Head Injury and Heart Failure
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Transcript of Head Injury and Heart Failure
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HEAD INJURY
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HEAD INJURY
Any trauma that leads to injury of the
scalp, skull or brain. The injuries canrange from a minor bump on the skull to
serious brain injury.
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Classification
Closed Head Injury
Open or Penetrating Injury
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Types of Brain Injury:
Concussion > jarring of the brain
Contusion > Bruising of the brain.
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Other type ofHead injury
Skull Fracture
Linear Skull Fracture
Depressed Skull Fracture
Basillar Skull Fracture
*Battles Sign
Intracranial Hemorrhage
Subdural Hematoma
Epidural hematoma
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
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Causes:
PAVEMENT
P Pagkalaglag (fall)
A Abuse
V Violence
E Extreme Sports
MMotor /Vehicular accident
E engage in Assault
N Nauntog
T Tatanga-tanga sa Kalsada
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Sign and Symptoms:
Changes in or unequal size of pupils
Severe headache
Fluid drainage from nose and ears
Bruising of the face
Impaired hearing, smell, taste or vision
Loss of consciousness and confusion
Low breathing rate or drop in blood pressure
Vomiting Irritable, personality changes, or unsual behavior
Convulsion
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Assessment
Check ABCs
A irway
B reathing
C irculation
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Drug
Acetaminophen > for mild Headache
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Nursing Management:
DO NOT Do NOT give aspirin, Ibuprofen or other NSAIDs.
Do NOT apply direct pressure to the bleeding a lot.
Do NOT wash a head wound that is deep or bleeding a lot.
Do NOT remove any object sticking out of a wound. Do NOT move the person unless absolutely necessary.
Do NOT shake the person if he or she seems dazed.
Do NOT remove a helmet if you suspect a serious headinjury.
Do NOT pick up a fallen child with any sign of head injury.
Do NOT drink alcohol within 48 hours of a serious headinjury.
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HEART FAILURE
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Definition:
The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood tomeet the needs of tissue for oxygen and nutrients.
HF often referred to as congestive heart failure becausemany patient experience pulmonary or peripheralcongestive.
HF currently recognize as a clinical syndromecharacterized by:
o Inadequate tissue perfusion
o
Fluid overload HF refers to myocardial disease in which there is a
problem with contraction of the heart or filling of theheart.
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Type:
1. Systolic Heart Failure
= weakened heart muscle
= decreased blood volume being ejected from
the ventricle.
Preload > filling of left ventricle at the end of diastole.
2. Diastolic Heart Failure
= stiff and non-compliant heart muscle.
= increased work-load that lead to ventricular hypertrophy.
After load > amount of resistance to ejection of blood from
a ventricle
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Cause:C Cardiomyopathy
H hypertension
A - Atherosclerosis
D Diabetic Milletus
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Clinical Manifestation
1. Left Sided Heart Failure
(Left ventricular failure)
2. Right sided Heart Failure
(Right Ventricular Failure)
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Left Sided Heart Failure Pulmonary congestion oocurs when the left ventricle
cannot effectively pump blood out of the ventricle. The increase left ventricular end diastolic blood volume
increases the left ventricular end diastolic pressure.
Pulmonary Edema
Palpitation
An extra Heart sound Ventricular Gallop
DyspneaOliguria
Cough
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Right Sided Heart Failure
Congestion in the peripheral tissue and visceralpredominates
Increased venous pressure leads to JVD
Dependent Edema
Hepatomegaly
AscitesWeakness and weight gain
Nausea and vomiting
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Diagnostic Exam
Echocardiogram
> Help to identity the underlying cause and
determine the EF which helps identify the typeand severity of the following.
*Ejection Fraction (EF) = end of systolic end ofdiastole = normal 55-65%
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Medical Management:
4 Goals of Management on Heart Failure1. To relieve the symptoms
2. To improve functional status and quality of
life3. To extend survival
4. To reduce the workload on the heart
(Afterload & Preload)
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Drug Magement:
a. Calcium channel blocker Nifedine &
Amlodipineb. Hydralazine and Isorbide Dinitrate
c. ACE inhibitor Captopril
d. Diurectics Lood, Thiazide & PotassiumSparing Diuretics
e. Beta Blockers Metoprolol
f. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Valsopring. Digitalis Digoxin
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Nursing Management
Assessing the patients response to the pharmacologicregimen
Auscultating lung sound to detect an increase ordecrease in pulmonary crackles.
Assess for symptoms of fluid overload
Monitor I&O
Monitor pulse rate and blood pressure
Examine skin turgor and mucous membrane for signsof dehydration
Identify and evaluate the severity of dependentedema.
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THANK YOU
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Open Head Injury
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Concussion
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Contusion
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Depressed Skull Fracture
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Battles Sign
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Intracranial Hemorrhage
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HEART FAILURE
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Left Sided Heart Failure