franco Corelli3 Stella Roberts4 Gabriella Vancak5 Abdul Osman6 Hussein Ibrahim


WRITING Introductions1 Read the rules. Complete the sentences about you.

My name is . . .I come fro m . . .(a m a (n } . . .

2 Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions. Make notes.1 What is your name?2 Where do you come from?3 What do you do?

3 Write a paragraph about your partner.My partner’s name Is . . . She/H e . . .

Read STUDY SKILL

R U LE S A rtic le s a and an

Use a before a word beginning with a consonant; a doctor a student

Use an before a word beginning with a vowel sound:an engineer an accountant

letters. S T U D Y S K IL L Punctuation (1}

Use CAPITAL LEHERS for:

1 ■ the start of sentences: He is a doctor.r m names of people and places: jone, Brazil.■ m the pronoun /: Jane and 1 come from Australia.

End sentences with a full stop {.).

Adul Suttikul and Boonwat Mookjai come from Bangkok, in Thailand. They are computer engineering students. Adul is 20 and Boonwat is 21.

5 Read the student’s paragraph about Max. Add six capital letters, three full stops, and a question mark.

kvcflx cokwes -frokw uia- he ls doctor he

Is m-flrried has three chlidret^

Check your answers with a partner.

Read STUDY SKILL Read about the Hussein family. Correct the mistakes.

S T U D Y S K IL L Checking yo u r w riting (!)

it is important to check your writing for mistakes. Check:■ the subject and the verb:

He go to university. / He goes to university, y■ articles;

She is a engineer X She is an engineer. /

My hw.sboiiA.d I ookvie frokw v>u.bal. I ctkvc a koustwl-fe, flkvd kwy

hixsbcikvol awe a c-om-ptcterprogrAkvckvcer. He worle Iw a office. W t has two ohc-ldrew. Akvwed is four awd Lay la ar^zix.. LM^ia go to

a Iwterveatlowai school.


VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Instructions1 Label the pictures and examples

1-10 with instruction words from the box.

STUDY SKILL Fo llow ing instructions

It is necessary to read and follow instructions carefully. Make sure you know the important words, e.g. underline.

2 Work with a partner. Follow the instructions.1 Underline the verb.

She works at a school.

2 (^irc^ the country.He comes from New Zealand.

3 Label the picture with the correct words.

circle complete correct match 1 L r U U

underline write label number add

Spain

My wflkKC ts

1 [G2 E3 IT

4 Match the capital letters with the small letters, h i

gteacher, engineer, doctor,_________

5 Number the countries in alphabetical order.□ Japan n Thailand n India

Letters, words, and sentences3 Write the words from the box next to examples 1 -7.

consonants letters- nouns a sentence verbs vowels a word

1 tetters

2 ______

3 ________

4 ___

5 _____6 _______

7 ________

a, b, c, d

a. e,i

I, m. n

international

students, doctors

write, read, understand

I come from London.

4 Look at exercise 3 again. Add one more example for 1-7.


engineer 2

doctor I teacher 3

read 2

She is ̂ engineer.

keyboard screen3 4

come from in

S h e Ls ^ t&achtr. She is a teaclier.

7 8

1 lAla l b2 IBI 1 c She is an engineer3 |C| 1 a

9 10

REVIEW1 Survey the webpage and answer the questions.

1 What is the club?2 How many paragraphs are there?3 How many new members are there?

University Backgammon Club

M y name is Karim Mansour. I com e from Rabat, in M orocco. I study engineering at university. I play backgammon w ith my friends.

I am Anna Costa. I live in Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. I am a nurse. I work in a hospital. I am married, and I play backgammon w ith my husband.

2 Read the webpage and answer the questions.1 What country does Karim come from?2 What city does he come from?3 What does he study?4 Where does he study?5 Where does Anna live?6 What does she do?7 Where does she work?

3 Read the webpage again. Circle forms of the verb be and underline the other verbs. Check your answers with a partner.

4 Read the student’s paragraph below and find;• three mistakes with verbs• two mistakes with punctuation• two mistakes with articles

M y I tokwes -f-roku. L-okvdokv M y -fathtr t-s a architect ar^d

kvcy toother am- a bu.slkvesswokRflkv. I has okve brother, he is, ± s «kvd he iz av\, stu-dekvt.

5 Write a paragraph about a member of your family. Write about where they live and their occupation.My uncle's/father’s/sister’s name is ... He/She...

6 Check your writing for: • Present Simple verbs capital letters and full stops articles (a/an)


2 CountriesREADING SKILLS Predicting

WRITING SKILLS Linking ideas (1j • Punctuation (2)

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Using a dictionary (1)

READING Mountains, seas, and rivers1 Label the map (1-4) with words from the box.


coastline mountains river East

2 Survey the pictures and thetitle of the text. What is the text about?a) the weather in Spainb) the land in Spainc) the people in Spain

STUDY SKILL Predicting

Before you read a text, look at the pictures and title, and predict what it is about. This:■ prepares you for reading■ helps you understand the text

SpainThe geography of SpainSpain is a large country in the south o f Europe. It has borders with France, Andorra, and Portugal. It has a long coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. and a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean. There are mountains in Spain, but there is a lot o f flat land, too. There are tw o important rivers, the Tajo and the Ebro. The capital city is Madrid, in the centre o f the country. Barcelona is the second city o f Spain, and it is on the Mediterranean coast.

Location

3 Read the text quickly. Check your answer to exercise 2.

10 Unit 2 • Countries

4 Read the text about Spain again. Answer the questions.1 Where is Spain?2 How many countries does Spain border?3 Are there mountains in Spain?4 What are the names of the rivers?5 What is the capital city of Spain?Check your answers with a partner.

5 Work with a partner. Survey the pictures and the title of the text below. What is the text about?

6 Read the text to check your ideas.

Algeria: a large country

r

\ Algiers

Algerian desert

Algeria is a very large country in North Africa. It has borders with Morocco, Mauritania, Western Sahara, Mali, Niger,Libya, and Tunisia. In the north, it has a long coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. Most of Algeria is mountains and desert, but ’ an area of flat land along the coast.

two important rivers in Algeria, the Chelif and the Seybouse. The capital of Algeria is Algiers, and it is in the north, on the Mediterranean Sea. Location

7 Read the rules. Complete the text about Algeria with there is or there are. Check your answers with a partner.

8 Read the text about Algeria again. Are the sentences true (T ) or false (F )?

1 Algeria is in East Africa. F2 It has borders with eight other countries.3 It is on the Mediterranean Sea.4 Algeria has two important rivers.5 The capital city is in the south of the country.

9 Work with a partner. Correct the false sentences.I Algeria is in North Africa.

R U LE S there is / there are

Use there is with one thing. For example: There is a lot of flat land

Use there are with two or more things. For example:There are mountains in Spain.

Unit 2 • Countries 11

W R IT IN G My country1 Look at the pairs of sentences. Is a) or b) better?

1 a) Turkey is in Europe. It is also in Asia.b) Turkey is in Europe, and it is also in Asia.

2 a) Switzerland has borders with five countries, but it does not have a coastline,b) Switzerland has borders with five countries. It does not have a coastline.

Read STUDY SKILLCompare your answers with a partner.

STUDY SKILL Linking ideas (1}

Linking ideas makes your writing clearer.■ Use and to link similar ideas. For example:

a) Barcelona is the second city of Spain.b) It is on the Mediterranean coastBarcelona is the second city of Spain, and it is on the Mediterranean coast

m Use butto link different ideas. For example:a) There are mountains in Spain.b) There is a lot of flat land, too.There are mountains in Spain, but there is a lot of flat land, too.

2 Complete the sentences with and or but.1 South Africa is a large country, hut Mali, Chad, and Angola are larger.2 There are mountains in the east,___in the north it is flat.3 Brasilia is the capital of Brazil,___Sao Paolo is bigger.4 Adelaide is a state capital,___Canberra is the national capital.5 Riyadh is the capital of Saudi Arabia,___it has a population of about

five million people.

Riyadh Canberra

Read STUDY SKILL Put commas in the student’s sentences.1 M y coutivtry Is hot d r y sw.iA.kvy.2 C.fliA.berrn S y d k v e y cu^d Mcibowrkve a re c it ie s I ia. A w s tra ila .3 SpaliA. exports cars kweoilcliA.es akvoi oil.4 A r 0 ekvtln.a h as borders w ith P a rO 0 w a y B r a z il B o liv ia lArw0 w ay

akvol C-hlle.

STUDY SKILL Punctuation (2)

Use commas (,) after words in a list. For example:■ It has borders with France, Andorra, and Portugal.m The capital city has many universities, technical institutes, colleges, and schools.

Using commas makes your writing easier to understand.


4 Read the text. Complete it with and, but, and two commas. Compare your answers with a partner.

My countryMy country is Malaysia. It is in South-East Asia. It has borders with Thailand Brunei and Indonesia.It has coastlines on the South China Sea ^the Strait of Malacca. There is flat land around thecoastline, _̂___ there are mountains in thecentre of the country. Over half the country has rainforests. The capital of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur,

. it is a very modem city.

South China Sea

5 Answer the questions about your country.1 What is the name of your country?2 Where is your country?3 What countries does it border?4 Where are the coastlines?5 Are there any mountains and rivers?6 Is there a desert?7 What is the capital city?

6 Write a paragraph about your country. Use your answers from exercise 5. My coMWtry is ... (name), and It is in ... (part of the world)

7 Work with a partner. Check your partner s paragraph for:• punctuation (capital letters, full stops, and commas)• grammar (subject and verb agreement, articles)• linking {and, but)


VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Alphabetical order1 Work with a partner. Write the words in alphabetical order.

Write the groups of words in alphabetical order.

a)coastline

b) c)river mountains

country Riyadh Moroccocapital Rome Mediterraneanclimate rainforest Malaysia

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Parts of speechRead STUDY SKILL

the meaningLook at the dictionary entry and label: the part of speech • the example

[a very high hill[TKilimanjaro is the

highest m ountain in

Africa.

STUDY SKILL Using a dictionary (1)

A dictionary gives you information about words.For example:■ the part of speech (noun, verb, or adjective)■ the meaning■ an example

Good dictionary skills help your reading and writing.

4 Look at the sentences. Underline the nouns and circle the adjectives.

1 Spain is a large country.2 It is dry in Mexico.3 In my country, the land is flat.

Work with a partner. What part of speech are the underlined words? Use a dictionary to check your answers.1 There are a lot of tourists in Paris, noun2 It is a long river.3 The city is in the north.4 Do you like travelling?5 What countries does Italy border?


REV IEW1 Work with a partner. Survey the pictures and the title.

What is the text about?a) the USA b) Canada c) Alaska

A big countryCanada is a big country in North America. It has coastlines on the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, ’ the Arctic Ocean,

a border with the USA. Most of the land is flat,_̂______ there are mountains in the w e s t . . a

lot of rivers in Canada. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Toronto, Montreal, ^____________ Vancouver are very important cities, too.

Location

2 Read the text quickly. Check your answer to exercise 1.

3 Read the text again. Complete it with words from the box.

and and but There are There is

4 Write the student’s sentences with capital letters, commas, and full stops.1 O ttaw a U the oa-pltai o f cakvada2 brazt-i is, okv the atiakvtuo ooeatA-3 Ukvdla has borders wt-th ■patelstan- ohlkca kvepai bu.rm a ban/0 (adesh

aw d bhkctakv4 kwy oow.kvtry h as kvtou.kvtai.kvs rtve rs avvd fo re sts

5 Match questions 1-5 about New Zealand with answers a)-e).1 Q Where is New Zealand?2 n What countries does it border?3 n What seas or oceans is it on?4 n Are there any mountains and rivers?5 n What is the capital city?

a) the South Pacific Oceanb) in Oceaniac) Wellingtond) it has no borderse) a lot of mountains / some flat land /

a lot of rivers

6 Write a paragraph about New Zealand. Use the information in exercise 5. New Zealand is in Oceania. It doesn’t have an y ...


3 Your studiesREADING SKILLS Skimming

KEY LANGUAGE Time expressions • Days of the week

WRITING SKILLS Writing sentences • Checking your writing (2) VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Recording vocabulary (1)

READING Everyday1 Work in small groups. Answer the questions.

1 Do you have lectures every day?2 Do you study every day?3 Which days do you see your friends?

2 Work with a partner. Answer the questions.1 How many photos are there?2 How many people are there in the photos?

Read STUDY SKILL Skim the text. Which paragraph is about... ?a) a chemistry studentb) a maths studentc) medical students

STUDY SKILL Skimming

Skimming is reading a text quickly to find general information, for example who the text is about.

University of South LondonCOURSES DEPARTMENT CONTACT

M eet ou r stu den ts

n Conrad Delzer is 19. He is a chemistry student. He goes to the university every day. In the mornings, he works in the lab. At 12.30, he has lunch in the cafeteria. In the afternoons, he has lectures. He goes home at 5.00. In the evenings, he works on his computer and checks his emails.

Q Malika Fahri and Yasmin Hamdi study medicine. They have lectures in the mornings. They work in the lab in the afternoons. They go home at 6.00. In the evenings, they study at home. At the weekend, they see their friends.

n Martino Basti gets up at 7.45. He leaves home and goes to the university at 8.15. Martino studies maths. He has lectures in the mornings, and he works on his computer in the afternoons. He does his homework and goes on the Internet in the evenings.

4 Write the names of the people under the photos.

16 Units • Your studies

5 Read the text on page 16. Work with a partner and answer the questions. Conrad1 How old is he?2 Where does he have lunch?3 What does he do in the afternoons?Malika and Yasmin4 When do they have lectures?5 What do they do in the afternoons?6 When do they see their friends?Martino7 When does he get up?8 What does he do in the mornings?9 When does he do his homework?

6 Work with a partner. Look at the two photos below. Answer the questions.1 Where are the people?2 What do they do?

7 Skim the text and look at the photos above. Which photo matches the text?

Dr Sudhir Mahoob is a lecturer in business studies. He gives lectures at 9.00 on Mondays and 11.30 on Thursdays. He works in his office in the afternoons. He does research. He uses his computer, and he reads books. He has seminars on Friday mornings. At the weekend, he plays with his children, and he goes to football matches.

8 Read the text. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? Check your answers with a partner.1 Dr Mahoob gives lectures on Mondays.2 He works in the library in the afternoons.3 On Friday mornings, he does research.4 At the weekend, he goes to football matches.

Unit 3 • Your studies 17

KEY LANGUAGE Time1 Write the times in the box under the clocks.

Compare your answers with a partner.

4.00 3.15 10.30 2.45

Time expressions2 Read the rules. Circle five more time expressions with at, in, on in the text.


(̂ n Saturda^^ Martino gets up at 8.00. He goes to the gym in the mornings and in the afternoons, he watches TV. He likes sports programmes.He visits his friends in the evenings.He doesn’t work at the weekend.

RULES Prepositions of time

W e use different prepositions o f time in, at on with different time expressions.

In a part of the day:He watches television in the evenings.

At a time / the weekend:At the weekend, he gets up at 8.30.On a day, and a part of the day:On Mondays, he teaches.On Monday mornings, he gives a lecture.

Complete the sentences with in, on, and at.1 Conrad gets u p ___8.30 on Sundays.

He doesn’t have lectures___Monday mornings.the weekend, Malika and Yasmin go on the Internet, the afternoons, the students have lectures.

Yasmin works in the library___Wednesdays.

Days of the week4 Write the days of the week in the correct order. Use a capital letter at the

beginning of each day. Which days are the weekend in your country?

Friday Monday- Saturday Sunday Thursday Tuesday Wednesday

Monday,

5 Find and underline four days of the week in exercises 2 and 3.


W R IT IN G Your dayRead STUDY SKILL Complete the table with sentences 1-3.

Compare your answers with a partner.1 Malika and Yasmin study medicine.2 They use a computer.3 Dr Mahoob reads books.

subject 1 verb object

1

2

3

STUDY SKILL Writing sentences

A simple sentence has a subject, a verb, and an object. A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop.

Martino studies maths./ t \

subject verb object

2 Write the words in the correct order to make sentences. Remember to start with a capital letter and end with a full stop.1 studies / she / physics She studies physics.2 football / plays / he3 do / their homework / they4 his computer / he / uses5 she/coffee/drinks

3 Complete the text with the verbs in the box.

1 study nursing. 1 _̂_______I breakfast. I

at 7.00 in the morning andthe university at 8.00.1 have

lectures in the mornings. I have lunch in the cafeteria at 12.00. In theafternoons, 1 __________ in the lab. In the evenings, I work in thelibrary. I ̂ the computers. I go home at 8.00 and havedinner. I ®__________ television, and I ^__________ the Internet.

4 Answer the questions about you. Compare your answers with a partner.1 What do you study?2 When do you get up?3 When is your first lecture?4 Do you work in the library?5 When do you have lunch?6 What do you do in the evenings?7 When do you go to bed?

5 Write a paragraph about your normal day.I study_i get up a t...

6 Work with a partner.Correct the student’s spelling mistake underlined in each sentence.1 I 00 to worte otA. vygdekv^olfl^s.2 He watches television. In. the evn/ln.0s .3 Mailtea worfes In. the ilbry,.4 She has iw,n.ch In. the cafetlrla.5 Martln.0 0os to the 9yn.c at the weeteen.d.

7 Work with a partner. Check your partner’s paragraph from exercise 5 for spelling and punctuation mistakes.

STUDY SKILL Checking your writing (2)

Check your writing for spelling mistakes.

howwork / homework /if you use a computer, use the spell check tool:■ Choose English as the language.■ Look for words that are underlined in colour.


VO CABULARY DEVELOPMENT Words that go together1 Look at the pictures. Match the verbs with the nouns.

