HCD DSA OSHPD Adopting Agency BSC SFM - IAPMO California Mechanical Code/Chapter 04.pdf · Adopting...

592013 CALIFORNIA MECHANICAL CODE

CALIFORNIA MECHANICAL CODE – MATRIX ADOPTION TABLECHAPTER 4 – VENTILATION AIR SUPPLY

(Matrix Adoption Tables are non-regulatory, intended only as an aid to the user. See Chapter 1 for state agency authority and building application.)

Adopting Agency BSC SFMHCD DSA OSHPD

BSCC DPH AGR DWR CA SL SLC1 2 1-AC AC SS SS/CC 1 2 3 4

Adopt Entire Chapter X X

Adopt Entire Chapter as amended(amended sections listed below) X X X X

Adopt only those sections that arelisted below X X X XChapter/Section

401.0 X X X X X

402.0 X X X X

402.1 X X X X X X

402.5 X X

403.0 X X X X

403.9 – 403.9.1.3 X X X X

405.0 X X X X

407.0 X X X X

408.0 X X X X

409.0 X X X X

410.0 X X X X

411.0 X X X X

412.0 X X X X

413.0 X X X X

414.0 X X X X

415.0 X X X X

416.0 X X X X

416.3 X

417.0 X X X X

418.0 X X X X

Table 4-A X X X X

Table 4-B X X

Table 4-C X X

Table 402.1 X

Table 403.7 X X

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60 2013 CALIFORNIA MECHANICAL CODE

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401.0 General.401.1 Applicability. This chapter contains requirements forventilation air supply, exhaust, and makeup air requirementsfor occupiable spaces within a building. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]See Sections 404.0 through 418.0. [SFM] Air filters shallcomply with all requirements of Part 12, Title 24, Chapter 12-71, SFM Standard 12-71-1.

402.0 Ventilation Air. [Not permitted for OSHPD 1, 2, 3 &4]402.1 General Requirements. [Not permitted for OSHPD 1,2, 3 & 4] Occupiable spaces listed in Table 402.1 shall bedesigned to have ventilation (outdoor) air for occupants inaccordance with this chapter. Ventilation air supply require-ments for occupancies regulated by the California EnergyCommission are found in the California Energy Code.402.1.1 Construction Documents. The outdoor airventilation rate and air distribution assumptions made inthe design of the ventilation system shall be clearly iden-tified on the construction documents.402.1.2 Dwelling. Requirements for ventilation air ratefor single family dwellings shall be in accordance withthis chapter or ASHRAE 62.2.

402.2 Natural Ventilation.Natural ventilation systems shallbe designed in accordance with this section and shall includemechanical ventilation systems designed in accordance withSection 403.0 and Section 404.0. Exceptions:(1) An engineered natural ventilation system where

approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction need notcomply with Section 402.2.

(2) A mechanical ventilation system is not required wherenatural ventilation openings comply with the require-ments of Section 402.2 and are permanently open or havecontrols that prevent the openings from being closedduring occupancy.

(3) A mechanical ventilation system is not required wherethe zone is not served by heating or cooling equipment.[ASHRAE 62.1:6.4]402.2.1 Location and Size of Openings. Naturallyventilated spaces shall be permanently open by way ofoperable wall openings directly to the outdoors, the open-able area of which is a minimum of 4 percent of the netoccupiable floor area. Where the openings are coveredwith louvers or otherwise obstructed, openable area shallbe based on the free unobstructed area through theopening. Where interior spaces without direct openingsto the outdoors are ventilated through adjoining rooms,the opening between rooms shall be permanently unob-structed and have a free area of not less than 8 percent ofthe area of the interior room nor less than 25 square feet(2.3 m2). [ASHRAE 62.1:6.4.2]

402.2.2 Control and Accessibility. The means to openrequired operable openings shall be readily accessibleto building occupants where the space is occupied.Controls shall be designed to coordinate operation of thenatural and mechanical ventilation systems. [ASHRAE62.1:6.4.3]

