He chose 12 sailors sick with scurvy and gave each pair either:• a quart of cider a day;• a medicine containing the acid, vitriol, three times a day;• a spoonful of vinegar three times a day;• a half pint of sea water every day;• an orange and a lemon every day;• one pill containing garlic, mustard seed, balsam and myrrh every

day.He observed the sailors every day for a week.

8A2 Vitamins and mineralsWho was James Lind?

In 1746 he investigated a cure for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury.

Only the sailors given citrus fruits showed any improvements.

All about vitamins

Oily fish, milk, butter, eggs

RicketsAbsorbing calcium and making bones

D

Oranges, lemons, tomatoes, blackcurrants

ScurvyCell processes, absorbing iron

C

Whole-grain cereals, yeast, nuts, egg, liver, peas, beans

Beri-beriHealthy nerves, release of energy from cells

B1

Milk, cheese, oily fish, carrots, dark green vegetables

Night-blindnessVision, healthy skinA

What foods contain it?

Deficiency disease

What is it used for?Vitamin

Liver, meat, eggs, cereals, apricots, spinach, cocoa

AnaemiaIn red blood cells, releasing energy

Iron

Cheese, milk, sardines, chocolate, bread, spinach

RicketsBones, teeth, nerve cells

Calcium

What foods contain it?

Deficiency disease

What is it used for?

Mineral

All about minerals

• FG Hopkins fed some rats on a diet of protein, carbohydrate and fat.• To some he also gave a small amount of milk each day.• Here is a graph of his results:

Who was FG Hopkins?

RDAs of vitamins and minerals (in milligrams, mg)

Vitamin A 0.8 Vitamin B1 1.4 Vitamin C 60 Vitamin D 0.05 Calcium 800

Iron 14

RDAs of vitamins and minerals

Do you know what RDA means?

Recommended daily allowance

rickets

anaemia

cereals

beri-beri

oranges

carrots

scurvy liver

night-blindness milk

Match the deficiency disease to the food that will prevent it. Click to reveal the answers.

Deficiency diseases