Write the correct words under the pictures.

verbs nouns

give lunchhave a lectureread a computeruse a book

STUDY SKILL Recording vocabulary (1}

Some verbs and nouns go together, for example;■ watch + 7Y■ study * medicine

When you record vocabulary, make a note of words that go together.

a b c d

2 Circle the correct verb.1 Tania does / makes her homework in the afternoons.2 The students have / do some research in the library in the mornings.3 Dr Miners makes / gives a seminar at 2.00.4 Yann reads / gives articles on his computer.5 Mario does / has dinner at 7.00.6 Lara visits / goes friends at weekends.

3 Work in small groups. Add the verbs from the box to the nouns.

check give go to have read send write

Complete the sentences with words from exercises 2 and 3 and a time expression. Compare your answers with a partner.1 I check my emails m the mornmgs.2 I send ...3 I read ...4 I do ...5 I have...6 I write ...


REV IEW1 Work with a partner. Look at the photos and answer the questions.

1 Where are the people?2 Are they students or lecturers?

2 Skim the texts and match them to the photos. What do Paul and Tania study?

Q Paul studies engineering. Every day he gets up at 7.30 and goes to the university. He has lectures in the mornings. He has lunch at 1.00 and in the afternoons, he works in the computer centre. He goes home at 5.30. In the evenings, he works on his computer.

i l Tania is 20 years old. She studies Spanish and French. She works in the multimedia centre on Monday and Wednesday mornings. In the afternoons, she works in the library. She has lectures on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons. On Fridays, she visits her friends.

3 Work with a partner. Complete the questions with the correct preposition.1 What does Paul d o _____1.00?2 What does he do the afternoons?3 What does Tania do Wednesday mornings?4 What does she do Fridays?

4 Read the texts and answer the questions in exercise 3.

5 Look at the pictures. Match the verbs with the nouns. Write the correct words under the pictures.

verbs nouns

drivesgiveshasuseswatches

television to work lunch a lecture his computer

What does Robert do on Wednesdays?

6 Write a paragraph about what Robert does on Wednesdays.On Wednesdays, Robert works at the university. He drives to work at ?.0 0 and...

7 Work with a partner. Check your partner s writing in exercise 6 for spelling and grammar mistakes.


4 Where we workREADING SKILLS Finding important words • Scanning

WRITING SKILLS Linking ideas (2j

RESEARCH Using a search engine (1)

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Recording vocabulary (2}

READING Where do they work?1 Work in small groups. Answer the questions.

1 Do you work a) in the library b) at home c) in the cafeteria

2 Do you work-..? a) alone b) with a friend c) with a group of friends

3 Do you work...? a) in silence b) with music c) with the TV on

Read STUDY SKILL_____________ Read the sentences.Underline the important words.1 When does he arrive at the library?2 What is her job?3 He studies engineering.4 They work in a big office.5 Where does she work?


3 Read the title of the text on page 23. What is the text about?a) work b) study c) free time

4 Read paragraph 1 of the text on page 23, and look at the photos below. Which photo matches the text?

STUDY SKILL Finding important words

in texts, underline the important words.These are usually:■ nouns, for example/ob■ verbs, for example studies m adjectives, for example big

In questions, also underline the question word and think about what it means. For example;■ Where tells you to look for a place.■ Why tells you to look for a reason (because).

This helps you to find the information you need.

22 Unit 4 • Where we work

5 Read the questions and underline the important words. Compare your answers with a partner.1 Where is the new research from?2 Why are open-plan offices good?3 What are the disadvantages of open-plan offices?4 Why do people get ill more easily?5 Do many companies think open-plan offices are good or bad?

6 Scan the text. Find and underline the important | words from the questions in exercise 5. Check your answers with a partner.

7 Read the text and answer the questions in exercise 5.

STUDY SKILL Scanning

Scanning is reading quickly to find information.

Before you read, ask:■ What information do you need?■ What words in the text give you the information?

Scan the text to find these words and underline them.

Open-plan offices: new research

The researchPeople all around the world work in offices. Some people work in small offices fo r one or tw o people, but a lo t o f people now work in open-plan offices. In these offices, people work together in one big room. N ew research from Australia shows that there are advantages and disadvantages to these offices.

What’s good?The research shows three reasons to have open-plan offices. Firstly, in open-plan offices a lot o f people can work in a small area. Secondly, it is easy for people to talk to work colleagues because they are in the same room. Finally, open-plan offices are cheaper for companies because they use less electricity.

What’s bad?The research also shows some disadvantages. Some people do not work well in open-plan offices because they are noisy. It is also difficult to talk privately in open-plan offices. Finally, researchers think that people get ill more easily because they work near each other.

Open-plan offices - good or bad?The research concludes that there are advantages and disadvantages to open-plan offices, but many companies think that the advantages o f having open-plan offices are greater than the disadvantages.

Unit 4 • W here w e work 23

W R IT IN G A good place to workLook at the pairs of sentences. Is a) or b) better?1 a) I like going to class. I meet my friends there.

b) I like going to class because I meet my friends there.

2 a) it is difficult to work in open-plan offices because they are noisy,b) It is difficult to work in open-plan offices. They are noisy.

Read STUDY SKILLCompare your answers with a partner.

STUDY SKILL Linking ideas (2)

Use because to link ideas, it answers the question Whyl m Why are Open-plan offices cheaper? m Open-plan offices are cheaper because they use less electricity.

Linking ideas makes your writing clearer.

2 Match the start of a sentence with the correct ending. Link the sentences with because.

1 0 Learning English is important

2 CH The library is a good place to work

3 CH Internet shopping is good because

4 CH Many people go to university

5 □ Taking exercise is important

Learning English Is Important because It Is a world language.

a) it is quiet.

b) they want good jobs.c) it is good for your health.

d) it is a world language.

e} you can shop from home.

3 Work with a partner. Link the sentences using because.1 I like working in the library. It is quiet.

I like working In the library because It Is quiet.2 I travel by car. I like driving.3 I study biology and chemistry. I want to be a doctor.4 I play squash and tennis. I like sport.5 The course is interesting. The teachers are good.

4 Complete the sentences with information about you. Compare your sentences with a partner.1 I like / don’t like learning English because ...2 I go / don’t go to the library because ...3 I like / don’t like watching TV because ...4 I get up early / don’t get up early because ...5 I study__________ (subject) because ...

m


5 Work with a partner. Complete the text with words and phrases from the box.

a lot evenings law lecture theatre library quiet

My name is David Leow and I am a _̂_________student. I study in three places. I have classes inthe \ ______________ .in the mornings. In theafternoons, I work in the ̂ and in the^__________ , I study at home. I don’t like studyingin the library because there are ofpeople. I like studying at home because it is

Make notes about you in the chart.1 Where do you study?2 When do you study?3 Which places do you like? Why?4 Which places don’t you like? Why not?

W here?

When?

Places 1 like

Places 1 don't like

7 Write a short paragraph about where you study. Use your notes from exercise 6. Link your ideas with and, but, and because.My name is ... and I am a . . . . I .. .

8 Work with a partner. Check your partner’s work for mistakes in:• grammar (articles, time prepositions, subject and verb agreement)• punctuation (full stops, commas, capital letters)• spelling• linking words (ond.buf, because)

Unit 4 • Where we work 25

RESEARCH Search enginesRead STUDY SKILL Work with a partner.

Underline the important words.1 Where is the Euphrates?

2 Which countries border Thailand?

3 What is the population of Japan?

4 What does ‘career’ mean?

5 What types of engineering are there?

6 What is Karl Benz famous for?

2 Write the underlined words from exercise 1 to putin a search engine. Check your answers with a partner.1 where Euphrates_________2 ________________________ _3 ______________________________4 ______________________________5 ____________________6 _________________________

3 Use a search engine on your computer to answer the questions in exercise 1.

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Vocabulary records1 Put the words into alphabetical order. Check your answers with a partner.

STUDY SKILL Using a search engine (1)

Use a search engine on your computer, for example Google or Yahoo, to find information you need.■ Choose important words (question words, nouns, and verbs).■ Spell the words carefully.■ Use ‘define;’ to find the meaning of the word. For example, ‘define: profession’, m Use first names and family names for people, for example Alexander Bell.

cheapdrawinghealthspellknowcareer

123456

2 Use a dictionary and make vocabularyrecords for three words in exercise 1.

STUDY SKILL Recording vocabulary (2)

It is important to keep a record of new vocabulary.Write the new words in a notebook or computer file. Write:■ the word■ the part of speech, e.g. noun, verb, adverb, adjective■ the meaning■ an example sentence■ a translation

word 1 part of speech 1 meaning 1 example sentence translation

career NOUN a Job you learn to do and then do for years Medicine is a good career. carriere

3 Compare your records with a partner.


REV IEW1 Look at the pictures. Who is the text about?

a) doctors b) engineers c) teachers

An im portan t jo b

Civil engineers do important work. They design and build bridges, roads, railways, and airports. Some of the time they work in offices. They use computers to plan their work. They can also work outside in a lot of different places, for example, in deserts, on the sea, and in our cities. Sometimes, working outside is difficult because of the weather. Civil engineers also work long hours and weekends, but they like their work because it is important and useful.

2 Skim the text and check your answer to exercise 1.

3 Underline the important words in the questions.1 What do civil engineers build?

2 What do they use to plan their work?

3 What are the three examples of outside work places?

4 Why is working outside difficult?

5 Why do civil engineers like their work?

4 Scan the text in exercise 1. Find and underline the important words from the questions in exercise 3.


6 Complete the text below with and, but, and because. Check your answers with a partner.

My name’s Liu Yang, a good career _̂_____

I’m a civil engineer. Civil engineering is_______you can go to a lot of different places. I work in

an office in the city most of the time, _̂_________ I also work outside onbuilding sites sometimes. I like working in both places ____ they aredifferent. My office is clean ̂is dirty noisy.

quiet. the building site

Unit 4 • Where we work 27

5 Signs and instructionsREADING SKILLS Understanding a text

WRITING SKILLS Completing a form

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Recording vocabulary (3)

READING Signs - an international language1 Work in small groups. Answer the questions.

1 What signs are there in the streets in your town?2 What signs do you have in your university or college?

2 Work with a partner.Survey the pictures and the text Signs around the world. Answer the questions.1 What is the text about?2 What do the signs in pictures a-c mean?3 How many paragraphs are there in the text?

STUDY SKILLS REVIEW Understanding a text

Use different reading skills to get the information you need from a text:■ surveying (see Study Skill p4)■ predicting (see Study Skill p10)■ skimming (see Study Skill p16]■ scanning (see Study Skill p23)

Signs a round the w o rldSigns give us information or instructions. They have writing or pictures on them. Today, many countries around the world use the same signs.

It is important that these signs are easy and clear for everyone to understand. There are rules about the shape and colour. A circle is an instruction or order, for example ‘no entry’. A triangle tells you about a danger, for example ‘large animals crossing the road’.A rectangle gives you information, for example ‘exit’, or ‘leave here’. The colour of a sign is also important. For example, red is for danger and green is for safety.

Signs are a kind of international language, and everyone can understand them because they are the same in many countries.

3 Skim the text Signs around the world. Which topics does the text discuss? a) the size of signs b) the colour of signs c) the shape of signs

4 Read the questions and underline the important words.1 What does a circle mean?2 What does a triangle mean?3 What does a rectangle mean?4 What do the colours red and green mean?

5 Scan the text and answer the questions in exercise 4.

0

0

E

28 Unit 5 • Signs and instructions

6 Work with a partner. Survey the notice below. What is it about?a) a lecture b) a library c) a cafeteria

RULES1 Do not bring your bags into the library.

Leave them in the lockers.2 Show your student ID card to the librarian,3 Do not eat or drink in the library.4 Do not smoke in the library.5 Turn off your mobile phone.6 Talk quietly.7 Use a memory stick to save documents on

the library computers.

7 Work with a partner. Look at the signs. What do they mean?

8 Skim the notice in exercise 6. Match signs a-e with rules 1-7. Which rules do not have a sign?

9 Scan the notice and answer the questions.1 Where do you leave your bags?2 Who wants to see your student identity card?3 Can you talk?4 Why do you need a memory stick?

Unit 5 • Signs and instructions 29

W R IT IN G Forms1 Read STUDY SKILL Match the words and short phrases 1-8

with the meanings a)-h).1 [H First name{s) a) What is your nationality?

2 n Family name b) What do you do?

3 n Address c) Sign your name here.

4 n Date of birth d) Where do you live?

5 n Place of birth e) When were you born?

6 n Occupation f) Where were you born?

7 n Nationality g) What are your first name(s)?

8 n Signature h) What is your family name?

STUDY SKILL Completing a form

To complete a form correctly, read and follow the instructions carefully. For example:■ Use CAPITAL LEHERS.■ Tick the box \7\

Forms often use short phrases, not questions or sentences.For example;■ Place of birth (= Where were you born?)

2 Complete the form about Hiroko with words and phrases from exercise 1. Compare your answers with a partner.

Landing card for the UKP le a se co m p le te c le a r ly in C A P IT A L letters.

Fam ily nam e ^TO

F irst name(s) H im o

Date o f birth1 Kyoro, TAPAN2 ^TUP&NT3 rAPAN5f>6

A d d re s s in the U K 12^ v ic ro m poap, m4


3 Work with a partner. Look at the completed form. Find three mistakes.

Tanbury Sports ClubRegistration form

Please use CAPITAL letters and black ink.

TscFirst name(s) Family name Date of birth Occupation

HirokoSATO

^TUP5NT

Tick the sports you are interested inFootball n Basketball [X] Swimming CH Running D Volleyball CH

4 Complete the form with information about you.

Highfield UniversityLibrary A pplication FormUse black ink and CAPITAL letters.

First name Family name Date of birth Address

Telephone number Course title

Please tickYear of study Q 1st year Q 2nd year O 3rd year

5 Work with a partner. Check your partner s form.


VO CABULARY DEVELOPMENT Topic areas1 Work with a partner.

Write the words from the box in the table.

black blue circle green rectanglered- square triangle white

colours shapes

red

STUDY SKILL Recording vocabulary (3)

You can record vocabulary by topic. For example:People at university: Places:

lecturer labstudent librarylibrarian multimedia centre

Add to the topic groups in your notebooks when you learn new words.

2 Work with a partner. Add three words to each topic. Use your own ideas.

subjects at university geographical featuresengineeringlaw

mountainsdeserts

3 Put the words into two groups. Choose a heading for each group. Compare your answers with a partner.

basketball bus car football planerunning swimming taxi train volleyball

4 In 60 seconds, write words for the topic ‘jobs’. Compare your answers with a partner.

Jobs a doctor


REV IEW1 Work with a partner. Survey the text below. What is it?

a) an advertisement b) a notice c) an essay

Fire actionIf you hear the fire alarm, follow the instructions:

1 Stay calm.2 Leave the building.3 Do not run.4 Do not use the lift.5 Go to the assembly point.6 Do not go back into the building until it Is safe.

2 Look at the signs. What do they mean?

3 Skim the text in exercise 1. Match signs a-c with three of the instructions 1-6.

4 Scan the text. Answer the questions.1 What does it tell you to do?2 What does it tell you not to do?

5 Work with a partner. Ask questions and complete the form with information about your partner. Check your partner’s form is correct.

Student card University of South Lonckm

Use CAPITAL letters. Write in blue or black ink only.First name{s)Family nameAddress

Date of birthMobile phone numberCourse title


6 Health and medicineREADING SKILLS Understanding pronouns

WRITING SKILLS Avoiding repetition

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Recognizing parts o f speech

READING Good health1 Look at the photos. Work in small groups.

What do people do to stay healthy? Think about: • sport • food • work / free time

2 Work with a partner. Survey the picture and text. Answer the questions.1 Where is the text from?

a) a textbookb) an online encyclopedia

2 What does the picture show?3 What is the text about? Doing exercise A fruit and vegetable market

Chapter 3 Health and hygiene

Health and hygiene are important all over the world today, and they were important in the past. People from different parts of the world made useful discoveries about health and hygiene. These discoveries are still important today.Medicine developed in the ancient world first. The Egyptians made many medical discoveries. For example, they used surgery to treat people. Later, the Greeks thought a healthy life was important. They wanted people to eat good food, to take exercise, and to sleep well. For the Romans, hygiene was important. They built public baths. They also had pipes to carry away dirty water because it causes disease.In the Middle East, medicine was also important. In Baghdad, people built the first important hospital in the world. It opened in 850 CE. Later, more hospitals opened in the Middle East, and doctors studied medicine and took exams.Europeans used the information from these early doctors, and made more developments in the next 1,000 years.For example, in the 19th century, Florence Nightingale saved many people’s lives because she made hospitals clean and safe.Good public health today is a result of the work of people from around the world. All these people in the past helped jt to develop and improve.

E .' ■ ■

An Egyptian priest pouring medicine

145

34 Unit 6 • Medicine

3 Skim the text. Match topics a)-e) with paragraphs 1-5. a) [1] Egyptians, Greeks, and Romansb} CH the first hospitalc) n public health todayd) O a European womane) n the importance of health and hygiene

4 Scan the text and answer the questions.1 What three things did the Greeks want people to do?2 What did the Romans build?3 Where was the first important hospital?4 What did Florence Nightingale do?

5 Look at the underlined pronouns in the text.Choose the noun that each pronoun replaces.Paragraph!1 They

a) healthy life b) the Greeksc) international history

2 ita) pipes b) hygiene c) dirty water

Paragraph 4

3 Shea) Florence Nightingaleb) hospitalsc) the 19th century

Paragraph 5

4 ita) the world b) public health c) people

6 Read the rules. Circle three regular Past Simple verbs and five irregular Past Simple verbs in paragraph 2 of the text.

S T U D Y S K IL L Understanding pronouns

Writers sometimes use pronouns, for example, he, she, it, they, in place of nouns, because they do not want to repeat the noun. For example:■ Florence Nightingale shem the Romans theyThe pronoun refers to a noun that comes before. For example.

The Egyptians made many medical discoveries. They used surgery to treat people.

m In Baghdad people built the first important hospital in the world. It opened in 850 CE.

Understanding pronouns helps you understand a text.