402.3 Mechanical Ventilation.Where natural ventilation isnot permitted by this section or the building code, mechanicalventilation systems shall be designed, constructed, andinstalled to provide a method of supply air and exhaust air.Mechanical ventilation systems shall include controls, manualor automatic, that enable the fan system to operate whereverthe spaces served are occupied. The system shall be designedto maintain minimum outdoor airflow as required by Section403.0 under any load conditions.402.4 Outdoor Air Intake Protection. Required outdoor-airintakes shall be covered with a screen having not less than 1⁄4inch (6.4 mm) openings, and shall have not more than 1⁄2 inch(12.7 mm) openings.402.4.1 Weather Protections. Outdoor air intakes thatare part of the mechanical ventilation system shall bedesigned to manage rain entrainment, to prevent rainintrusion, and manage water from snow in accordancewith ASHRAE 62.1.

402.5 Bathroom Exhaust Fans. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] Eachbathroom shall be mechanically ventilated in accordance withDivision 4.5 of the California Green Building Standards Code(CALGreen).

403.0 Ventilation Rates. [Not permitted for OSHPD 1, 2, 3& 4]403.1 General. The design outdoor air intake flow rate for aventilation system shall be determined in accordance withSection 403.2 through Section 403.8.403.2 Zone Calculations. Zone parameters shall be deter-mined in accordance with Section 403.2.1 through Section403.2.3. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.2]403.2.1 Breathing Zone Outdoor Airflow. The designoutdoor airflow required in the breathing zone of theoccupiable space or spaces in a zone, i.e., the breathingzone outdoor airflow (Vbz), shall be determined in accor-dance with Equation 403.2.1.

Vbz = Rp•Pz + Ra•Az (Equation 403.2.1)

Where:Az = zone floor area: the net occupiable floor area of

the zone in square feet.Pz = zone population: The largest number of people

expected to occupy the zone during typical usage.


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Where the number of people expected to occupythe zone fluctuates, Pz shall be permitted to beestimated based on averaging approachesdescribed in Section 403.6.1. Where Pz cannot beaccurately predicted during design, it shall be esti-mated based on the zone floor area and the defaultoccupant density listed in Table 402.1.

Rp= outdoor airflow rate required per person as deter-mined from Table 402.1.

Ra= outdoor airflow rate required per unit area asdetermined from Table 402.1. [ASHRAE62.1:6.2.2.1]

403.2.2 Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness. The zoneair distribution effectiveness (Ez) shall be determinedusing Table 403.2.2. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.2.2]403.2.3 Zone Outdoor Airflow. The design zoneoutdoor airflow (Voz), i.e., the outdoor airflow that shallbe provided to the zone by the supply air distributionsystem, shall be determined in accordance with Equation403.2.3. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.2.3]

Voz = Vbz/Ez (Equation 403.2.3)

403.3 Single-Zone Systems.Where one air handler suppliesa mixture of outdoor air and recirculated air to only one zone,the outdoor air intake flow (Vot) shall be determined in accor-dance with Equation 403.3. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.3]

Vot = Voz (Equation 403.3)

403.4 One Hundred Percent Outdoor Air Systems.Whereone air handler supplies only outdoor air to one or morezones, the outdoor air intake flow (Vot) shall be determined inaccordance with Equation 403.4. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.4]

Vot = ∑all zones Voz (Equation 403.4)

403.5 Multiple-Zone Recirculating Systems.Where one airhandler supplies a mixture of outdoor air and recirculatedreturn air to more than one zone, the outdoor air intake flow(Vot) shall be determined in accordance with Section 403.5.1through Section 403.5.4. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.5]403.5.1 Primary Outdoor Air Fraction. The primaryoutdoor air fraction (Zpz) shall be determined for venti-lation zones in accordance with Equation 403.5.1.[ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.5.1]

Zpz = Voz/Vpz (Equation 403.5.1)

Vpz is the primary airflow to the ventilation zone fromthe air handler, including outdoor air and recirculatedreturn air. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.5.1]403.5.2 System Ventilation Efficiency. The systemventilation efficiency (Ev) shall be determined in Table403.5.2 or Section 404.0. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.5.2]

403.5.3 Uncorrected Outdoor Air Intake. The designuncorrected outdoor air intake (Vou) shall be determinedin accordance with Equation 403.5.3(1).

