Career Point University Alniya,kota

Submitted BY-Anshul Kumar,Dhreej

Kumar(k11773) B.Tech. (Electrical 5th sem.)

Kid-K11497

Submit to -Mr. Kamal Arora Sir

(Dean,Carrer Point University)

Classification Of Hydro Power Plant

Table of Content• Classification Of Hydro Power Plant• Large Hydro Power Plant• Francis Turbine• Small Scale Hydro Power Plant• Calculating available power• Micro Hydro plant • Pico Hydro Plant• Conventional (dams) • Pumped-storage• Run-of the-river• Tidal• Underground

Classification of Hydropower plantAccording to capacity

Large

Medium

Small

Mini

Micro

Pico

According to Purpose

Multi-purpose

Single Purpose

According to Hydrological Relation

Single

Cascade

History

Grind Flour Bernard Forest de Bélidor William George Armstrong

Basic Scheme

Large Hydro Power PlantLarge-scale hydroelectric power stations are more commonly seen as the largest power producing facilities in the world, with some hydroelectric facilities capable of generating more than double the installed capacities of the current largest nuclear power stations.

Rank Station Country Capacity (MW)

1. Three Gorges Dam China 22,500

2. Itaipu Dam Brazil Paraguay 14,000

3. Xiluodu Dam China 13,860

4. Guri Dam Venezuela 10,200

Francis Turbine• The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine was developed by

James B. Francis in Lowel,Massachusetts.

• They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m (130 to

2,000 ft) and are primarily used for electrical power production.• Penstock (input pipes)

diameters are between 3 and 33 feet (0.91 and 10.06 metres).

Small Scale Hydro Power Plant

• Small hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a small community or industrial plant.

• The definition of a small hydro project varies, but a generating capacity of 1 to 20 megawatts (MW) is generally accepted.

• Small hydro projects may be built in isolated areas that would be uneconomic to serve from a network, or in areas where there is no national electrical distribution network.

Calculating available power• A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a

hydroelectric station is:• P is Power in watts,• ρ is the density of water (~1000 kg/m3),• h is height in meters,• r is flow rate in cubic meters per second,• g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2,• k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often

higher (that is, closer to 1) with larger and more modern turbines.• Annual electric energy production depends on the available water

supply. In some installations, the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.

P = ρ h r g k

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Micro Hydro plant • Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power

installations that typically produce up to 100 KW of power• These installations can provide power to an isolated home or

small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks

• There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing nations as they can provide an economical source of energy without purchase of fuel

• Micro hydro systems complement photovoltaic solar energy systems because in many areas, water flow, and thus available hydro power, is highest in the winter when solar energy is at a minimum.

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Pico Hydro Plant

• Before returning it to the stream. Pico hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of under 5 KW

• It is useful in small, remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity

• For example, to power one or two fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio for a few homes

• Even smaller turbines of 200-300W may power a single home in a developing country with a drop of only 1 m (3 ft)

• Pico-hydro setups typically are run-of-the-river, meaning that dams are not used, but rather pipes divert some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine.

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Conventional (dams) • Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of

dammed water driving a water turbine and generator• The power extracted from the water depends on the volume

and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow

• This height difference is called the head• The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the

head• A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine

Pumped Storage Power Plant

• Pumped Storage Power Plants are a special type of power- plants, which work as conventional hydropower stations for part of the time.

• In a hydroelectric power station water is stored behind a dam in a reservoir. This water has gravitational potential energy.

• the water runs down pipes (potential to kinetic energy) to turn the turbine

• the turbine is connected to a generator to produce electricity (kinetic to electrical energy)

• They are mainly used to meet the peak demand.

Working of Pumped Store Plant

• The working of the power station can be distinguished as the

• pumping phase:- when the pump and motors are in operation

• generating phase:- when the turbines and generators are electrical power

• At pumped storage hydroelectric stations water is pumped back into the reservoir when there are periods of low power demand. This is often when there is excess energy being produced by other power stations.

• This stores energy and during higher demand periods the water can be allowed to flow back down to produce electricity just like a normal power station. Such a system saves energy and also can be turned on quickly at times of peak demand.

• Upper ReservoirWhen power from the plant is needed, water stored in an upper reservoir is released into an underground tunnel.

• Intake TunnelThe water rushes down the intake tunnel.

• TurbinesThe force of the water drives huge turbines, which are underground at the base of a dam. The spinning turbines are connected to large generators, which produce the electricity.

• Discharge TunnelThe water then flows through a discharge tunnel into a lower reservoir.

• RechargingWhen demand for electricity is low, the turbines spin backward and pump the water back up into the upper reservoir to make it available to generate electricity when it's needed.

Important Terms

Advantages

• No Pollution or waste. little effect on landscape

• Its Renewable• can pick up load rapidly in a matter of few

minutes.• It is very reliable because we can release the

water to make energy when we need it.

Disadvantage• Once it's used, it can't be used again until the water is

pumped back up.• The main disadvantage is specialist nature of the site

required, needing both geographical height and water availability.

• Expensive to built.

Pumped Stored Power Plant in India

• India Bihar, Maharashtra, 150 MW.• Purulia Pumped Storage Project, Ayodhya

Hills, Purulia, West Bengal, 900 MW.• Tehri Dam, Uttaranchal (under construction),

1000 MW

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• Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small

or no reservoir capacity, so that the water coming from upstream must be used for generation at that moment, or must be allowed to bypass the dam.

Run-of the-river

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• A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to tides; such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be dispatchable to generate power during high demand periods

• Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels.

Tidal

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Underground • An underground power station makes use of a large natural

height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain lake.

• An underground tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to the generating hall built in an underground cavern near the lowest point of the water tunnel and a horizontal tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet waterway.

Thank You