R U LE S Past Sim ple

To talk about events in the past, use the Past Simple,■ With regular verbs, add -ed or -d.

want —► wanted They wanted people to eat good food.use —► used They used surgery to treat people.

m W ith verbs ending replace the -y with -ied.study —► studied People studied medicine.

m Many common verbs are irregular.build - ► built They built public baths.write —► wrote He wrote a book.be —► was! were Medicine was important for the Romans.

There were many different discoveries.

Unit 6 • Medicine 35

W R IT IN G Medical discoveries1 Work with a partner. Look at the pair of sentences.

Is a) or b) better? Why?a) In Baghdad, people built the first important hospital in the world.

It opened in 850 CE.b) In Baghdad, people built the first important hospital in the world.

The first important hospital opened in 850 CE.

2 Read the rules. Underline the subject pronouns and circle the object pronouns in the sentences.1 She wrote many books. She wrote (̂ le i^ in English.2 I read about the Romans. They built many cities.3 Jamil sent me an email. He wrote it on his phone.4 Please give us your address.5 They told her about the lecture.

RULES Pronouns

Use subject and object pronouns in place of nouns.

Subject pronouns / you he she it

Object pronouns me you him her it

we

us

they

them

An early doctor seeing a patient

Read STUDY SKILL Work with a partner. Complete the sentences with a subject pronoun from the rules box.

Health was important for the Egyptians._____used surgery to treat diseases.John is a scientist________ does research at ahospital.

STUDY SKILL Avoiding repetition

W e use pronouns to avoid repeating a noun. For example:■ Florence Nightingale worked in hospitals.

Florence Nightingale She made hospitals them clean and safe.

Use pronouns to improve your writing.

3 We read an article on the Internet. wasvery interesting.

4 My sister is a dentist._______ works in the city.5 My brother and I are medical students________ study at the

same university.

4 Complete the sentences with an object pronoun from the rules box.1 Paul finished his homework yesterday and gave_______ to the

teacher this morning.2 The student read about the Greeks and he wrote an essay about

3 Anna is a medical researcher. I m et____4 We saw Adam yesterday. We spoke to_5 I didn’t go to the lecture. Could you give

please?

at a conference.__after the lecture.____ your notes,

A medical researcher


5 Read the paragraph. Are the underlined words subjects (S) or objects (O)? Compare your answers with a partner.

A sp irinAspirin has a long history. Many years ago the

Greeks discovered an important tree. The Greeks

used the tree to make a medicine. The medicine

stopped pain. Years later, scientists studied the

medicine and the scientists called the medicine

‘Aspirin’. People use Aspirin today to stop pain.

6 Replace the underlined words in exercise 5 with the correct pronouns.

7 Rewrite the student’s paragraph. Use pronouns to avoid repetition.

A Brutish wouvniA/, M ary MoiA.ta0u., lived luv Tkrteey luvthe el0hteercth oeuctucry. M ary Mokvta0uc had two ohlidrcuv. Her ohlidrekv 0Ot III. M ary toote her ehlldreuv to see a Tucrtelsh doctor. The doctor helped the chlidrerc. M ary wcuvt bacte to Brltalrc. M ary told people abouct the m rte lsh doctor, years later; B ritish doctor ucsed the Tucrtelsh doctor'^ Ideas to m.atee a kvuedlcluve. The uvuedlcl^ve was the f i r s t vaccine, vaccluves stop people 0ettl^v0 III.

8 Compare your answers with a partner. Answer the questions.1 How many subject pronouns did you use?2 How many object pronouns did you use?

A doctor giving a vaccine to a child


VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Nouns and verbs1 Read STUDY SKILL Are the underlined words in each pair of

sentences nouns or verbs?1 a) Did she answer the question?

b) Did she know the answer?

2 a) My father is a teacher.b) He teaches at a university.

3 a) What did he discover?b) He made an important discovery.

STUDY SKILL Recognizing parts of speech

Some verbs and nouns are related.Some nouns have the same form as the verb.■ to circle a circle

Some nouns have a similar form to the verb, but have a noun ending.■ to end endingm to teach teacherm to introduce introduction

Some verbs have more than one noun.■ to begin a beginner (the person) the beginning (the activity)

Making a note of nouns and verbs increases your vocabulary.

begin

beginner

beginning

2 Work with a partner. Use a dictionary to find one or more nouns for each verb. Underline the noun endings.

verbs 1 nouns

1 email email

2 introduce

3 educate

4 meet

5 discuss

6 lecture

7 write

teach

teacher

noun3 Look at the sentences. Are the missing words verbs or nouns?

The scientist made an important d Dr Singh t maths at the university.Send me an e ______________if you have any questions.W e can discuss this at the m tomorrow.It’s important for students to get a good e

4 Complete the sentences in exercise 3 with words from exercises 1 and 2.

5 Work with a partner. Write sentences using the words in the box.

introduce introduction mean meaning write writer

’d (ike to introduce you to Dr Ahmed.


REV IEW1 Work with a partner. Survey the photo and the text. Answer the questions.

1 What does the photo show?2 Where does the text come from?

2 Skim the text. Match topics a)-c) to paragraphs 1-3.a) O chemicals in our food

b) O chemicals to stop malaria

c) D the importance o f chemicals

www.science-encyclopedia.com Search

C hem ica ls and h ea lthQ Many chemicals are important for our health. People started using

chemicals years ago. They keep us healthy in different ways.Q In tropical countries, malaria is a serious problem. People had ]t more than 4,000

years ago. In South America, people used a substance from a tree to treat malaria. They called it quinine. In China, they used a substance called artemisinin. Both quinine and artemisinin helped stop malaria, and people still use them today.

n Food also stops disease. In the past, scientists studied food and its effect ondisease. In 1912, a Polish scientist, Casimir Funk, did experiments on fruit and a type of rice. He found some chemicals in the food, and he called them vitamins. Vitamins are necessary in our food because they keep us healthy.

Quinine leaves and bark

3 Work with a partner. Scan the text and answer the questions.1 Where is malaria a serious problem?2 Where does quinine come from?3 Why do people use quinine?4 What did Casimir Funk call the chemicals in food?5 Why are they important?

4 Look at the underlined pronouns in the text. Choose the noun that each pronoun replaces.Paragraph 1 1 They a) people b) chemicals c) yearsParagraph 2 2 it a) people b) tropical countries c) malaria

3 them a) people b) malaria c) quinine and artemisin

Paragraph 3 4 He a) food b) diseases c) a Polish scientist

5 Rewrite the student’s paragraph. Use pronouns to avoid repetition.

Akvother sct-cn-tlst did cm- ex-perliacetvt with food avui dl&ease Li/v the I2 th cei^tuty. For a loiA-g tim ^, sailors ocv bocits got t-K on- Ion-0 trips because sailors bad n-o fru it arui \/e0etflbies at sea. In- ± y ^ y - cm- Bvu^iish doctor,javues L-ln-d, decided to do av ̂experlrvcen-t on- sailors.jarues Lcn-ol 0C?ve the sailors lem-on-Ji-cloe, c?n-o( the sailors stayed healthy a t sea. The ien-ton-ju.toe had Vitavuiu, c In- it. vitavuiu, c t-s 0ood for our stec^v an^d bon-es avui feeeps ics healthy.

6 Work with a partner. Compare your answers.1 How many subject pronouns did you use?2 How many object pronouns did you use?


http://www.science-encyclopedia.com

7 The history of transportREADING SKILLS Making notes (1)

KEY LANGUAGE Ordinal numbers • Dates

WRITING SKILLS Writing from notes


READING Important first flights1 Work in small groups. Answer the questions.

1 What do scientists do in space?2 Is space research a good thing?3 Would you like to travel in space? Why (not)?

2 Work with a partner. Survey the photos and text. Answer the questions.1 What do the photos show?2 What is the title?3 How many paragraphs are there?4 What is the text about?

Three steps into spaceThree people, Yuri Gagarin, Valentina Tereshkova, and Neil Armstrong, all achieved important firsts in space.

Yuri Gagarin, a Russian, was always interested in space.He learned to fly at college, and in 1960 he became a pilot.A year later, on 12th April 1961, he was the first person to travel into space, in the spaceship Vostok.

Two years later, a young Russian, Valentina Tereshkova, became the first woman in space. Tereshkova was a twenty-six year old factory worker. Then she joined the Russian space programme, and on 16th June 1963 she left Earth in Vostok 6.

Six years later, three Americans left Earth in Apollo 11. On 20th July 1969, they landed on the moon. Neil Armstrong left the spaceship and became the first person to walk on the moon.

3 Skim the text. Match photos a-c with paragraphs 2-4.

4 Scan the text. Complete the sentences with the correct number or date. Check your answers with a partner.123456

Gagarin became a pilot in He went into space on Tereshkova left Earth on _ She travelled in Vostok.

April _June

Apolloyears later, the Americans left Earth in Apollo

. landed on the moon on 20th July

40 Unit? • The history of transport

5 Read the text on page 40 again and complete the notes inthe table. Compare your answers with a partner.

name Yuri Gagarin

nationality American

spaceship Vostok 6

date IZth April m i

first

STUDY SKILL Making notes (1)

When you read, make notes of useful information. Look for:■ important words■ names■ numbers and dates

6 Survey the photos and the text below. What is the text about?

Cornu's helicopter The Montgolfier balloon

In the history o f flying, there are three important inventions, the hot-air balloon, the plane, and the helicopter.In the eighteenth century, the Montgolfier brothers from France designed and made a hot-air balloon. The first flight with people was on the 21st November 1783. The balloon flew for four minutes.Two American brothers, Orville and W ilbur Wright, designed and built a plane. They called it the Kitty Hawk. On the 17th December 1903, they flew the plane for the first time. They flew for 12 seconds.Four years later, another Frenchman, Paul Cornu, built a helicopter. On the 13th November 1907, Cornu left the ground in his helicopter and flew for 20 seconds.

7 Skim the text. Match photos a-c with paragraphs 2-4.

8 Read the text. Complete the notes in the table. Compare your answers with a partner.

inventions hot-air balloon

inventors

nationality American

date of first flight

time of first flight 20 seconds

Unit 7 • The history o f transport 41

KEY LANGUAGE Ordinal numbers1 Read STUDY SKILL Write the words in the box

next to the ordinal numbers.

Write the words as ordinal numbers. Check your answers with a partner.

eighteenthnineteenthtwentiethtwenty-firsttwenty-third

I?th

eighth fifth M l J l fourth ninth secondseventh sixth tenth third

h t first 6th7nd 7th3rd 8th4th 9th5th 10th

STUDY SKILL O rd inal num bers

Ordinal numbers are used for:■ dates, for example 7th Septemberm centuries (= 100 years), for example 19th century (= from 1800 to 1899)■ the order o f something, for example first, second, third

It is important to understand how to read and write them.

1 first 1st 2 second 2nd 3 third 3rd

Most other ordinal numbers use th. For example:4 fourth 4th, 5 fifth 5th

3 Match years 1-4 with centuries a)-d).1 O 1969 a) 21st century2 n 1783 b) nineteenth century3 n 2001 c) 20th century4 n 1830 d) eighteenth century

4 In 60 seconds, answer the questions. Compare your answers with a partner.1 What is the 12th letter of the alphabet?2 What is the 3rd letter of the alphabet?3 What is the 24th letter of the alphabet?4 What is the 16th letter of the alphabet?5 What is the 20th letter of the alphabet?

Dates5 Write the months of the year in the correct order.

January,

April August December February January July June March May November October September


Write the dates. Use an ordinal number, the name of the month, and the year.a) 11/10/2012 Ilth October 2012 c) 21/2/2011b) 30/11/2010 d) 23/4/2013

7 Write the following dates in two ways:notes

1 your date of birth2 an important date for your country ______3 an important date for your family ______

academic writing

STUDY SKILL Dates

Dates in British English are written: day / month / year

In academic writing, use ordinals and the name of the month:■ 26th February 2011

In notes, use numbers:■ 26/2/2011

Start days of the week and months of the year with a capital letter.■ Monday, Tuesday. January, February

42 U n ity • The history o f transport

WRITING Trains1 Label the photos with the words in the box.

passenger train underground train

2 Skim paragraph 1 of the text below. What is the text about? a) the speed of trains b) the price o f trains c) the history of trains

R a ilw ay firstsThere were two important developments in railway history in England in the nineteenth century. One was the development of a long-distance train service for people. The second development was the introduction of the first underground train service.The first long-distance train service started on 15* September 1830. It went a distance of 56 kilometres from Liverpool to Manchester. The engineer was George Stephenson. After a few weeks, it was very successful and carried thousands of people.The other development was the firs t...

Read STUDY SKILL Read paragraph 2 of the text. Number the notes 1-5 in the order they are in the text.

date \s/o<i/mo □where Liverpool to Manchester □what first long-distance passenger train mengineer George Stephenson □distance 56 km □

STUDY SKILL W ritin g from notes

When you are writing from your notes:■ Decide what the first point, and what the

second point is.■ Number your notes.■ Write your text in order.

Read the notes for paragraph 3 of the text. Decide the order of the notes 1-5. Compare your ideas with a partner.

where London □distance 6.2 km □engineer John Fowler □date I0/0I/i?63 □what first underground train

5 Write paragraph 3 of the text about railway firsts. Use the notes in your order 1-5 in exercise 4.

6 Work with a partner. Check your partner’s paragraph for mistakes with:• dates• verbs and prepositions• punctuation (capital letters, commas, full stops)

U n it? • The history o f transport 43

VO CABULARY DEVELOPMENT Verbs in the Past Simple1 Work with a partner. Write the regular and irregular verbs in the table.

arrived becamecalled didlearned leftpaid startedtravelled went

regular irregular

arrived became

Read STUDY SKILL Use a dictionary to find the Past Simple of the verbs. Compare your answers with a partner.

beginteachseedriveknow

began

Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets in the Past Simple. Use a dictionary to help.1 The teacher (write)

345

the new words on the board.My tu tor__________ (send) mean email about my homework.I __________ (have) an English exam yesterday.

STUDY SKILL Using a d ic tio n a ry (2)

Good dictionaries give the irregular forms of verbs.Many dictionaries also have a list of irregular verbs.Use a dictionary (book, online, electronic) to check the spelling of the Past Simple of verbs.

In f in it iv e Pa s t ten se Pa s t p a rtic ip le

b e a tbecom ebeg in

beat

became

began

beatenbecome

begun

b e g i n / b r g m / verb (beg ins, b e g in n in g , b e g an / b i 'g s n / , has b eg un /br'gAn/)1 to start to do something or start to happen o s a m e m e a n in g start: I 'm b e g in n in g to feel cold, o The film begins at 7 .3 0 .2 to start in a particular way; The nam e lohn begin s w ith a o o p p o s it e endt o b e g in w i t h at first; at the beginning: To begin with they were very happy.

P W H I C H W O R D ?

Be g in or sta rt?Be g in and s ta r t both mean the same thing, but s ta r t is more often used in speaking: Shall we eat n o w ? I 'm starting to feel hungry.

Definitions from the Oxford Essential Diollonary e Oxford University Pre»

W e_______Yousef and I

(read) a story in English in class. _______ (do) the exercise together.

Verb + preposition4 Work with a partner. Circle the correct preposition. Use a dictionary to help.

1 23456

Work(^fn)/ by a partner.Look in / at the board.Listen to / of your partner’s presentation.Turn in / to page 60.Ask/or t from help if you don’t understand.Talk in / to your partners and ask them the questions.

Work with a partner. Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. Use a dictionary to help.1 My homework is to write _2 Yesterday we talked_____3 Last night I prepared____4 That bag belongs_______

____ the history of ships.the history of transport.

_ the maths test.

5 Give your essay_ Professor Lopez, your teacher.

Read STUDY SKILL Make a vocabulary record for the verbs and prepositions below. Write your own example sentences.1 come from 2 look for 3 talk about 4 arrive in

come from verb + prep Past: came from + place/couHtry of birtli Example: I come from Rio de Janeiro

STUDY SKILL Record ing vo cab u la ry (4)

To help you use a verb correctly, record the prepositions that follow it. W rite example sentences for the verb and each of its prepositions. For example:

write■ I wrote an email to my teacher, m I wrote about electric trains for my homework.

44 U n it? • The history o f transport

REVIEW1 Survey the pictures from a text.

Is the text about... ?a) sailing in the Mediterraneanb) sailing across the Atlanticc) sailing around the world

2 Skim the text. Match the person in the photo with one of the paragraphs 2-4.

Sailing firstsWho was the first person to sail around the world? We don’t know for sure, but in the history of round-the-world sailing, three people achieved important firsts.Francis Chichester, from England, was a great sailor. On 27th August 1966, he sailed his boat Gypsy Moth around the world. He returned to England on 28th May 1967 after 226 days sailing. He was the first person to sail single-handed around the world from west to east.Twenty-one years later, Kay Cottee became the first woman to sail around the world without stopping. Kay, an Australian, left her country on 29th November 1987 in her boat First Lady, and returned to Sydney on 5th June 1988. She was at sea for 189 days. Another Australian, David Dicks, also achieved an important first. He became the youngest person to sail non-stop around the world. In February 1996, at the age of seventeen, David left Australia in his boat, Seaflight. He returned to Australia in November 1996, after nine months at sea.

3 Read the text. Complete the notes in the table. Compare your answers with a partner.

who what when how long name of boat

Francis Chichester

2^/11/87 - 5 / 6 / 8 ?

youngest person to sail around world non-stop Months

4 Read the notes for a paragraph about important firsts in car racing. Number the notes 1-3.

what where when winning car speed km/h

1st Formula 1 grand prix (take place) Silverstone, England 13/5/WSO Alfa Romeo (win) (be) 146

1st car race (be) France 22/7/I8<?4 Peugeot (win) (be)N

1st ‘grand prix’ race (be) Le Mans, France 2 7 /6 /N 0 6 Renault (win) (be) 101

5 Write a paragraph about car racing. Use the notes in exercise 4.Use the verbs in brackets.

Title: Car racing-, some Iwportant firstsThe first car race was in France on 22nd Ju ly A Peugeot won the race. Its speed was I<7 km/h.