[Equation 403.5.3(1)]Vou = D ∑all zones (Rp•Pz) + ∑all zones (Ra•Az)

The occupant diversity, D, shall be permitted to beused to account for variations in occupancy within thezones served by the system. The occupancy diversity is determined in accordancewith Equation 403.5.3(2).

D = Ps/∑all zones Pz [Equation 403.5.3(2)]

Where the system population (Ps) is the total populationin the area served by the system. Alternative methodsshall be permitted to be used to account for populationdiversity where calculating Vou, provided that theresulting value is no less than that determined by Equa-tion 403.5.3(1). [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.5.3]403.5.4 Outdoor Air Intake. The design outdoor airintake flow (Vot) shall be determined in accordance withEquation 403.5.4. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.5.4]

Vot = Vou/Ev (Equation 403.5.4)

403.6 Design for Varying Operating Conditions. Ventila-tion systems shall be designed to be capable of providing therequired ventilation rates in the breathing zone where thezones served by the system are occupied, including all fulland part-load conditions. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.6.1]403.6.1 Short-Term Conditions.Where it is known thatpeak occupancy will be of short duration or the ventila-tion rate will be varied or interrupted for a short period oftime, the design shall be permitted to be based on theaverage conditions over a time period (T) determined inaccordance with Equation 403.6.1.

T = 3v/Vbz (Equation 403.6.1)

Acceptable design adjustments based on thisoptional provision shall be in accordance with thefollowing:(1) Zones with fluctuating occupancy: The zone popu-

lation (Pz) shall be averaged over time (T).(2) Zones with intermittent interruption of supply air:

The average outdoor airflow supplied to thebreathing zone over time (T) shall be not less thanthe breathing zone outdoor airflow (Vbz) calculatedusing Equation 403.2.1.

(3) Systems with intermittent closure of the outdoor airintake: The average outdoor air intake over time (T)


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shall be not less than the minimum outdoor airintake (Vot ) calculated using Equation 403.3, Equa-tion 403.4, or Equation 403.5.4.

Where:T = averaging time period, minutes.v = the volume of the zone for which averaging is

being applied, cubic foot (ft3).Vbz = the breathing zone outdoor airflow shall be deter-

mined in accordance with Equation 403.2.1 anddesign value of the zone population Pz, cfm.[ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.6.2]

403.7 Exhaust Ventilation. Exhaust airflow shall beprovided in accordance with the requirements in Table 403.7.Exhaust makeup air shall be permitted to be a combinationof outdoor air, recirculated air, and transfer air.403.8 Dynamic Reset. The system shall be permitted to bedesigned to vary the design outdoor air intake flow (Vot ), orthe space or zone airflow, and the exhaust air flow as oper-ating conditions change. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.7]403.9 Exhaust Ventilation for Enclosed Parking Garages.Exhaust airflow for enclosed parking garages shall beprovided in accordance with the requirements in Table 403.7and this section. Exhaust makeup air shall be permitted to beany combination of outdoor air or transfer air. Exhaustsystems shall operate continuously.Exceptions:(1) Mechanical ventilation systems used for enclosed

parking garages shall be permitted to operate intermit-tently where the system is arranged to operate automat-ically upon detection of vehicle operation or thepresence of occupants by approved automatic detectiondevices.

(2) Automatic carbon monoxide sensing devices may beemployed to modulate the ventilation system to notexceed a maximum average concentration of carbonmonoxide of 50 parts per million during any eight-hourperiod, with a maximum concentration not greater than200 parts per million for a period not exceeding onehour. Automatic carbon monoxide sensing devicesemployed to modulate parking garage ventilationsystems shall be approved pursuant to the requirementsin Section 302.1.403.9.1 Alternative Exhaust Ventilation for EnclosedParking Garages.

403.9.1.1 Minimum Exhaust Rate. In lieu of theexhaust rates in Table 403.7, ventilation systemsshall be capable of providing 14,000 cfm (6608 L/s)of exhaust air for each operating vehicle. Numberof operating vehicles shall be determined based on2.5 percent of all parking spaces (and not less thanone vehicle).

