Headland : Flamborough head (chalk)

Bay : Bridlington Bay (boulder clay)

FEATURES of erosion at Flamborough Head :

Joint – Caves – Arch – Stack (Adam) – Stump – Wave-cut Platform

PROCESSES of erosion at Flamborough Head :

Weathering : Freeze-thaw action Corrosion (salt spray), Chemical action (acid rain)

Erosion : Corrasion Hydraulic action Attrition

Coastal Protection (Hard Engineering) : Mappleton

£3 million scheme to protect the coastal road using 2 boulder groynes to catch longshore drift material and make wider beaches; rock armour at cliff base; cliff face landscaped at lower angle and seeded with grass to stop slumping. BUT…it causes FASTER erosion further down the coast by robbing sand and making their beaches narrower and more easily crossed by waves so the cliff is eroded powerful undercutting

PROCESSES of erosion of Boulder Clay cliffs along Holderness coast:

Slumping (rain lubricates slip plane, and makes clay heavy, slides down slip plane)

Undercutting : wave-cut notch

Feature of Deposition : Spit, Spurn Point

A long, narrow, low-lying beach of sand extending into the Humber estuary from the Holderness coast

Process of deposition of the Spit at Spurn Head•Cliff material is eroded from up the coast•Longshore drift moves material southwards due to prevailing NE winds and swash hits at an angle•Material is deposited where coast swings to the west, and where the N. Sea current and the R. Humber current meet.•Turbulence slows down both currents and material is deposited at end of spit•Spit Neck gets narrower as it is eroded by waves•Spit end is recurved westwards as N. Sea current is stronger than Humber

Multi-Use coastal area : The Humber estuary has many different land uses attracted to it……

•Oil refinery attracted to flat land of South bank

•Fishing industry lands fish at Hull docks

•Tourist caravan sites at Patrington Haven

•Wildlife groups spot migrating birds at Spurn

•Retirement homes in Grimsby for seaside views

•Energy use : off-shore & on-shore wind turbines use strong winds and gas storage at Easington

Shoreline Management PlanShoreline Management Plan along Holderness coast

No Active Intervention : along most of coast – allowed to erode

Hold the Line : at resorts like Withernsea & gas plant Easington

Managed Retreat / Realignment : At Paull (see box at side)

Managed Retreat / realignment : Paull, N. bank of Humber estuary. A new coastal barrier has been built further inland to allow sea level rise to expand onto fields to make salt marsh for birds

Feature of Deposition : Tombolo – Chesil Beach, Dorset

Feature of Deposition : Bar – Slapton Ley, Dorset

Coastal Protection (Soft engineering) : Pevensey Bay, Sussex

Beach rebuilding – using dredge sea bed

Beach recycling – moving deposited beach material back to where it was eroded from

Beach regrading / profiling – moving beach material up to give a gentler beach gradient

Coastal Protection (soft engineering) : Offshore reefs – off Norfolk coast

Conflicts of Interest : Different coastal users who make problems for each other.

•Oil refineries of S. Humber pollute water for local fishermen.

•Ships coming up R. Humber cause danger for tourist wind-surfers & jet skiers

•Wind turbines at Easington can kill migrating birds using Spurn for migration.

Sea level rise : due to melting ice-caps, melting glaciers and thermal expansion of sea water. European Response Plan shows which coasts will be protected eg Canvey Island, Kent – building a higher sea wall to protect homes from higher sea levels