6 Check your paragraph for mistakes with;• dates• verbs and prepositions• punctuation (capital letters, commas, full stops)

U n it? • The history o f transport 45

8 Doing businessREADING SKILLS Making notes (2)

WRITING SKILLS Writing polite emails


READING The business of sport1 Work in small groups. Answer the questions.

1 Are there big sports competitions in your country? Which sports?2 Why do countries have big sports competitions?3 Why do business students study sports?

2 Skim the emails. Which email asks the students to ... ?a) prepare a talkb) read some texts and make notes

l o o o1 From: [email protected]■ To: Econ 2 12

Subject: Business as sport homeworkDate: 23/03/12

Dear all,Please read the text on the website www.businessassport/ football.org and make notes on it, Bring your notes to the next class,Best wishes,Hilary BalesSenior Lecturer In Marketing

o o oFrom: Philip,[email protected]: Business Studies Group 4BSubject: Marketing courseDate: 21/03/12

Dearstudents,Please prepare a short talk on online marketing. Use different sources to find your information. The talk is for next week. Best wishes,Philip StanleyLecturer In Business Studies

3 Work with a partner. Survey the webpage The Business of Sport on page 47. What is it about?

Read STUDY SKILL Skim the webpage.Match headings a)-e) with paragraphs 1-7. Which two paragraphs do not have a heading?a) n Money from TV

b) O The business o f football

c) D Selling playersd) O Advertising

e) O Conclusion

5 Work with a partner. Choose the best headings for the other two paragraphs. CH Selling tickets d ! Football on TV d Selling products d Football shirts

6 Write all the headings above the correct paragraphs on the web page.

S T U D Y S K IL L M aking notes (2)

To make notes:■ Skim the text and write a heading for each paragraph.■ Scan each paragraph and underline the most important words.■ Write the underlined words under the paragraph headings.

46 Unit 8 • Doing business

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.businessassport/


G § L G § L G

The Business of Sport

Today, sport is a business, and football is a good example. Football dubs need money to pay the players. There are five ways for the clubs to make money.

Firstly, dubs sell tickets for the matches. A ticket for a match can be very expensive The clubs also sell season tickets. These are tickets for all the matches in one year.

Secondly, companies pay clubs to advertise. For example, there are signs for their products at the stadium and their logo is on the players’ shirts.

Some clubs make money from TV companies. This is usually only the big clubs, but it can be a lot of money for them.

Clubs also sell products, for example, football shirts or hats. They sell their products in their shops and on the Internet. A lot of people buy them.

Finally, a football club can sell a player to another club for a lot of money. Clubs can only do this twice a year.

All clubs do these things, but only the top clubs get rich from them. Other sports also have to make money and they use the same ways.

7 Scan the text and underline the important words in each paragraph.

8 Make notes. Write the heading and important words for each paragraph. Compare your answers with a partner.The business of football dubs heed money - pay players 5 ways

9 Use your notes in exercise 8 to answer the questions.1 How many ways do football clubs make money?2 What is the name for a ticket for all the matches in a year?3 How do companies advertise at a football club?4 What do clubs sell on the Internet?5 What can clubs do twice a year?

Unit 8 • Doing business 47

W R IT IN G Polite emails1 Skim the emails and answer the questions.

1 Who are the emails to?2 Who are they from?3 Which one is polite?

[ O O O

1 From: [email protected]* To: [email protected]

Subject: the effect of money on sportDate: 12.10,2012

Hello,

Here is my homework. Sorry I didn't go to your lecture yesterday. I was ill. Can you send me the handouts? Also, want to talk to you about my studies.Email me.Bye,Jack Carter

.£o o o

From:To:Subject:Date:

ana.g0 [email protected] [email protected] the effect of money on sport 12.10,2012

Dear Dr Stuart,Please find attached my homework.I am sorry that I missed your lecture yesterday on 'The effect of money on sport'. 1 was ill. Please could you send me the handouts? Also, I would like to talk to you about my studies.I look forward to hearing from you.Best wishes,Ana Gonzalez

2 Scan email b and answer the questions.1 Did Ana do her homework?2 When was the lecture?3 What was the lecture on?4 Why didn’t Ana go to the lecture?5 What does she want the lecturer to send her?

3 Look at these phrases from email a. Read email b and underline the polite phrases with the same meanings.1 Hello2 Here is my homework.3 Sorry 1 didn’t go to your lecture.4 Can you send me the handouts?5 I want to talk to you.6 Email me.7 Bye






4 Match polite phrases 1-5 with endings a)-e)to make polite sentences.

1 CH Please could a) my essay.

2 n 1 am sorry that b) we meet tomorrow?

3 n Please find attached c) talk to you about the course.

4 n 1 look forward to d) it is late.

5 O 1 would like to e) meeting you next week.

S T U D Y S K IL L W ritin g p o lite em ails

Learn and use polite phrases to write emails. For example:■ Dear Dr Stuartm Please find attached the PowerPoint for my presentation, m lam sorry that it is late, m Please could you send me the handouts? m I would like to talk to you about my essay, m I look forward to seeing you tomorrow, m Best wishes, Ana Gonzalez

5 Read the email from Dr Brown. What does she want students to do?

[ O O PFrom: [email protected]: Business Studies Group 46Subject: Date for essaysDate: 15/04/12

Dearall,Please send your essays by 22nd April. There is a new reading list for this term.Best wishes,Mona BrownSenior Lecturer in Business Studies

Write an email to Dr Brown.• Start the email correctly.• Say that you are attaching your essay.• Say it is late and you are sorry.• Say you want a copy of the reading list.• End the email correctly.

Work with a partner. Read your partner’s email and check it for:• polite phrases• spelling• capital letters• punctuation



VO CABULARY DEVELOPMENTWords with more than one meaning1 Read STUDY SKILL Look at the pairs of sentences 1-4.

Write the part of speech for the underlined words. Compare your answers with a partner.

part of speech meaning

1 a) Dr Stuart wrote a book about marketing, b) Did you book a room for the meeting?

2 a) The table shows the results of the study, b) He left his computer on the table.

3 a) Connect the mouse to the computer, b) A mouse ran across the floor.

4 a) Underline the correct answer.b) The teacher is going to correct the exercise.

noun

Work with a partner. Look at the dictionary entries for the words in exercise 1. Complete the table in exercise 1 with the number of the correct meaning for each word.

STUDY SKILL Using a dictionary (3)

Some words have more than one meaning.For example, kind can be a noun or anadjective with two different meanings.■ Look at all the entries for a word when

you look it up in a dictionary.■ Choose the correct part of speech and

meaning.

kind^ On /kamd/ n o u n

a group of th ings or people that are the same in som ew ay o s a m e m e a n in g s o r t or t y p e ; W h a t k in d o f m usic d o you like ? o The sh o p sells ten different k in d s o f bread.

kind^ On /kamd/ od/ectiVe(k in d e r, k in d e s t )friendly and good to other people: ‘C a n I carry you r b a g ? ’ ‘Thanks. That’s very k in d o f

you .’ o Be k in d to anim als.

O OPPOSITE u n k in d

book'* On /buk/n o u n

a thing that you read or write in, that has a lot of pieces of paper joined together inside a cover: T m read ing a b o o k b y C e o rg e Orwell.

0 a n exercise b ook (= a book that you write in at school)

b o o k ^ /buk/ verb (b o o k s , b o o k in g , b o o k e d /bukt/)to arrange to have or do something later: W e

booked a table for six at the restaurant, o The hotel is fully b o o k e d (= all the rooms are full).

table o-m /'teibl/ noun1 a piece of furniture with a flat top on legs: a coffee table o Look at Picture Dictionary page P10.2 a list of facts or numbers: There is a tab le o f

irregular verbs a t the b a ck o f this dictionary.

m ouse (H* /maus/ noun {p lura l mice /mars/)1 a small animal with a long tail: O u r cat

ca u gh t a mouse.2 a thing that you move with your hand to tell a computer what to do

4mice

c o r r e c t ^ CHr /ka'rekt/ adjective

right or true; with no mistakes: W h a t is the

correct time, p le a se ? o All y o u r an sw ers were

correct. O OPPOSITE in c o r re c t ► c o r r e c t l y /ke'rektli/ adverb : H a v e I spelt yo u r n a m e correctly?

C O PPOSITE in c o r re c t iy

c o r r e c t ^ 0-w /ka'rekt/ verb (co rre c ts , c o rre c t in g , c o r re c te d )to show where the mistakes are in something and make it right: The class d id the exercises a n d the teacher corrected them, o

Please correct m e if I m a ke a mistake.

Definitions from ttie Oxford Essential Dictionary €> Oxford University Press

3 Work with a partner. Use a dictionary to find two meanings for the words.hardvirusparkmatch

4 Write an example sentence for each meaning of the words in exercise 3.


REVIEW1 Work with a partner. Survey the text and the picture. What is the text about?

Sports and television

Television shows a lot of sports programmes. Sport on TV is a big business and many people benefit from it.

When TV started in the 1940s, it showed sports. They were very popular because, for the first time, many people could watch important games. More people bought televisions and watched more sport.

The TV companies paid the sports clubs and organizations a lot of money, and this is still true today. For example, in 1985 they paid $45 million to show the top basketball games in the USA. European TV companies paid 760 million euros to show the summer and winter Olympics of 2010 and 2012.

How do the TV companies make money from sport? They sell time on television to other companies. These companies advertise their products at sports matches and competitions. Millions of people watch the sport and see the advertisements.

Showing sports on TV has advantages for the top sports clubs and TV companies. Also, people around the world can watch their favourite sports at home.

2 Skim the text. Match headings a)-b) with two of the paragraphs 1 -5.a) [U The business o f sport and TVb) n How TV companies make money

3 Write headings for the other paragraphs. Write all the headings above the correct paragraphs in the text. Compare your answers with a partner.

4 Scan the text and underline the important words in each paragraph.

5 Make notes. Write the heading and important words for each paragraph.

6 Use your notes in exercise 5 to answer the questions.1 Why was TV popular with sports fans in the 1940s?2 Who makes money from sport on TV?3 How do TV companies make money from sport?4 Why do companies advertise at sports matches and competitions?

7 Write an email to your teacher.• Start the email correctly.• Say that you are sorry you did not go to his / her lecture last week.• Ask for the handouts from the lecture.• Say that you are attaching the homework on sport and TV.• End the email correctly.

8 Work with a partner. Read your partner’s email and check it for:• polite phrases • spelling • capital letters • punctuation


9 WaterREADING SKILLS Understanding tables and charts (1) and (2)

WRITING SKILLS Describing statistics

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Recording vocabulary (5)

READING Using water1 Work with a partner. What do you use water for?

Make a list in 30 seconds.

Read STUDY SKILL Survey the table and answer thequestions.1 What is the title of the table?2 What are the headings in the table?3 How many products are there in the table?

STUDY SKILL Understanding tables and charts (1)

Tables and bar charts show statistics. They are often used to compare numbers. Look at:■ the title■ the headings and topics■ the numbers

Use the tables and charts to help you understand a text.

Litres of water necessary to produce one kilo of food

product apples potatoes bread sugar rice chicken beef chocolate

litres of water 700 900 1,800 1,800 2,500 3,600 15,500 16,000

3 Scan the table and answer the questions.1 How much water do we use to produce a kilo of potatoes?2 Which product needs 3,600 litres of water?3 Which product needs the most water?

4 Read the text and scan the table again. Correct mistakes 1-5 in the text.

Water for foodW e need water to grow plants and to produce food. The table shows thenumber o f litres o f water necessary to produce 'seven gight_______ kinds o f food.The numbers are very different. For example, it takes ^900____________ litresto produce a kilo o f apples, but 15,500 litres for a kilo o f ̂ chicken . W e usethe same number o f litres o f water to produce a kilo o f bread as a kilo of “̂rlce ,. For chocolate it takesabout ^26,000 litres.

W hy are these numbers so different? Some foods, such as beef and chocolate, use more water because they take a long time to produce.

52 Unit 9 • Water

5 Work with a partner. Survey the bar chart and answer the questions.1 What is the title of the chart?2 How many countries are there?

The use of water in different countriesCountries use water for three main reasons; in the home, for farming, and in industry. The bar chart shows the number of litres of water that people use in six countries. It is very different around the world. In the USA it is more than 550 litres a day, and in Australia the number is about the same as in the USA. In Japan it is 375 litres, and in China the number is less than in Japan, at 100 litres.

W ater is cheap in many countries and we use a lot of it in our homes, but we use more to produce food and other goods.

There is a problem in many countries nowadays because we don’t have much water. In the future, we need to find more, or use less.

How many litres of water do people use a day?

USA Australia Japan Brazil UK China

H litres of water

Washing a car

Read STUDY SKILL_____________ Read the text and scan the bar chart toanswer the questions.1 What are the three main uses of water?2 How much water do people in Australia use?3 Which country uses only 100 litres per day?4 How much water do people in Brazil use?5 Do we use more water in the home or in industry?6 What is the problem in many countries?7 What do we need to do?

STUDY SKILL Understanding tables and charts (2)

When you read a table or bar chart:■ use a pencil or your finger to help you read the numbers.■ check the numbers in the text with the table or bar chart.

Unit 9 • W ater 53

W R IT IN G More or less1 Look at the pictures and write sentences. Use the phrases

more than / less than / the same as. Compare your answers with a partner.

STUDY SKILL Describing statistics

Learn phrases to describe statistics. For example:■ The bar chart shows the number of litres of water necessary to produce some food, m In China the number is less than in Japan.m Some foods use more water because they take a long time to produce, m In Australia, the number is (about) the same as in the USA.

people / Thailand / eat / more / rice / people / Japan °eop\e in Thailand eat more rice than people In Japan.

------------------------------------------

people / Germany / eat / more / bread / people / the UK

%%

3 people / Argentina / eat / less / fish / people / China 4 people / Pakistan / drink / the same number / cups of tea / people / India

2 Survey the table and answer the questions.1 What is the title of the table?2 What are the headings?

How many cups of coffee do people drink a day?

country cups of coffee per day

Finland 10Germany 7USA 5Australia 2Japan 2Oman 1

Scan the table. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?1 In Finland people drink less coffee than in Germany.2 People drink more coffee in Germany than in the USA.3 People in Australia and Japan drink the same amount of coffee.4 People drink less coffee in Japan than in Oman.

54 Unit 9 • Water

4 Scan the table on page 54 again and complete the text below. Use the words in the box.

as less more more same shows than

Coffee around the w o rldCoffee is a very popular drink. The table _̂_________how many cups ofcoffee people drink in a day. People drink coffee in Finland_̂_________ in other countries. They drink about ten cups a day.

In Australia people drink the _̂_________ number ®__________ inJapan, but people in Oman drink coffee, only one cup a day.Do people drink __________ coffee in some countries because theweather is cold?

5 Survey the bar chart below and answer the questions.1 What is the title?2 How many countries are there?

How many litres of bottled water did people drink in 2009?

Mexico United Spain Thailand Saudi HongArab Arabia Kong

Emirates

litres of bottled water per person

6 Scan the bar chart and answer the questions.1 Which country used more bottled water than the other countries?2 How much bottled water did people drink in Spain?3 Which two countries drank the same number of litres of bottled water?4 Which country used less bottled water than the other countries?

7 Write a description of the bar chart. Use your answers in exercise 6.The b a r chart shows how many litres of bottled water people drank around the world In 2004. People in Mexico used ...

8 Work with a partner. Check your partner s writing for:• spelling• punctuation• grammar


VO CABULARY DEVELOPMENT Opposite adjectivesRead STUDY SKILL Match adjectives 1-5

with their opposites a)-e).

1 □ wet a) cold

2 □ noisy b) long

3 □ short c) bad

4 □ hot d) quiet

5 □ good e) dry

S T U D Y S K IL L Record ing vocab u la ry (5)

Many adjectives have an opposite. For example, the opposite of large is small. Some adjectives use a prefix, such as un or in. to make an opposite.For example, important ̂ unimportant.Some adjectives have 2 opposites; a different word, and the same word with a prefix. For example, expensive ̂ inexpensive, cheap, m Use your dictionary to find the opposite(s) o f an adjective.■ Record adjectives with their opposite(s) to increase your vocabulary.

2 Work with a partner. Write the opposite of the adjectives from the box.

big difficult new rich right

1 easy2 small3 wrong4 poor5 old

Underline the adjectives in the sentences. Compare your answers with a partner.1 In the 19th century, trains were very slow.2 Juan is always late for class.3 My email box is full.4 Aminta always gets high marks in maths.

Work with a partner. Use a dictionary to find opposites for the adjectives in exercise 3.

Write the opposite of the adjectives using a prefix un- or in-. Use your dictionary to help.1 2345

bigsmall

oldnew

importantpopulardependentcompletesuccessful

UHlwportawt

6 Work with a partner. Use a dictionary to find two opposites for each adjective.cleaninterestingsafehealthycorrect

dirty unclean

7 Work in small groups. Answer the questions.1 Which subject at school was easy for you?2 Which subject at school was difficult for you?3 Where is a cheap place to eat in your town?4 Where is an expensive place to eat?5 Where is a quiet place to work?6 Where is a noisy place to live?7 What foods are healthy?8 What foods are unhealthy?

56 Unit 9 • W ater

REV IEW1 Work with a partner. Look at the title of the text and the photo. What do you

think the text is about?a) drinking water b) water sports c) the oceans

2 Survey the table and answer the questions.1 What is the title of the table?2 What are the headings?3 How many oceans are there in the table?

3

A

An important resourceThe oceans cover about 70% o f the world’s surface and contain 97% o f the Earth’s water. There are five oceans, and they are all connected.

The table shows the size o f the oceans. The Pacific Ocean is very big and covers an area o f about 150 million square kilometres. The Atlantic Ocean is half the size o f the Pacific Ocean and about the same size as the Indian Ocean. Scientists named the Southern Ocean for the first tim e in 2000. It surrounds Antarctica. The Arctic Ocean is quite small and very cold. It is covered by ice in the winter.