403.9.1.2 Exhaust Inlet Distribution. To ensureproper exhaust of contaminated air and fumes fromparking garages, exhaust systems utilizing multipleexhaust inlets shall be designed so that exhaustinlets are distributed in such a manner that noportion of the parking garage is more than 50 feet(15,240 mm) from an exhaust inlet. Such exhaustinlets shall be installed so that the highest elevationof the exhaust inlet is no greater than 12 inches (305mm) below the lowest ceiling level.Exception: Garage exhaust systems designedwithout distributed exhaust inlets may have theirexhaust inlets designed based on the principles ofengineering and mechanics and shall provide theminimum required exhaust rate in Table 403.7.403.9.1.3 Exhaust System Operation. Exhaustsystems shall operate continuously unless one of theexceptions to continuous operation of Section 403.9is utilized.

404.0 Multiple-Zone Systems.404.1 General.This section presents an alternative procedurefor calculating the system ventilation efficiency (Ev) wherevalues in Table 403.5.2 are not used. Ev is equal to the lowestcalculated value of the zone ventilation efficiency Evz, asshown below [ASHRAE 62.1: Appendix A]:

Ev = minimum (Evz) (Equation 404.1)

404.2 Zone Ventilation Efficiency.The zone ventilation effi-ciency Evz, is an efficiency which a system distributesoutdoor air from the intake to an individual breathing zone.The zone ventilation efficiency shall be calculated usingEquation 404.2.1 or Equation 404.2.2. [ASHRAE 62.1:Appendix A]404.2.1 Single Supply Systems. Equation 404.2.1 orEquation 404.2.2 shall be used for “single supply”systems, where all the ventilation air is a mixture ofoutdoor air and recirculated air from a single location(e.g., reheat, single-duct VAV, single-fan dual-duct, andmultizone). [ASHRAE 62.1:A1.2.1]

Evz = 1+Xs–Zpz (Equation 404.2.1)

404.2.2 General Case. Equation 404.2.2 shall be usedfor systems that provide all or part of their ventilation byrecirculating air from other zones without directly mixingit with outdoor air (e.g., dual-fan dual-duct, fan-poweredmixing box, and transfer fans for conference rooms).[ASHRAE 62.1:A1.2.2]

Evz = (Fa+Xs•Fb–Zpz•Ep•Fc)/Fa (Equation 404.2.2)


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Where:Ep - Primary air fraction to the zone: Ep = Vpz/Vdz (Ep= 1.0 for single-duct and single-zone systems).Er - In systems with secondary recirculation of return air,fraction of secondary recirculated air to the zone that isrepresentative of average system return air rather than airdirectly recirculated from the zone. Fa - Fraction of supply air to the zone from sourcesoutside the zone: Fa = Ep+(1–Ep)•Er.Fb - Fraction of supply air to the zone from fully mixedprimary air: Fb = Ep.Fc - Fraction of outdoor air to the zone from sourcesoutside the zone: Fc = 1–(1–Ez)•(1–Er)•(1–Ep).Vdz - Zone Discharge Airflow: The expected discharge(supply) airflow to the zone that includes primary airflowand locally recirculated airflow.Vps - System Primary Airflow: The total primary airflowsupplied to all zones served by the system from theairhandling unit at which the outdoor air intake islocated: Vps = ΣVpz.Xs - Average Outdoor Air Fraction: At the primary airhandler, the fraction of outdoor air intake flow in thesystem primary airflow: Xs = Vou/Vps.Zpz - Primary Outdoor Air Fraction required in theprimary air supplied to the ventilation zone prior to theintroduction of a secondary recirculation air: Zpz =Voz/Vpz. [ASHRAE 62.1: Appendix A]

405.0 Evaporative Cooling System for Health Care Facilities.[For OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4] Direct evaporative cooling systemswhere the air directly contacts the wetted surface or spray shallbe limited in health facilities to nonpatient areas such aslaundry rooms, food preparation areas, and boiler ormachinery rooms. Similar rooms with high heating-producingequipment will be considered when specifically approved bythe enforcing agency. The evaporative pads shall be a synthetictype. Filters shall be required in accordance with Tables 4-Band 4-C except utility rooms, i.e.: boiler or machinery rooms.