The oceans are very important. They give us a lot o f our food, and some countries now change sea water into drinking water, too. W e can also use oceans to transport goods, and we can find minerals in them. For all these reasons, we need to take care o f the oceans and keep them clean.

The size of the oceans

ocean size (million sq km)

Pacific 155Atlantic 77Indian 69Southern 20Arctic 14

3 Read the text and scan the table. Answer the questions.1 How much of the Earth’s water is in the oceans?2 How big is the Atlantic Ocean?3 When was the Southern Ocean named?4 Which is the third ocean in size?5 Which ocean is covered by ice in winter?6 What do we use the oceans for?

4 The bar chart on the right shows the use of water in 1960 and 2010. Scan the bar chart and answer the questions.1 In 1960, how much water did people use for:

a) agriculture? b) industry? c) the home?

2 In 2010, did people use more or less water than 1960 for;a) agriculture? b) industry? c) the home?

3 Which figures in 1960 are about the same as the figures for 2010?

5 Use your answers in exercise 4 to write a description of the use of water in 1960 and 2010.The bar chart shows the global use of water in 14*60 and 2010. In 1̂ 60

6 Work with a partner. Check your partner’s writing for;• spelling • punctuation • grammar

Global use of water between 1960 and 2010

to"oE

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

2,000

650

1960

I Agriculture

I Industry

Home

2010


10 Ambition and successREADING SKILLS Understanding the organization of a text

WRITING SKILLS Writing a paragraph • Checking your writing (3)

RESEARCH Using a search engine (2) • Checking information

READING Great ideas1 Work in small groups. Discuss the questions.

1 Do you like shopping? Why (not)?2 Where do you shop?3 Do you shop on the Internet? Why (not)?4 What do people buy on the Internet?

2 Work with a partner. Survey the photos on page 59. Predict the topic of the text.

3 Skim the text. Were your ideas in exercise 2 correct?

4 Underline the first sentencein each paragraph in the text. Match headings a)-d) with paragraphs 1-4. Write the headings in the text.

a) Q ] An interesting startb) D Amazon todayc) G Starting the businessd) G A new idea

S T U D Y S K IL L Understand ing th e o rgan ization o f a te x t

A topic sentence tells you what a paragraph is about, it is often the first sentence. Skim the text and underline the topic sentence in each paragraph. This helps you find information quickly.

5 Work with a partner. Decide which paragraph 1 -4 has the answer to each question.a) G How many countries did he sell books to?b) G How rich is Bezos?

c) G What did big companies use computer sciences to do?

d) G What does Amazon sell now?

e) G When did he open his online shop?

f) G When did he have his new idea?g) G where was Bezos born?

h) G Which university did Bezos goto?

6 Go to the correct paragraph to answer the questions in exercise 5. Compare your answers with a partner.

58 Unit 10 • Ambition and success

A success story

Ah iHterestmfl start

Je ff Bezos was born in the USA in 1964. W hen he was a child, he was very interested in science and computers. A fter school, he went to Princeton University. He planned to study physics, but changed to com puter science and electrical engineering because he loved computers.

In the early 1990s, Bezos had an idea for a new business. He worked for big companies on W all Street in N ew York. He knew that these companies used com puter sciences to study the business market. He also noticed that more and more people used the Internet every year for business, but not fo r ordinary shopping. So, after more research, he decided to start an online book shop.

On 16th Ju ly 1995, Bezos started his new business. He opened his online shop from his garage. He called his business Amazon,

and in one month he sold books in every state in the USA and in 45 different countries around the world. By Septem ber, it had $20,000 o f sales every week.

Today, Amazon.com is a huge success. It sells com puter games, DVDs, electronics, and many other things, as well as books.In total, it sells more than 20 million d ifferent products. It has more than 10% o f all online sales in the USA, and its creator, Je ff Bezos, is a billionaire.

5amazon.comk , — ^ P r im e

Jeff Bezos

Goods in a warehouse

Goods ready for delivery

Unit 10 • Ambition and success 59

W R IT IN G Success1 Sentences a)-f) are from a paragraph about Kiran

Mazumdar-Shaw. Write number 1 next to the topic sentence and number 6 next to the final sentence.

a} 0 At first, it was a very small company,

b) n But she worked hard, and the company began to grow.

c) 0 Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw is a successful businesswoman.

d) 0 In 1978, she started a biotech company. Biocon, in a garage.

e) n She was born in 1953 in Bangalore, in India.

f) Q Today, Biocon is one of the leading biotech companies in the world.

STUDY SKILL Writing a paragraph

A good paragraph is well-organized.

The topic sentence tells the reader what the paragraph is about.

Middle sentences are:■ on the same topic■ organized logically

The final sentence concludes the topic.

Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw

2 Look at the sentences in exercise 1 again. Number the middle sentences from 2 to 5. Compare your answers with a partner.

3 Use the notes below to write a paragraph about Tamara Mellon. Write full sentences in the same order as the headings. Start with the topic sentence.

TopicTamara Mellon - successful businesswoman

Early life________born England N67worked for Vogue (fashion magazine)

New idealiked shoesdecided to sell expensive shoes

Start of companyopened 1st shop London l<T̂ 6 with designer Jimmy Choo

Successnow - over 110 shops worldwide

Tamara Mellon

Tamara Mellon is a successful businesswoman. She


Read the students paragraph.Read STUDY SKILL

Find and correct:• two punctuation mistakes• two spelling mistakes• one grammar mistake (article)• one linking word mistake


S T U D Y S K IL L Checking yo u r w riting (3)

Before you hand in an essay, it is important to check it Look for mistakes in;■ punctuation, for example capital letters, full stops, commas■ spelling, for example irregular plural nouns, and Past Simple verbs■ grammar, for example subject and verb agreement, articles■ sentence structure, for example subject + verb + object■ linking words, for example and, but, because

s e r0 e y B rlw awd i_«rry oo-fouvcded <^oo0ie t-w 1 ^ 2 .

They m.et at s>tavvford \Ayii\Jtys.it^, b u t dtcidtd to (oote at

search techw oio0ys, th a t is,, how to ftwol u^vfbrm.att.ovv ow the

iwteriA^t. T h is 0ave th e i^ a idta fo r a wew co^vtpa wy ovc y^V\

s e p te w c b e r i^ ? , th ey s ta r td th e ir buslvvess Ivc a 0 a ra0 e , iltee

Jfrff bezos. A t f ir s t . I t 0o t about ±0,000 searches a d a y , bu t

vcow I t 0Cts over two bllllotA,.

5 Check your paragraph from exercise 3 on page 60 for mistakes.

RESEARCH Finding the right informationRead STUDY SKILL Work with a partner. You need to

find out the information in 1-8. Look at the search engine screen and write where you can find the information. Write Web, Images, Maps, or Translate.1 a photograph of Sebastian Vettel, the racing driver Images2 the countries that border Zambia3 the word ‘efficient’ in your language4 where Sabeer Bhatia was born5 the capital city of Morocco6 the date of the first supersonic flight by Concorde7 where the shop ‘Harrods’ is in London8 a picture of the Ferrari 458 Italia

S T U D Y S K IL L Using a search engine (2)

Use a search engine to find different types of information. Go to:■ W eb for facts, for example dates, capitals, names, etc.■ Images for photographs, pictures, etc.■ Maps for countries, cities, etc.■ Translate for changing a word from one language to another

IM A G E S T R A N S L A T E

Sebastian Vettel Search

2 Use a search engine to find the information in exercise 1. Compare your answers with a partner.


3 Read the information from websites 1 and 2.Find two differences.

Bwww.jsmith.blogs.com Search

[ack Smith's history o f HotmailWelcome to my history of Hotmail. Today, Hotmail is the world’s largest email provider with 50 million users. Bhatia started the company in 1996 and sold it to Microsoft in 1998.

|j] busrnet.com Search

S T U D Y S K IL L Checking in fo rm ation

Some websites are open. This means that the information can be changed.

Other websites are business or personal sites. This means that the information is not always accurate. Always check your information on two or more websites.

BUSINESS FORUMHotmail is the world’s largest web-based email service, with nearly 364 million users. Microsoft bought Hotmail in 1997.

4 Look at the information from website 3, an online encyclopedia. Compare the information with websites 1 and 2.Choose the correct answers a) or b).

1 When did Microsoft buy Hotmail?a) 1997 b) 1998

2 How many Hotmail users are there?

a} 50 million people b) more than 360 million people

5 Look at the headings for notes about Sabeer Bhatia.Number the headings in the order you will write about them.

B longfordenc.ac.uk Search

Longford Encyclopedia

Microsoft bought Hotmail in 1997. Today it has hundreds of millions of users around the world.

□

□

new idea j

start of company

Topic: Sabeer Bhatia,

creator of Hotmail

Sabeer Bhatia

6 Use a search engine to find two pieces of information to write under each heading.

7 Write a paragraph about Sabeer Bhatia. Use your notes from exercise 6. Remember to write:• a topic sentence• middle sentences in a logical order• a final sentence

8 Check your work for mistakes.


http://www.jsmith.blogs.com

REVIEW1 Skim the text and underline the topic sentence in

each paragraph.

2 Match headings a)-d) to the topic sentence of each paragraph 1-4. Write the headings in the text.a) □ In ternationa l successb) □ Learningc) □ Starting the businessd) H ] The businessm an

3 Read the questions. Which paragraph (1-4) has the answer to each question?a) @ How many people work for Superdry today?

b) D What did he do after school?

c) D What was his new idea?d) O What parts o f the world have Superdry shops?

e) O Where did he open his first shop?

f) O Why did Superdry become successful in 2005?

g) O Why didn’t he go to university to study medicine?


5 Choose a successful person from your country. Use a search engine to find information about the person. Write notes about:• early life and education• career• achievements

6 Write a paragraph about the person from exercise 5.• Write a topic sentence.• Organize the middle sentences logically.• Write a final sentence.• Check your work for mistakes.

The story of SuperdryThe busihessman

Julian Dunkerton is asuccessful businessman.He is the founder of the clothing brand ‘Superdry’.He was bom in England in 1965. He wanted to be a doctor, but he did not get good exam results at school.So, when he left school, he did not go to university, but started selling clothes in a market.

Julian Dunkerton

At the market, he learnt a lot about people. He learnt about what clothes they liked and what clothes they did not like. He realized that there were lots of people who wanted fashionable and cool clothes but did not want ‘strange’ clothing. He decided to design and sell clothes for these people.

He started his new business with very little money. He called his business ‘Cult Clothing’. But when he opened his first shop in London in 2004, he called it ‘Superdry’. The company became very successful in 2005 because David Beckham, an English footballer, wore a Superdry T-shirt.

Superdry today is a huge international success. It has shops in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Australia, and the Americas, and it employs thousands of people. Julian Dunkerton started selling clothes in a market, but today he is a multi-millionaire.


WORD LIST

H e r e is a l i s t o f m o s t o f th e n e w w o r d s in t h e u n i t s o f N e w H e a d w a y A c a d e m ic S k i lb , I n t r o d u c t o r y L e v e l S tu d e n t 's B o o k .

a d j = a d je c t iv e a d v = a d v e r b c o n j = c o n ju n c t io n n = n o u n p l - p lu r a l p r e p = p r e p o s i t i o n v = v e r b

Unit1a l o t o f / ə ' l o t a v / a b o u t p r e p / ə ˈ b a ʊ t / a c c o u n t a n t n / ə ˈ k a ʊ n t ə n t / a d d V /æ ð / a lp h a b e t n / ˈ æ l f ɔ b e t / a lp h a b e t ic a l o r d e r n

/ ˌ æ l f ə ˈ b e t ɪk l ˈ ɔ ːd ə { r ) / a r c h i t e c t n / ˈ ɑ ː k ɪ t e k t / a r t ic le n / ˈ ɑ ː t ɪ k l / a s k V / ɑ ː s k /A u s t r a l ia n / ɒ ˈ s t r e ɪ l ɪ ə /

b a c k g a t n m o n n / ˈ b æ k g æ m ə r ɪ / b e V /b i ː /b e f o r e p r e p / b ɪ ˈ f ɔ ː ( r ) / b e g in n e r n /b ɪ ˈ g ɪn ə { r ) / b e lo w p r e p /b ɪ ˈ l ə ʊ / b o o k n lhuk.1 B ra z il n /b r ə ˈ z ɪ l / b r o t h e r n / ˈ b r ʌ ð ə ( r ) / b u s in e s s w o m a n n

/ ˈ b ɪ z n ə s w ʊ m ə n /

c a p i ta l le t te r s n p l / ˌ k æ p i t l ˈ l e tə z /c a r e f u l ly a d v / 'k e a f o l i /c h e c k V / t ʃ e k /c h e s s n l i j t s ic h i l d r e n M p i / ˈ t ʃ ɪ l d r ə r ɪ /c i r c le V / ˈ s ɜ : k l /c i t y n / ˈ s ɪ t i /c lu b n / k lʌ b /c o m e f r o m V / ˈ k ʌ m f r o m /c o m p le te V / k ə m ˈ p l i ː t /c o m p u t e r e n g in e e r in g n

/ l c ə m ˈ p ju ː t ə ( r ) ˌ e n d ʒ ɪ ˈ n ɪ ə r ɪŋ / c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m m e r n

/ l ^ ə m ˈ p ju : t ə ˈ p r ə ʊ g r æ m ə ( r ) / c o n f e r e n c e n / ˈ k ɒ n f ə r ə n s / c o n s o n a n t s « p / / ˈ k ɒ n s ə n ə n t s / c o r r e c t (v, a d j ) / k ə ˈ r e k t / c o u n t r y n / ˈ k ʌ n t r i / c o u r s e n / k o t s /

d a u g h te r n / ˈ d ɔ : t ə ( r ) / d e n t i s t n / 'd e n t t s t / d i c t i o n a r y n / ˈ d ɪ k ʃ ə n r i / d o V / d u ː /

d o c t o r n / ˈ d ɒ k t ə ( r ) /

e n d V / e n d /e n g in e e r n / ˌ e n d ʒ ɪ ˈ n ɪə { r ) /E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e t e a c h e r n

/ ˈ ɪ ŋ g l ɪ ʃ ' l æ ŋ g w ɪ d ʒ ˈ t i ː t ʃ ə ( r ) / e s p e c ia l ly fld v / t ' s p e j a l i /

f a m i ly n / ˈ f æ m ə l i / f a t h e r n / ˈ f ɑ :ð ə ( r ) / f i n d V / f a t n d /f o r e x a m p l e / f o : ( r ) ɪg ˈ z ɑ ːm p l /f o u r / f o t ( r ) /f r i e n d s n p i / f r e n d z /f r o m p r e p / f r o m /f u l l s t o p n / ˌ fʊ l 's t o p /

g o V /9 ɔ ʊ /

h a v e V /h æ v /h e lp V /h e lp /h o s p i ta l n / ˈ h ɒ s p ɪ t l /h o u s e w if e n / 'h a o s w a t f /h o w m a n y / h a u 'm e n i /h u s b a n d n / ˈ h ʌ z b ə n d /im p o r t a n t fld ; / ɪ m ˈ p ɔ : t n t /

i n p r e p h n li n d e x n / ˈ ɪ n d e k s /I n d i a n / ' t n d i o / i n s t r u c t i o n s « p i / ɪ n ˈ s t r ʌ k ʃ n z / i n t e r n a t io n a l s c h o o l n

/ ˌ ɪ n t ə ˈ ^ æ ʃ n ə l s k u ː l /I n t e r n e t n / ˈ ɪ n t ə n e t /

i n t r o d u c t i o n s M p / / ˌ ɪ n t r ə ˈ d ʌ k ʃ n z /

J a p a n n / d ʒ ə ˈ p æ n /

k e y b o a r d n / ˈ k i ː b ɔ ːd / k n o w V /θ ə ʊ /

la b e l V / ' l e t b l / l e a r n V / l a :n / l e c t u r e r n / ˈ l e k t ʃ ə r ə ( r ) / l e t te r s n p l / ' l e t o z / l ik e V / l a ɪ k / liv e V / l i v l l o o k a t V / ' l o k æ t /

m a k e s u r e v / m e tk ˈ ʃ ɔ ː ( r ) / m a r r i e d a d j / 'm s r i d / m a t c h V / m æ t ʃ / r n e d ic a l s t u d e n t n

/ 'm e d t k l ' s t j u : d n t / m e e t v / m i ː t /

m e m b e r s n p l / 'm e m b a z / m e n n p l /m e n / m i s t a k e n /m ɪ ˈ s t e ɪ k /

n a m e n / n e t m / n e c e s s a r y a d ) / 'n e s o s o r i / n e w a d j / n j u : / n o u n n / n a o n /

n u m b e r v / 'n A m b a ( r ) / n u r s e n / n a : s /

o c c u p a t io n n / ˌ ɒ k j u ˈ p e ɪ ʃ n / o f f ic e n / 'o f t s / o n e /w ʌ n /

o n l i n e a d j / ,ɒ n ˈ l a ɪn /

p a g e n / p e ɪ d ʒ /

p a r a g r a p h n / ˈ p æ r ə g r ɑ ː f / p a r t n e r n / 'p o : t n o ( r ) / p e o p le n p l / ˈ p i ː p l /P h i l ip p in e s n / ˈ f ɪ l ɪ p i : n z / p h o to n / ' f o o t o u / p i c t u r e n / 'p t k t , r o ( r ) / p la c e s n p l / p l e t s t z / p la y V /p l e r /p u n c t u a t i o n n / ˌ p ʌ ŋ k l ʃ u ˈ e ɪ ʃ n /

q u e s t i o n n / 'k w e s t j o n / q u e s t i o n m a r k n

/ 'k w e s t j a n m o : k / q u ic k ly a d v / 'k w t k l i /

r e a d V / r i : d / r e g i s te r v / ' r e d j t s t a f r ) / r e g i s t r a t i o n d e s k n

/ ˌ r e d ʒ ɪ ˈ s t r e ɪ ʃ n d e s k / r u l e s n p l / r u t l z /

s c r e e n n / s k r i : n / s e n t e n c e n / ' s e n t o n s / s i s t e r n / ˈ s ɪ s t ə ( r ) / s ix / s ɪ k s /s m a l l le t te r s n p l / s m ɔ ː l ' l e t o z /s o n n / 8ʌ ɪı /s t a r t n / S t o t t /s t u d e n t n / ' s t j u t d n t /s t u d y V / ˈ s tʌ d i /s u r v e y V / s o 'v e t /

t e x t n / t e k s t /t e x t b o o k n / ' t e k s t b o k /T h a i l a n d n / ˈ t a ɪ læ n d /t i t l e n / ˈ t a ɪ t l /T u r k e y V / ' t 3 :k i / tw o / t u ː /

u n c le n / ˈ ʌ ŋ k l / u n d e r l i n e V / ˌ ʌ n d ə ˈ la ɪn / u n d e r s t a n d v / ˌ ʌ n d ə ˈ s t æ n d / u n iv e r s i t y n / , J u ː n ɪ ˈ v ɜ ː s ə t i / u s e V / J u ː z /

v e r b n / v ɜ ː b /v e r y m u c h a d v / 'v e r i m M f /v o w e ls n p l / ' v a o s l z J

w e b p a g e n / ˈ w e b p e ɪ d ʒ /w h a t? /w o t /w h e re ? /w e o ( r ) /w h ic h ? / w ɪ t ʃ /w i th p r e p / w i 6 /

w o r d n /w ɜ ː d /

w o r k V /w ɜ ː k /w r i t e V /^ a ɪ t /

Unit 2A f r ic a n / ˈ æ f r ɪk ə / a g r e e m e n t n / ə ˈ g r i ː m ə n t / A l g e r i a n / æ l ˈ d ʒ ɪ ə r i ə /A lg e r ia n a d j / æ l ˈ d ʒ ɪ ə r i ə n / a l o n g p r e p /ə ˈ lɒ ŋ / a ls o a d v / 'o t l s o o /A n d o r r a n /æ n ˈ d ɔ ː r ə /A n g o la n /f f ip 'g a u lo /A r c t i c O c e a n n / ˌ ɑ ː k t ɪ k ˈ ə ʊ ʃn / a r e a n / 'e o r io /A r g e n t i n a n / ˌ ɑ : d ʒ ə n ˈ t i ː n ə / a r o u n d p r e p / o 'r a o n d /A t la n t ic O c e a n n

/ ə t ˌ l æ n t ɪ k 'ə ʊ ʃ θ /

B a n g la d e s h n / ˌ b æ ŋ g lə ˈ d e ʃ / B h u ta n n / b u t ' t o : n / b ig a d j / b t g /B o liv ia n /b ə ˈ l ɪ v iə / b o r d e r V / ˈ b ɔ ː d ə ( r ) / b o r d e r s n p / / 'b o : d o z /B r u n e i n / b r u : 'n a t /B u r m a n / 'b o : m a / b u t c o n j / h \ t /

C a n a d a n / ˈ k æ n ə d ə / c a p i t a l ( c i ty ) n / ˈ k æ p ɪ t l ˈ s ɪ t i / c a r s n p l / k o : z / c e n t r e w / ' s e n t a ( r ) /C h a d n / t ʃ æ d /C h i l e n / ˈ t ʃ I l i /C h i n a n / ˈ t ʃ a ɪ n ə / c l im a te n / ˈ k l a ɪ m ə t / c o a s t n / k o o s t / c o a s t l i n e n / 'k o o s t l a t n / c o l le g e n / ˈ k ɒ l ɪd ʒ / c o m m a n / 'k o m o /

d e s e r t n / 'd e z o t / d i f f e r e n t a d j / 'd ɪ f r ə n t / d r y a d j / d r a t /

e a s i e r a d j / ' i : z i a { r ) / e a s t n /1ː51/E a s t A f r i c a n / i ː s t ˈ æ f r ɪk ə / e ig h t / 6 ɪ 1/E u r o p e n / ' j o o r o p /e x a m p le n / t g 'z o : m p l /e x p o r t V / ɪ k ˈ s p ɔ ː t /

fiv e / f a t v /f la g n / f l s g /f la t a d j / f l æ t /f o r e s t n I ' f o n s VF r a n c e n / f r ɑ ː n s /

g e o g r a p h y n / d ʒ i ˈ ɒ g r ə f i /g r a m m a r n / ˈ g r æ m ə { r ) /

h a l f / h ɑ ː f /

h ig h a d j / h a ɪ /h i l l n /h r l /h o t a d j / h o t /

id e a n / a ɪ ˈ d ɪ ə /I n d o n e s ia n / ˌ ɪn d ə ˈ n i ː ʒ ə /I ta ly w / ˈ ɪ t ə l i /

64 Word list

land n /lænd/ large adj /laːdʒ/Libya n /ˈlɪbiə/ link V /lɪŋk/ list n /lrst/location n /ləʊˈkeɪʃn/ long adj /lɒŋ/Malaysia n /məˈleɪʒə/Malaysian adj /məˈleɪʒn/Mali n /ˈmɑ:li/ many /ˈmeni/ map n /mæp/Mauretanian /ˌmɒrɪˈteɪnɪə/ meaning n /ˈmi:nɪŋ/ medicines np/ /ˈmedɪsnz/ Mediterranean Sea n

/ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən siː/Mexico n /ˈmeksɪk^ʊ/ million /'mɪljən/ modern n /ˈmɒdn/Morocco n /məˈrɒkəʊ/ most /moost/mountains np/ /ˈmaʊntənz/ national adj /ˈnæʃnəl/Nepal n /nəˈpɔːl/New Zealand n /ˌnjuː ˈziːlənd/ Niger n /niː'ʒeə{r)/ north n InoiQINorth Africa n /no:0 ˈæfrɪkə/ North America n /ɒɔːθ əˈmerɪkə/ Oceania n /əʊ5ɪˈɑːɒɪə/ oceans npl psojnz! oil n /oil/ on prep loni other adj /ˈʌðə(r)/ over prep /ˈəʊvə(r)/Paciflc Ocean n /pəˌsɪfɪk ˈəʊʃn/ Pakistan n /ˌpækɪˈstæn/Paraguay n /ˈpærəgwaɪ/ part ofspeech n /ˌpɑ:t ov ˈspi:tJ■/ population n /,pɒpjuˈleɪʃn/ Portugal n /ˈpɔːtʃʊgl/ predict V /prɪˈdɪkt/ prepare V /prɪˈpeə(r)/ rainforest n /'reɪnfɒrɪst/ river n /ˈrɪvə(r)/Saudi Arabian /ˌsaʊdi əˈreɪbiə/school n /sku:l/seas n pl /siːz/second /ˈsekənd/short adj /ʃɔ:ɪ/similar adj /ˈsɪm^lə(r)/south n /sao9/South Africa n /saʊθˈæfrɪkə/ South China Sea n

/sao6 ˈtʃaɪnə siː/South East Asia n /saoO itst ˈɑɪʃə/Spain n /spetn/state capital n /steɪt ˈkæpɪtl/Strait of Malacca n

/streɪt nv mo'lako/ subject n /ˈsʌbdʒekt/ sunny adj /ˈsʌni/Switzerland n /ˈswɪtsələnd/ technical institute n

/ˈteknɪkl 'ɪnstɪtjuːt/

there are /deo(r) m(r)/ there is /deo(r) tz/ thing n /θɪŋ/ tourists n pl /'toonsts/ travelling n /ˈtrævəlɪŋ/ Tunisia n /tju'ntzio/ Uruguay n /'joorogwat/ USA n /,ju: es ˈɑɪ/ weather n /ˈweðə(r)/ west n /west/Western Sahara n

/ˈwestən sə'hɑːrə/

Unit ^afternoon n /ˌɑɪftəˈnuːn/ article n /ˈɑːtɪkl/ at prep /æt/ beginning n /bɪˈgɪnɪŋ/ box n /boks/ breakfast n /ˈbrekfəst/ business studies n

/̍ bɪznəs ˌstʌdiz/ cafeteria n /ˌkæfəˈtɪəriə/ car n /kɑː(r)/ chemistry n /ˈkemɪstri/ choose v /tj utz/ clock n /klok/ coffee n /ˈkɒfi/ colour n /ˈkʌlə(r)/ compare v /kəmˈpeə(r)/ computer n /kəmˈpjuːtə(r)/ computer centre n

/kəmˈpjuɪtə(r) ˈsentə(r)/ day n /det/ dinner n /ˈdɪnə(r)/ drink v /drɪŋk/ drive v /dratv/ each /ɪːʃı/emails n pl /ˈiːmeɪlz/ evening n /ˈiːvnɪŋ/ every day adv /ˈevrideɪ/ false adj /fɔːls/football match n /ˈfʊtbɔːl mætʃ/ Trench n /frentj / friday n /ˈfraɪdeɪ/general Information n

/ˈdʒenrəl ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/ get up v /get ˈʌp/ give v /gɪv/ go on v /goo ˈɒn/ go to v /goo tut/ go together v /goo təˈgeðə(r)/ group n /gruːp/ gym n /dʒɪm/ home n /hoom/ homework n /ˈhəʊmwɜːk/ how oldf /hao oold/ lab n /1æð/language n /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/ leave v /lɪːv/ lecture n /ˈlektʃə(r)/ library n /lmbrorl/ look for v /ˈlʊk fɔː(r)/ lunch n /lʌntʃ/make v /meɪk/ maths n /mæ^s/ medicine n /ˈmedɪsn/ hfondayn /ˈmʌndeɪ/ morning n /ˈmɔːnɪŋ/ multimedia centre n

/ˌmʌltɪˈmɪːdiə ˈsentə(r)/note n /noot/ nursing n /ˈnɜːsɪŋ/ object n /ˈɒbdʒɪkt/ order n /ˈɔːdə(r)/ part n /pɑːt/ physics n /ˈfɪzɪks/

p r e p o s i t i o n n / ˌ p r e p ə ˈ z ɪ ʃ n /

r e c o r d V / r ɪ ˈ k ɔ ː d / r e m e m b e r V / r ɪ ˈ m e m b ə ( r ) / r e s e a r c h n / r ɪ ' s ɜ ː t ʃ /

S a tu r d a y n / ˈ s æ t ə d e ɪ / s e e V /»1ː/s e m i n a r n / ˈ s e m ɪ n ɑ ː ( r ) / s e n d V / s e n d / s im p le a d ) / ˈ s ɪm p l / s k i m m in g n / s k ɪ m ɪ ŋ /

s o m e a d j / s ʌ m /S p a n is h n / ˈ s p æ n ɪ ʃ / s p e l l c h e c k to o l n / ˈ s p e l t ʃ e k t u t l / s p e l l i n g n / ˈ s p c l ɪ ŋ / s p o r t s p r o g r a m m e s n p l

/ s p o : t s ˈ p r ə ʊ g r æ m z / s t a r t V / s t ɑ ː t / s t u d ie s n p l / ˈ s t ʌ d i z /S u n d a y n / ˈ s ʌ n d e ɪ /

te l e v is io n n / ˈ t e l ɪ v ɪ ʒ n /T h u r s d a y n / ˈ θ ɜ ː z d e ɪ / t i m e n / t a ɪ m / t i m e e x p r e s s io n n

/ ˌ t a ɪ m ɪ k ˈ s p r e ʃ n / t r u e adj / t r u : /T u e s d a y n / ˈ t j u ː z d e ɪ /T V « A ti: ˈv iː/

u n d e r p r e p / ˈ ʌ n d ə ( r ) /

v i s i t V / ˈ v ɪ z ɪ t /v o c a b u la r y n / v ə ˈ k æ b j ə l ə r i /

w a tc h V / w ɒ t ʃ /W e d n e s d a y n / ˈ w e n z d e ɪ / w e e k n / w i : k / w e e k e n d n / ˌ w i :k ˈ e n d / w h e n ? /w e n / w o r k n /w ɜ ː k / w r i t in g n / ˈ r a ɪ t ɪ ŋ /

Unit 4a d je c t iv e n / ˈ æ d ʒ ɪ k t ɪ v / a d v a n t a g e s / ə d ˈ v ɑ ː n t ɪ d ʒ / a d v e r b n / 'æ d v ɜ ː b / a i r p o r t s n p i / ˈ e ə p ɔ ː t s / a lo n e a d v /ə ˈ1 ə ʊ θ / a r r iv e v / ə ˈ r a ɪ v /

b a d a d j / b æ d / b e c a u s e c o n j / b ɪ ˈ k ɒ z / b e c a u s e o f p r e p / b i 'k o z o v / b e t t e r a d j r b e t o ( r ) / b io lo g y M /b a ɪ ˈ ɒ l ə d 3 i/ b o t h /b o o 0 / b r i d g e s n p l / ˈ b r ɪ d ʒ ɪ z / b u i l d V / b ɪ l d /b u i l d in g s i te M / ˈ b ɪ l d ɪŋ s a ɪ t /

c a n V /k æ n / c a r e e r n / k o 'r t o ( r ) / c h e a p a d j / t ʃ i : p / c iv i l e n g in e e r n

/ ˌ s ɪv l e n d ʒ ɪ ˈ n ɪ ə ( r ) / c la s s n / k l o : s / c le a n a d j / k l i : n / c le a r e r a d ) / ˈ k l ɪ ə r ə ( r ) / c o m p a n ie s t t p / / ˈ k ʌ m p ə ^ i z / c o m p u t e r f i le n / k ə m ˈ p j u ː t ə f a i l / c o n d u d e V /k ə n ˈ k lu : d /

d e f in e V /d ɪ ˈ f a ɪ n / d e s ig n V /d ɪ ˈ z a ɪ n / d i f f ic u l t a d j / ˈ d ɪ f ɪ k ə l t / d i r t y a d ) / ˈ d ɜ ː t i / d i s a d v a n ta g e n / ˌ d ɪ s ə d ˈ v ɑ : n t ɪ d ʒ / d r a w in g n / ˈ d r ɔ ː ɪ ŋ /

e a c h o t h e r / i : t ʃ ˈ ʌ ð ə ( r ) / e a r ly fld v / ˈ ɜ ː l i / e a s i ly a d v / ˈ i ː z ə l i / e a s y a d j / ˈ i ːz i / e le c t r i c i ty n / ɪ ˌ l e k ˈ t r ɪ s ə t i / e n d in g n / ˈ e n d ɪŋ / e n g in e e r in g n / ˌ e n d ʒ ɪ ˈ n ɪ ə r ɪ ŋ / E n g l i s h n / ˈ ɪ ŋ g l ɪ ʃ / e x e rc is e n / ˈ e k s ə s a ɪ z /

f a m i ly n a m e s / ˈ f æ m ə l i ˌn e ɪm / f a m o u s a d j / ˈ f e ɪm ə s / f in a l ly fld v / ˈ f a ɪn ə l i / f i r s t n a m e / ˈ f ɜ ː s t ˌn e ɪm / f i r s t ly f ld v / ˈ f ɜ : s t l i / f r e e t i m e n / f r i ː t a i m /

g e t il l / g e t ˈ ɪl/ g o o d a d j / g o d / g r e a t e r f ld j / ˈ g r e ɪ l ə ( r ) /

h e a l t h n / h e l0 /

i n f o r m a t io n n / ˌ ɪ n f ə ˈ m e ɪ ʃ n /

j o b n / d s n b /

la w n / lo t / l e c tu r e t h e a t r e n

/ˈlcktʃə(r) '0toto(r)/ less /les/ more /mɔː(r)/ musics /ˈmjuːzɪk/ near prep /nɪə(r)/ need V /ni:d/ noise s /notz/ noisy fld) /ˈnɔɪzi/

notebook n /ˈnəʊtbʊk/notes np l /noots/now fldv /nau/open-plan fldj /,oopon ˈplæn/outside fldv /ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/pair n /peo(r)/place s /piers/plan V /plffin/privately adv /ˈpraɪvətll/profession n /p^əˈfeʃn/put V /pot/quiet fld) /ˈkwaɪət/railways sp / /ˈreɪlweɪz/reason s /ˈriːzn/record n /ˈrekɔːd/researchers s pi /rɪˈsɜ:tʃəz/roads s pl /roodz/rootn s /ru:tn/scanning s /ˈskænɪŋ/search engine s /ˌsɜːtʃ ˈendʒɪn/secondly fldv /ˈsekəndli/shop V /ʃɒp/shopping s /ˈʃɒpɪŋ/show V /ʃəʊ/silence s /ˈsaɪləns/small adj /smo:l/sometimes fldv /ˈsʌmtaɪmz/spell V /spel/spoil s /spɔːt/squash s /skwnf/study s /ˈstʌdi/take V /tetk/talk V /to:k/tennis n /ˈtenɪs/the same /ðə ˈseɪm/then /den/think V /0ipk/three /0rit/together fldv /təˈgeðə(r)/ translation s /trænsˈleɪʃn/ travel V /ˈtrævl/ types np l /tatps/ useful fldp /ˈjuːsfl/ want v /wont/ well fldv /wel/ why? /war/ work colleagues s pl

/wa:k ˈkɒliːgz/work long hours /wa:k lop ˈaʊəz/ world s /watld/ world language n

/ w ɜ ː l d ˈ læ ŋ g w ɪd ʒ /

years np l /jtoz/

Unit 5a c t i o n s / 'æ k ʃ n / a d d r e s s s / ə ˈ d r e s / a d v e r t i s e m e n t s / ə d ˈ v ɜ : t ɪ s m ə n t / a n im a ls s p / / ˈ æ n ɪm lz / a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m