406.0 Reserved.

407.0 Ventilation System Details. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]407.1 General.

407.1.1 All supply-air, return air, and exhaust-air systemsshall be mechanically operated and such systems forareas listed in Table 4-A shall be operated continuously.Natural ventilation through windows or other openingssuch as louvers will be considered as supplemental to therequired mechanical ventilation systems.Exceptions:(1) Natural ventilation shall not be used in airborne

infection isolation rooms and protective environmentrooms.

(2) The number of air changes may be reduced to 25percent of the indicated value in Table 4-A, when the

room is unoccupied, if provisions are made to ensurethe following:(1) The number of air changes per hour indicated

is reestablished whenever the space is occupied.(2) The pressure relationship with the surrounding

rooms is maintained when the air changes perhour are reduced. In areas requiring no contin-uous directional control as identified in accor-dance with Table 4-A, ventilation systems maybe shut down when the space is unoccupied andventilation is not otherwise required. Ventila-tion shall not be reduced in rooms specificallyused for airborne infection control, such aswaiting rooms, triage rooms, corridors, recep-tion areas, areas adjacent to waiting areas,airborne infection isolation rooms, negativepressure exam room, negative pressure x-raytreatment rooms, and protective environmentrooms. All operating and delivery rooms shallmaintain a minimum of six air changes per hourof total air when not in use.

407.1.2 Fans serving exhaust systems shall be located atthe discharge end of the system. The ventilation ratesshown in Table 4-A shall be considered as minimumacceptable rates and shall not be construed asprecluding the use of higher ventilation rates if they arerequired to meet design conditions.407.1.3 Services/Systems and Utilities. (Refer to Section1224.4.1 of the California Building Code).

407.2 Outdoor Air Intakes and Exhaust Outlets.407.2.1 Outdoor Air Intakes.Outdoor air intakes shall belocated at least 25 feet (7.62 m) from exhaust outlets ofventilating systems, combustion equipment stacks,medical-surgical vacuum systems, cooling towers, andareas that may collect vehicular exhaust or other noxiousfumes. Plumbing vents shall be located in relation tooutdoor air intakes per California Plumbing Code. Thebottom of outdoor air intakes shall be located as high aspracticable, but not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) aboveground level. If installed above the roof, they shall belocated 18 inches (457 mm) above roof level or 3 feet (914mm) above a flat roof where heavy snowfall is anticipated.Exceptions:(1) These dimensions may be reduced if it is demon-

strated by the submission of details and calculationsthat location of intakes with respect to exhausts andtheir orientation, or the use of special filters,provides equal performance.

(2) The requirements regarding the bottom of outdoorair intakes and installation through the roof do notapply to skilled nursing facilities, intermediate-carefacilities or nonsensitive areas in correctional treat-ment centers.

407.2.2 Exhaust Outlets. Exhaust outlets shall belocated a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) above adjoininggrade and 10 feet (3048 mm) from doors, occupied areas,and operable windows.


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Exception: Airborne infection isolation rooms shallcomply with Section 414.1.407.2.3 Relief Air Discharge. Building relief airdischarge shall discharge at least 10 feet (3048 mm) fromany outside air intake.

407.3 Air Balance.407.3.1 The ventilation systems shall be designed andbalanced to provide the general air balance relationshipto adjacent areas, shown in Table 4-A. The ventilationsystems shall be balanced in accordance with the latestedition of standards published by the Associated AirBalance Council (AABC), the National EnvironmentalBalancing Bureau (NEBB), or the Testing, Adjusting andBalancing Bureau (TABB).407.3.2 Where the variation in static pressure dropacross filters is a significant portion of the total pressuredrop, static pressure or pressure differential controls orconstant volume devices may be required to ensure themaintenance of air balance relationships shown in Table4-A regardless of filter loading.Exception: This section does not pertain to skillednursing facilities, intermediate-care facilities andnonsensitive areas in correctional treatment centers,except for airborne infection isolation rooms and protec-tive environment rooms.

407.4 Air Circulation.407.4.1Design of the ventilation system shall provide airmovement that is generally from clean to less cleanareas.