/ ˌ æ p l ɪ ˈ k e ɪ ʃ n f o tm / a s s e m b ly p o i n t s / ə ˈ s e m b l i p ɔ ɪ n t /

b ^ s n p l / b æ g z / b a s k e t l i a l l s / ˈ b ɑ ː s k ɪ t b ɔ ː l / b la c k n, adj / b t e k / b lu e s , adj /b lu : / b o r n V /b o : r t / b r i n g V / b r ɪ ŋ / b u i l d in g s / ˈ b ɪ l d ɪŋ / b u s s / b ʌ s /

c a lm adj / k ɑ ː m / c i r c le s / ˈ s ɜ : k l / c le a r fld ; /k l t o ( r ) / c le a r ly fld v / ˈ k l ɪ ə l l / c r o s s V / k r o s /

d a n g e r s / 'd e ɪ n d ʒ ə ( r ) / d a te o f b i r t h s / d e ɪ t n v ˈb 3 ːθ / d i s c u s s V / d ɪ 's k ʌ s / d o c u m e n t s s p / / ˈ d ɒ k j u m e n t s /

e a t V / l ː t /e m a i l a d d r e s s s / ' i ː m e ɪ l ə ˈ d r e s / e s s a y s / ˈ e s e ɪ / e v e r y o n e / ˈ e v r iw ʌ n / e :d t s / ˈ e k s ɪ t /

f i r e s / ˈ f a ɪ ə ( r ) / f i r e a la r m n / ˈ f a ɪ ə r o lo :m / fo l lo w V / ˈ ıɒ ıɔ ʊ / f o o tb a l l n / ˈ f ʊ tb ɔ : l / f o r m s / f o :m / f o r m a l f ld j / ˈ f ɔ ːm l /

g e o g r a p h ic a l f e a tu r e s s p l /ˌdʒiːəˈgræfɪkl ˈfiːtʃəz/

g o b a c k V / g o o ˈb æ k / g r e e n s / g r i ː n /

h e a r v /h r o ( r ) / h e r e fld v /h t o ( r ) /

i n k s / ɪ ŋ k /i n t e r e s t e d f ld j / ' t n t r o s t t d / i n t o p r e p / ˈ ɪ n t ə /

J a p a n e s e adj / ˌ d ʒ æ p ə 'n i ː z /

l a n d i n g c a r d s / ˈ læ n d ɪŋ k u t d / l i b r a r i a n n / l a ɪ ˈ b ^ e ə r i ə n / l i f t s / l r f t / lo c k e r s n p l / ˈ lɒ k ə z /

m e m o r y s t i c k s / ˈ m e m ə r i s t ɪ k / m o b i le p h o n e s / ˌ m ə ʊ b a ɪ l ˈ f ə ʊ n /

n a t i o n a l i t y s / ˌ n æ ʃ ə ˈ n æ lə t i / n o e n t r y / n o u ˈ e n t r i / n o t i c e s / ˈ n ə ʊ t ɪ s /

o f t e n fld v /ˈɒ f r ı/

p h r a s e s s p / / ˈ f r e ɪ z ɪ z / p la c e o f b i r t h s / p l e ɪ s Dv ˈb ɜ :θ / p la n e s / p l e ɪn /

r e c t a n g le s / ˈ r e k tæ ŋ g l / r e d s / r e d / r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r tn s

/ ˌ r e d ʒ ɪ ˈ s t r e ɪ ʃ n f m m /

road s /rəʊd/run V /rʌn/safety s /ˈseɪfti/save V I s e i v lseconds s p / /ˈsekəndz/September s /sepˈtembə(r)/shape s /ʃeɪp/sign V /satn/signature s /ˈsɪgnətʃə(r)/ signs s p l /saɪnz/ size s / s a i z l smoke V /smook/ sports club s /ˈspɔːts klʌb/ stay V /stet/ streets n p l / s t r u t s / student ID card s

/ ˈ s t j u ːd n t 3 ɪ ˈd i: k ɑ ːd / student identity card s

/ˈstJuːdnt aɪˈdentəti kɑːd/ swimmings /'swɪmɪŋ/ table n /ˈteɪbl/ taxi s /ˈtæksi/ telephone number s

/ˈtelɪfəʊn ˌnʌmbə(r)/ tell V /tel/ tickv /tɪk/ today fldv /təˈdeɪ/ topic n /ˈtɒpɪk/ town s /taon/ train s /trern/ triangle n /ˈtraɪæŋgl/ turn off V /ts:n 'of/

U K s / ˌ j u ː ˈk e ɪ / until conj /ənˈtɪl/ volleyball n /ˈvɒlibɔ:l/ white s /waɪt/

66 Word list

Unit 6a g o a d v I s 'g s u la n / ɔ ː ı /a n o v e r t h e w o r ld

/ ɔ ː l ˈ ə ʊ v ə ( r ) ð ə ˈw 3 ːld / a n c ie n t w o r ld n / ˈ e ɪ n ʃ ə n t ˈ w ɜ ː ld / a n o t h e r / ə ˈ n ʌ ð ə ( r ) / a r t e m i s in i n n / ˌ a ː t ɪ ˈ m i ː s ɪ n ɪ n / a s p i r i n n / ˈ æ s p r ɪn / a t s e a /æ ı ˈ s i:/ a v o id V /ə ˈ v ɔ ɪd /

b a r k n / b u : k / b e g i n V /b ɪ ˈ g ɪ n / b o a t n / b o u t / b o n e s n p l Ih d o n z J B r i t is h a d j / ˈ b r ɪ t ɪ ʃ /

c a ll V /k ɔ ː l /c a r r y a w a y V / ˈ k æ r i ə 'w e ɪ / c a u s e V Ik o iz J C E / ˌ s l : ˈi:/ c e n t u r y « / ˈ s e n t ʃ ə r i / c h a p te r n / ˈ t J 'æ p tə ( r ) / c h e m ic a ls n p / / ˈ k e m ɪk lz / c h i l d n / t ʃ a ɪ l d / c o m m o n a d j / ˈ k ɒ m ə n /

c o u ld V /k n d /

d e c id e v / d ɪ ' s a ɪ d / d e v e lo p V / d ɪ ˈ v e l ə p / d e v e lo p m e n t n / d ɪ ˈ v e l ə p m ə n t / d i s c o v e r y /d ɪ ˈ s k ʌ v ə ( r ) / d is c o v e r ie s u p i / d ɪ 's k ʌ v ə r i z / d i s e a s e / ! / d ɪ ˈ z i : z /

e a r ly a d j / ’3 ː l i /e d u c a t e v / ˈ e d ʒ u k e ɪ t / e d u c a t io n n / ˌ e d ʒ u ˈ k e ɪ ʃ n / e f f e c t n / t ' f e k t /E g y p t ia n a d j / i ˈ d ʒ ɪ p ʃ n /E g y p t ia n s n p l / i ˈ d ʒ ɪ p ʃ n z / e i g h t e e n th a d j / ˌ e ɪ ˈ t i ː n θ / e n c y c lo p e d ia n / ɪ n ˌ s a ɪ k l ə ˈ p i ː d i ə / E u r o p e a n a d j / ˌ jʊ ə r ə ˈ p i ː ə n / E u r o p e a n s M p i / jʊ ə r ə ˈ p ^ ː ə n z / e v e n t s / I p i / ɪ ˈ v e n t s / e x a m s n p i / ɪ g ˈ z æ m z / e x p e r i m e n t n / ɪ k ˈ s p e r ɪ m ə n t /

f i n i s h V / ˈ f ɪ n ɪ ʃ / f i r s t / f m s t / f o o d n / f u ː d / f r u i t n / f r u ː t /

G r e e k s n p l / g r i ː k s /

h e a l t h y fld ; / ˈ h e lθ i / h i s to r y n / ˈ h ɪ s t r i / h y g ie n e n / ˈ h a ɪd ʒ i ːn /

im p o r t a n c e n / ɪ m ˈ p ɔ : t n s / im p r o v e V / ɪ m ˈ p r u ːv / i n p la c e o f p r e p / t n 'p l e t s o v / in c r e a s e v / ɪ n ˈ k r i : s / i n t r o d u c e V / ˌ ɪ n t r ə ˈ d j u ː s / i r r e g u la r a d j / ɪ ˈ r e g j ə l ə ( r ) /

k e e p V / k i : p /

l a t e r fld v / ˈ l c ɪ t ə ( r ) / le a v e s n p l / l i t v z / l e m o n ju i c e n / ˈ le m ə n d 3 u : s / life n / l a ɪ f /

m a l a r i a n /m ə ˈ l e ə r iə /m e d ic a l a d j / ˈ m e d ɪk l /m e e t in g n / 'm l t t t p /lV Iidd le E a s t n / ,m td l ˈ i : s t /m o d e r n a d j / ˈ m ɒ d n /

n e x t a d j / n e k s t /

o p e n V / ˈ ə ʊ p ə n /

p a in n / p e t n /p a s t n / p o t s t /p a t i e n t n / ˈ p e ɪ ʃ n t /p h o n e n / f o o n /

p ip e s n p l / p a ɪ p s /p o u r V / p o t ( r ) /p r i e s t n / p r l t s t /p r o b l e m n / ˈ p r ɒ b lə m /p r o n o u n n / 'p r o o n a u n /p u b l ic b a th s « / ˌ p ʌ b l ɪk ˈ b ɑ ːð z /p u b l ic h e a l t h n / ˌ p ʌ b l ɪk ˈh e lθ /

q u i n i n e « /k w ɪ ˈ n i ː n /

r e c o g n iz e V / ˈ r e k ə g n a ɪ z /r e f e r t o v / r ɪ ˈ f ɜ ː ( r ) t o /r e g u l a r a d ; / ˈ r e g j ^ l ə ( r ) /r e l a te d a d ; / r t ' l e t t t d /r e p e a t v / r ɪ ˈ p i : t /r e p e t i t i o n / I / ˌ r e p ə ˈ t ɪ ʃ n /r e p la c e v / r ɪ ˈ p l e ɪ s /r e s u l t n / r ɪ ˈ z ʌ l t /r e w r i t e v / ˌ r i ː ˈ r a ɪ t /r i c e n / r a r s /R o m a n s n p l / ˈ r ə ʊ m ə n z /

s a i lo r n / ˈ s e ɪ l ə ( r ) / s c i e n t i s t n / ' s a t o n t t s t / s e r io u s a d j / ˈ s ɪ ə r i ə s / s k in n / s lc tn / s le e p V / s l i ːp /S o u th A m e r i c a n / s a o 0 ə ˈ m e r ɪ k ə /s t i l l a d v / s t r l /s t o p V / s t o p /s u b s ta n c e n / ˈ s ʌ b s t ə n s /s u r g e r y /ɪ / ˈ s ɜ ː d ʒ ə r i /

te a c h y / t i ː t ʃ /t r e a t y / t r i : t /t r e e n / t r i : /t r i p n I t n p lt r o p ic a l a d ; / ˈ t r ɒ p ɪ k l /ty p e n / t a ɪ p /

v a c c in e n / 'v æ k s i ː n /v e g e ta b le s / I p i / ˈ v e d ʒ t ə b l z /v i t a m i n n / ˈ v ɪ t ə m ɪ n /

w a te r n / ˈ w ɔ ː t ə ( r ) /w a y s n p l /w e t z /w r i t e r s n p l / ˈ r a ɪ t ə z /

y e s t e r d a y a d v / ˈ j e s t ə d e ɪ /

Unitya fe w / ə ' f j u t / a c a d e m ic a d j / ˌ æ k ə ˈ d e m ɪk / a c h ie v e v / ə ˈ t ʃ i ː v / a g e n / e ɪ d ʒ /A m e r i c a n a d ; / ə ˈ m c r ɪk ə ɪ ı / A m e r i c a n s n p l / ə ˈ m e r ɪk ə n z / A p r i l n / ˈ e ɪp r ə l /A u g u s t n / ˈ ɔ ː g ə s t /

b e c o m e v / b ɪ ˈ k ʌ m / b e lo n g to V / b ɪ ' l ɒ ŋ to / b o a r d n / b o t d /

c a r r y v / ˈ k æ r i /

d a te n / d e ɪ t /D e c e m b e r n / d ɪ ˈ s e m b ə ( r ) / d i s t a n c e n / ˈ d ɪ s t ə n s /

E a r th n / ɜ ː θ /

e ig h t e e n th / ˌ e ɪ ˈ t i ː n θ / e ig h th / e ɪ t θ / e le c t r i c a d ; / ɪ ˈ l e k t r ɪ k / e le c t r o n i c a d ; / t , l e k ' t r o n t k / E n g la n d n / ˈ ɪŋ g l ə n d /

f a c t o r y w o r k e r n/ ˈ f æ k t ə r i ˈ w ɜ ːk ə ( r ) /

F e b r u a r y / ! / ˈ f e b r u ə r i / f i f th / f t f e / f i r s t / f s t s t / f l ig h t n / f l a r t / f ly V / f l a / /f o r s u r e / f o ( r ) ˈ ʃ ʊ ə ( r ) / f o u r t h / f o :0 /F r e n c h m a n n / ˈ f r e n t ʃ m ə n /

g r a n d p r i x n / ˌ g r ɑ : 'p r i : / g r e a t a d j / g r e t t / g r o u n d n / g r a u n d /

h e l i c o p te r n / ˈ h e ! ɪk ɒ p t^ ( ^ ) / h o t - a i r b a l l o o n n

/ ˌ h ɒ t ˈɑə b o 'l u t n / h o w lo n g ? / h a o 'lɒ ŋ /

i n t r o d u c t i o n / ! / ˌ ɪ n t r ə ˈ d ʌ k ʃ n / i n v e n t io n n / ɪ n ˈ v e n ʃ n / in v e n t o r n / ɪ n ˈ v e n t ə ( r ) /

J a n u a r y n / ˈ d ʒ æ n j u ə r i / j o i n V / d 3 0 !n /Ju ly n /d ʒ u ˈ la ɪ /J u n e n / d 3 u : n /

l a n d y / læ n d /lo n g - d i s t a n c e a d j / ˌ lɒ ŋ ˈ d ɪ s t ə n s /

M a r c h n / m u ! t f /M a y n /m e t /

m i n u te s n p l / ˈ m ɪ n ɪ t s / m o n t h s n p l /m ʌ n θ s / m o o n n /m u t n /

n i n e t e e n t h / ˌ n a ɪn ˈ t i : n θ / n in t h / n a t n 0 / n o n - s t o p a d v / ˌ θ ɒ θ 's t o p / N o v e m b e r n / n ə ʊ ˈ v e m b ə ( r ) / n u m b e r n / ˈ n ʌ m b ə ( r ) /

O c t o b e r n / n k ' t o o b o ( r ) / o r d i n a l n u m b e r s n p l

/ ˌ ɔ ːd ɪn l 'H A m b a z /

p a s s e n g e r t r a i n n / ' p s s ! n d 3 0 ( r ) t r e / n /

p a y V /p e ! /p e r s o n n / 'p a t s n /p i l o t / ! / 'p a t l a t /p io n e e r n / ˌ p a ɪ ə ˈ n ɪ ə ( r ) /p o i n t n /p O !n t/p r e s e n t a t i o n / ! / ˌ p r e z n ' t e ɪ ʃ n /p r i c e n / p r a t s /p r o f e s s o r n / p r a 'f e s o f r ) /

r a c e V / r e t s /r a i lw a y n / ˈ r e ɪ lw e ɪ /r e t u r n V / n ' t 3 ! n /R u s s ia n n / ˈ r ʌ ʃ ɪ ı /

s a i l V / s e t l / s e c o n d / ' s e k a n d /S e p te m b e r n / s e p ' t e m b o ( r ) / s e r v ic e n / ˈ s ɜ ː v ɪ s / s e v e n th / ˈ s e v ^ θ / s h ip s n p l / ʃ ɪ p s / s i n g l e - h a n d e d a d v

/ ˌ s ɪŋ g l 'h æ n d ɪ d / s i x th / s ɪ k s θ / s p a c e n / s p e ɪ s / s p a c e p r o g r a m m e n

/ ˌ s p e ɪ s ˈ p r ə ʊ g r æ m / s p a c e s h ip n / ˈ s p e ɪ s ʃ ɪ p / s p e e d n / s p i : d / s t o r y / ! / 's tO ! r i / s u c c e s s f u l a d ; / s o k 's e s f l /

t e n t h / t e n 6 / t e s t n / t e s t / t h i r d /0 3 ! d / t h o u s a n d s / ˈ θ a ʊ z n d z / t r a n s p o i l n / ' t r f f i n s p o : t / t u r n to V / ˈ ı ɜ ː θ t a / t u t o r / ! / ' t j u ! t o ( r ) / tw e n t i e th / ' t w e n t i o S / tw e n ty - f i r s t / . t w e n t i ˈ f ɜ ː s t /

u n d e r g r o u n d t r a i n n / ˈ ʌ n d ə g r a ʊ n d t r e / n /

w a l k v /w o :k / w h o ? /h u : / w in V /w tn /

y o u n g e s t a d ; / ' j ʌ ŋ g ɪ s t /

Word list 67

Unitsa d v e r t i s e v / ˈ æ d v ə t a ɪ z /a d v e r t i s i n g n / ˈ æ d v ə t a ɪ z ɪ ŋ /

a t t a c h V / ə ˈ t æ t ʃ /b e n e f i t f r o m V / ˈ b e n ɪ f ɪ t f r o m /B e s t w is h e s / b e s t w ɪ ʃ ɪ z /b o o k v /b o le /b r e a d n / b r e d /b u s in e s s n / ˈ b ɪ z n ə s /b u y V /b a r /b y e / b a t /c o m p e t i t io n s « p / / ˌ k ɒ m p ə ˈ t ɪ ʃ n z / c o n c lu s io n n / k ə n ˈ k lu ː ʒ n / c o n n e c t V / k ə ˈ n e k t / c o p y / j / ˈ k ɒ p i /D e a r /d r o ( r ) / e m a i l V / ˈ i ːm e ɪ l / e n t r i e s n p l / ˈ e n t r i z / e u r o s n p l / ˈ jʊ ə ^ ə ʊ z / e x p e n s iv e fld j / ɪ k ˈ s p e n s ɪ v / f a n s n p l / f æ n z / f a v o u r i te a d j / ˈ f e ɪ v ə r ɪ t / f r i e n d ly fld ) / ˈ f r e n d i i / g a m e s n p l / g e ɪ m z / h a n d o u t s n p l / 'h æ n d a ʊ t s / h a r d a d p a d v / h a t d / h a t s n p l / h æ t s / h e a d in g n / ˈ h e d ɪ ŋ / h e l lo /h ə ˈ lə ʊ / h o w ? /h a o /il l a d j / t l /k i n d n , a d j / k a t n d / l a t e a d j / l e ɪ t /

lo g o n / ' 1ə ʊ 9 ə ʊ / l o o k f o r w a r d t o . . .

/ l o k ˈ f ɔ ːw ə d to / m a r k e t i n g n / ˈ m ɑ ː k ɪ t ɪ ŋ / m is s V /m ts / m o n e y n / ˈ m ʌ n i / m o u s e n /m a u s /O ly m p ic s n p l / ə ˈ l ɪ m p ɪ k s / o n ly a d v / ˈ ə ʊ ^ 1 / o r g a n iz a t io n s n p l

/ ˌ ɔ ː g ə n a ɪ ˈ z e ɪ ʃ n z / p a r k n , V /p ɑ ːl^ / p la y e r n / ˈ p l e ɪ ə ( r ) / p le a s e f i n d a t t a c h e d . . .

/ p l i ː z f a ɪ n d ^ ˈ t æ t ʃ t / p o l i te a d j / p ə ' l a ɪ t / p o p u l a r a d j / ˈ p ɒ p j ə l ə ( r ) / p r o d u c t s ? ! p i / ˈ p r ɒ d ʌ k t s / r e a d i n g l i s t n / ' r e d ɪ ŋ l t s t / s e a s o n t i c k e t n / ˈ s i ː z n t ɪ k ɪ t /

se ll V / s e l /S e n io r L e c tu r e r ?!

/ ˈ s i : n i ə ( r ) ˈ l e k t ʃ ə r ə ( r ) / s h i r t s n p l / ʃ ɜ : t s / s o r r y / ˈ s ɒ r i / s o u r c e s ? ! p i I s y . s i z / s t a d iu m n / ˈ s t e ɪ d i ə m / s u m m e r ? ! / ˈ s ʌ m ə ( r ) / t a l k n / t o t k / t e r m n / t 3 : m / t i c k e ts ? ! / ˈ t ɪ k ɪ t s / t o p a d j / t o p / tw ic e a d v / t w a t s / u n k i n d a d j / ˌ ʌ n ˈ k a ɪn d /

u s u a l ly a d v / ˈ j u ː ʒ u ə l i / v i r u s ?! / ˈ v a ɪ r ə s / w in t e r n / ˈ w ɪn tə { r ) / w o u ld l ik e to V / w a d ˈ la ɪk t o /

Unit 9agriculture ?ı /'ægrɪkʌltʃə(r)/ Antarctica?! /ænˈta:ktɪkə/ apples n p l /ˈæplz/ barchart?! /ˈbɑː !ʃɑː^ beef?! /bitf/bottled water n /ˈbɒtld ˈwɔːtə(r)/change V /tfe?nd3/chart n /tʃɑːt/chicken ?! /ˈtʃɪkm/chocolate n /ˈtʃɒklət/cold adj /kould/complete adj /kəmˈpliːt/connected adj /kəˈnektɪd/contain v /kənˈteɪn/cover V /ˈkʌvə(r)/crops ? ! p l /krops/cup n /lcAp/dependent adj /dɪˈpendənt/ describe V /dɪˈskraɪb/ descriptiun ?! /dt'skrtpjn/ drinking water ?ı

/ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ wo:ta(r)/ email box?! /ˈiːmeɪl boks/farming n /ˈfɑːmɪŋ/figures n p l /ˈfɪgəz/ finger n /ˈfɪŋgə(r)/Finland n /ˈfɪnlənd/ future?! /ˈfjuːtʃə(r)/Germany n /ˈdʒɜ:məni/ global adj /ˈgləʊbl/ goods n p l / g u d z l grow V /groo/high marks n pl /haɪ ˈmɑːks/ Hong Kong ?! /hog ˈkɒŋ/ how much? /hao ˈmʌtʃ/ ice n /ats/incomplete adj /ˌɪnkəmˈpliːt/ independent adj /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ Indian Ocean n /ˌɪndiən ˈəʊʃn/ industry?! /'?ndostri/ inexpensive adj /ˌɪnɪkˈspensɪv/ kilo n /ˈkiːləʊ/ litres n p l /ˈliːtəz/ main adj /me?n/ minerals n p l /ˈmɪnərəlz/ name v /netm/ nowadays adv /'naoodetz/ old adj /oold/Oman?! /əʊˈmɑːn/ pencil n /ˈpensl/ plants n p l /plotnts/ poor adj /pm{r)/ potatoes?!pi /pəˈteɪtəʊz/ produce V /prəˈdjuːs/ resource n /rɪˈsɔ:s/ rich adj /rttj/ right adj /ratt/ seawater?! /̍ 81ː wo!to(r)/ Southern Ocean ?! /ˈsʌ^ən ˈəʊʃɪı/ square kilometres n p l

/skwe: ˈkɪləˌmiːtəz/ statistics ?! pi /stəˈtɪstɪks/ sugar n /ˈʃʊgə(r)/ surface n /ˈsɜ:fɪs/ surround V /səˈraʊnd/ take care of v /tetk ˈkeə(r) nv/

t r a n s p o i l V / t r æ n ˈ s p ɔ ː t / u n c l e a n a d j / ˌ ʌ n ˈk li : r ɪ / u n h e a l t h y a d j /ʌ n ˈ h e lθ i / u n i m p o r t a n t a d j / ˌ ʌ n ɪ m ˈ p ɔ ː t n t / U n i te d A r a b E m i r a te s n

/juˌnaɪtɪd ˌærəb ˈemɪrəts/ u n p o p u l a r a d j /ʌ n ˈ p ɒ p j ə lə { r ) / u n s u c c e s s f u l a d j / ˌ ʌ ^ s ə k ˈ s e s f l / u s e ?! / j u i z J

w a te r V / ˈ w ɔ : tə { r ) / w a te r s p o r t s n p l

/ ˈ w ɔ ː tə { r ) s p o : t s / w e t a d j / w e t / w r o n g a d j I t o q /

68 Word list

Unit 10a c c u r a t e a d j / ˈ æ k j ə r ə t / a c h ie v e m e n ts n p i / ə ˈ t ʃ i ː v m ə n t s / A m e r i c a s n p l / ə ˈ m e r ɪk ə z /A s ia n / ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə / b i l l i o n / ˈ b ɪ l j ə n / b i l l i o n a i r e n / , b ɪ l j ə ˈ n e ə ( r ) / b io t e c h c o m p a n y n

/ ˈ b a ɪ ə ʊ t e k ˈ k ʌ m p ə n i / b r a n d n / b r s n d / b u s i n e s s m a n n / ˈ b ɪ z n ə s m æ n / c lo th in g n / ˈ k lə ʊ ð ɪŋ /

c o - f o u n d V / ˈ k ə ʊ ˈ1ɑʊθ<^/ c o m p u t e r g a m e s n p l

/ k ə m ˈ p j u ː t ə { r ) g e ɪm z / c o m p u t e r s c ie n c e s n p l

/ l c ə m ˈ p ju ː t ə ( r ) ˈ s a ɪ ɔ n s ɪ z / c o n c lu d e v / k ə n ˈ k lu ː d / c o o l a d ) /k u : l / c r e a to r n / k r i ˈ e ɪ t ə ( r ) / d e s i g n e r n / d ɪ ˈ z a ɪ n ə ( r ) /D V D s n p / /ˌd i : v l t ˈd i :z / e f f ic ie n t a d ; / ɪ ˈ f ɪ ʃ n t / e le c t r i c a l e n g in e e r in g «

/ ɪ ˈ l e k t ɪu k l ˌ e n d ʒ ɪ ˈ n ɪ ə r ɪŋ / e le c t r o n i c s « p i / ɪ ˌ l e k ˈ t r ɒ n ɪ k s / e m a i l p r o v i d e r n

/ ˈ i ːm e ɪ l p r ə ˈ v a ɪ d ə ( r ) / e m a i l s e iw ic e fi / ˈ i ːm e ɪ l ˈ s ə ːv ɪ s / e m p lo y V / ɪ m ˈ p lɔ ɪ / e x a m r e s u l t s n p l

/ ɪ g ˈ z æ m r ɪ ˈ z ʌ l t s / f a s h io n m a g a z in e n

/ ˈ f æ ʃ n ˌ m æ g ə ˈ z i ːn / f a s h io n a b le a d j / ˈ f æ ʃ n ə b l / f in a l s e n t e n c e n / ˈ f a ɪn l ˈ s e n t ə n s / f o o tb a l l e r n / ˈ f ʊ t b ɔ ː l ə ( r ) / f o u n d e r n / ˈ f a ʊ n d ə ( r ) / g a r a g e n / 'g æ r ɑ ː ʒ / h a n d i n V / h æ n d ˈɪn / h u g e a d ; / h j u ː d ʒ / h u n d r e d s / ˈ h ʌ n d r ə d z / im a g e s n p i / ' ɪ m ɪ d ʒ ɪ z / i n to ta l / ɪ ŋ ˈ t ə ʊ t l / in t e r e s t in g a d ; / ' ɪ n t r ə s t ɪ ŋ / i n t e r n a t io n a l a d ; / ˌ ɪ n t ə ˈ n æ ʃ n ə l / l e a d in g a d j / ˈ l i :d ɪŋ / l i t t l e / ˈ l ɪ t l /logically adv /ˈlɒdʒɪkli/ love V /lʌv/ market n /ˈmɑ:kɪt/ middle sentence n

/ ˈ m ɪd l ˈ s e n t ə n s / multi-millionaire n

/ ˌ m ʌ l t i m ɪ l j ə ˈ n e ə ( r ) / notice V /ˈθəʊıɪ8/ ordinary ad; /ˈɔ:dnri/ organize V /ˈɔːgənaɪz/ personal adj /ˈpɜːsənl/ photographs u pi /ˈf^ʊtəgrɑːfs/ racing driver « /ˈreɪsɪŋ ˈdraɪvə(r)/ realize v /ˈrɪəlaɪz/ sales n p l /setlz/ science n /ˈsaɪəns/ search n /sɜːtʃ/ search engine n /8ɜː1ʃ ˈendʒɪn/ shoes n p l /futz/

s h o p n / ʃ ɒ p / s t r a n g e a d j / s t r e ɪ n d ʒ / s u c c e s s n / s ə k ˈ s e s / s u p e r s o n ic a d j / ˌ s u :p ə ˈ s ɒ n ɪk / t e c h n o lo g ie s n p i / t e k ˈ n ɒ lə d ʒ i z / to p ic s e n t e n c e n / ˈ t ɒ p ɪ k ˈ s e n t ə n s / t r a n s la t e v / t r æ n s ˈ l e ɪ t /T - s h i r t n / ' t l : f 3 : t / u s e r s n p l / ˈ j u ː z ə z / w e b n /w e b / w e l l - o r g a n iz e d a d j

/w e l ˈ ɔ : g ə n a ɪ z d / w o r ld w id e a d j / ˈ w ɜ ː ld w a ɪd / Z a m b ia n / ˈ z æ m b iə /

Word list 69

NOTES

70 Notes

PHONETIC SYMBOLS

Consonants

1 /p/ as in pen /p e n /

2 /b / as in big / b ig /

3 / t / as in tea / t i : /

4 /d / as in do /du:/5 /k / as in cat /k£6t/6 /g / as in go /gou/7 /f / as in four / f o : /

8 /v / as in very / 'V e r i/

9 /s / as in son /sad/10 /z / as in zoo / z u : /

11 /!/ as in live / l iv /

12 /m / as in m y /m a i /

13 /n / as in n e a r / n i a /

14 /h / as in happy /'hæ pi/15 /r / as in red / r e d /

16 /j/ as in yes /jes/17 /w / as in want /w n n t /

18 /θ / as in thanks /9aeoks/19 /ð / as in the /ð ə /

20 /J / as in she/Ji:/21 /3 / as in television / ' t e l i v i 3 n /

22 / t ; / as in child / t J a i l d /

23 / d s / as in G erm an /'d33 :m an /24 /ŋ / as in English /'IŋglIJ‘/

Vowels

25 /i: / as in see /s i : /

26 /:/ as in h is /h iz /

27 m as in tw e n ty / 'tw e n t i /

28 I d as in te n / te n /

29 /æ / as in s ta m p /s tæ m p /

30 /a : / as in f a t h e r / 'f a :ð ə /

31 /ŋ / as in h o t /h o t /

32 h - J as in m o r n in g / 'm o in io /

33 I d as in fo o tb a ll / 'f u tb o :! /

34 /u ;/ as in y o u / ju : /

35 /a / as in su n /sA n/

36 /3 :/ as in le a rn / la m /

37 /ə / as in le t te r / 'l e to /

Diphthongs (two vowels together)

38 /e i / as in n a m e /n e im /

39 /o u / as in n o /n o u /

40 /a i/ as in m y /m a i/

41 /a u / as in h o w /h a u /

42 h i ! as in b o y Pool!43 /ıə / as in h e a r /h io /

44 /e o / as in w h e re /w e o /

45 /u o / as in to u r / tu a /

Phonetic symbols 71

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Illustrations by: Kathy Baxendale pp.8,18, 28, 29, 33; Melvyn Evans pp.6, 20, 32; Chris Pavelypp.lO, 11,13,15,45: Gavin Reece p .21

We would also like to thank the followup for permission to reproduce the following photographs: Alamy pp.4 (c/Kablonk/Purestock), 5 (books/RubberBall), 7 (students/ GoGo Images Corporation), 7 (family/Stockbroker/MBl), 10 (Spanish landscape/F. Vrouenraths (Spain), 11 (deseil/Prisma Bildagentur AG), 11 (Algiers/Colin Matthieu/hemis,hr/Hemis), 12 (Canberra/travellinglight), 16 (1/M Itani). 16(3/ YuriArcurs), 18(trainers/Helen Sessions), 21 (a/Mike Booth), 22 (a/Hufton-E Crow/VIEW Pictures Ltd), 23 (Vladislav Kochelaevskiy), 25 (lecture hall/Sabine Lubenow), 27 (bridge building/Iain Masterton), 30 (passport control/Gregory Wrona), 34 (running machine/Cultura Creative). 35 (Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd). 36 (ancient medidne/The Art Archive), 37 (aspirin/South West Images Scotland), 40 (b/Dennis HaUinan), 40 (c/RlA Novosti), 41 (c/Pictorial Press Ltd). 41 (a/H. Armstrong Roberts/ClassicStock), 43 (a/Chris Hellier), 43 (b/World History Archive), 47 (stadiimi/Richard Wareham Fotografie (Nieuws), 48 (Jan Scherders/Tetra Images), 50 (White mouse/Redmond O’Durrell), 51 (screen/Brian Jackson), 51 (racing car/mark phillips), 52 (Radius Images), 54 (spoon and rice/ leeavison), 54 (single fish/Star Pix), 54(fish/Chassenet/Photoaiisine), 54 (tea/ Viktor Fischer), 54 (Viktor Fischer), 55 (coffee/Juliana Hoffinan), 59 (boxes/Lux Igitur), 63 (shop front/Kumar Sriskandan); Corbis pp.4 (a/Darren Kemper/ Fancy), 19 (David Leahy/ailtura), 21 (b/Tini Pannell/Flanie), 30 (woman/Ned Frisk Photography/Spirit), 47 (boy and TV screens/Randy Faris/Crush); 4 (b/PhotoAlto/ Eric Audras). 4 (d/arabianEye). 5 (a/Sani Edwards/OJO Images), 5 (b/Confluence Pictures/The Image Bank), 9 (woman/Ghislain & Marie David de Lossy/The Image Bank), 12 (Riyadh/Ayman Aljammaz/Fhckr), 13 (Peter Lilja/Stone), 15 (Canadian plains/Chris Harris/First Light), 16(2/Westend61), 17 (a/Asia Images Group),22 (b/Piurestock), 22 (c/Cultura/moodboard), 24 (Philip and Karen Smith/lconica), 25 (library/DAJ), 25 (study bedi'oom/thenakedsnail/Flickr Select), 27 (helipad/ James Wells/Stone), 34 (vegetable market/Bnmo Morand), 36 (modem laboratory/Assenibly/lconica). 37(vacdnation/Shashank Bengali/MCTvia Getty Images), 39(DorlingKindersley), 41 (b/Popperfoto), 47 (businessmen/ Photodisc/Digital Vision), 47 (buying tickets/Alexander Hassenstein/Bongarts),53 (Symphonie/Photodisc), 54 (bowl of rice/Philip Wilkins/Photolibraiy),54 (loaves/Foodcollection RF). 54 (loaf/Jules Frazier/Photodisc), 58 (PhotoAlto/ Milena Boniek), 60 (Thmai'a Mellon/Andy Shaw/Bloomberg via Getty Images),62 (Dibyangshu Sarkar/AFP): iStockphoto pp.27 (woman engineer/Peter Close),55 (water/subjug): Rex Features pp.9(man/Markku Ulander), 17(b/David Oxbeny/Mood Board), 40 (a/CSU Aithives/Everett Collection), 45 (Brendan Beime). 59 (Jeff Bezos/Sipa Press). 59 (warehouse/Geoffrey Robinson), 60 (Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw/Gregory Pace/BEI), 63 (Julian Dunkerton/Adrian Sherratt Photography Ltd), 63 (woman/Sara Jaye Weiss): Royalty-free pp.8 (laptop/David Cook/www.blueshiftstudios.co.uk), 10 (flag/Graphi-Ogre). 11 (flag/Graphi-Ogre). 15(flag/Graphi-Ogre), 57 (Corbis/Digital Stock): Science Photo Library p.37 (Mary Montagu/NYPL): Shutterstock pp.4 (chess pieces/02creationz), 14 (Yganko)

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