407.4.1.1 Air supplied to operating rooms, cesareanoperating rooms, cardiac catheterization labs,cystoscopy rooms, delivery rooms, and nurseriesshall be delivered at or near the ceiling of the areaserved. In theses areas and in morgues and autopsyrooms all air removed from the area shall beremoved near floor level. Exhaust or recirculationinlets shall be located not less than 3 inches (76 mm)nor more than 8 inches (203 mm) above the finishedfloor, except in morgues and autopsy rooms whereall of the exhaust air is removed through an autopsytable designed for this purpose. At least two exhaustor recirculation air inlets shall be used in all cardiaccatheterization labs, cystoscopy rooms, operatingrooms, and delivery rooms and shall be located notless than 3 inches (76 mm) nor more than 8 inches(203 mm) above the finished floor.Exception: For airborne infection isolation roomsand protective environment rooms, see Sections414.0 and 415.0.407.4.1.2 Room supply air outlets and room recir-culation and exhaust air inlets installed in nonsen-sitive areas shall be located not less than 3 inches(76 mm) above the floor.Exception: For airborne infection isolation roomsand protective environment rooms, see Sections414.0 and 415.0.

407.4.1.3 Corridors shall not be used to conveysupply, return, or exhaust air to or from any room ifthe corridor is required to be of fire resistiveconstruction per the California Building Code.Exceptions: (1) Mechanically exhausted toilet rooms of 50

square feet (4.7 m2) or less and small rooms of30 square feet (2.79 m2) or less such as janitorclosets, housekeeping rooms, and electrical ortelephone closets opening directly ontocorridor.

(2) Air transfer caused by pressure differentials inrooms required to have a positive or negativeair balance by Table 4-A.

407.4.1.4 No space above a ceiling may be utilizedas an outside-air, relief-air, supply-air, exhaust-air,or return-air plenum.Exception: Designs specifically approved by theenforcing agency.407.4.1.5 Air from a patient room, exam room, treat-ment room shall not be transferred to anothersimilar room without first having passed through airfilters as required by Table 4-B or Table 4-C.407.4.1.6 Supply outlets and return and exhaust airinlets shall be located to prevent short-circuiting.

407.5 Variable Air Volume.407.5.1 Variable Air Volume Systems (VAV). Variableair volume systems subjecting the patient to a fluctuatingair movement are not acceptable for airborne infectionisolation rooms, protective environment rooms or thosecritically sensitive areas listed in Table 325.0. Fornonsensitive areas, variable air volume systems meetingthe following criteria can be considered:

407.5.1.1 The VAV system shall comply with coderequirements for outside air, total air, and pressurerelationship through the full range of operation fromminimum to maximum.407.5.1.2 The central return or exhaust fan shall becontrolled to accomplish the variable air volumerequirements of the individual rooms served by thefan as described in Section 407.5.1.3.407.5.1.3 Variable air volume for return or exhaustair shall be accomplished by utilizing an automaticmodulating damper in the return or exhaust air foreach zone. The damper will modulate from full opento minimum position in conjunction with the supplyair VAV terminal box.

408.0 Filters. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]408.1 General. Filter efficiencies shall be certified by themanufacturer and shall be based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devicesfor Removal Efficiency by Particle Size when specifically setforth in these standards.

408.1.1 A filter gauge shall be installed across each filterbank serving central air systems. The gauge shall be red


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lined or a filter alarm light installed to signal when therecommended maximum static pressure drop has beenreached.408.1.2 Central air-handling systems are defined as anyunit requiring duct work on the supply or inlet side thatserve more than one room.408.1.3 Filter banks shall be visually inspected for tornmedia and bypass in filter frames by means of a flash-light or equivalent, both with fans in operation andstopped. Tears in media and bypass in filter frames shallbe eliminated in accordance with the manufacturer’sdirections and the requirements of the enforcing agencyprior to commencing operation of the system.408.1.4 Central air-handling systems shall be maintainedin a reasonably clean condition during construction andshall be cleaned as necessary prior to replacement oftemporary filter used during construction to ensure thatclean air will be delivered to the occupied spaces.408.1.5 Filter bank No. 1 shall be located upstream ofthe air-conditioning equipment. Filter bank No. 2 andfilter bank No. 3 shall be located downstream of thesupply fan and all cooling and humidification equipmentwith efficiencies as indicated in Table 4-B or Table 4-C.Exception: Dry steam-type humidifiers for local roomhumidity control may be installed in the supply air ductdownstream of the final filter bank where designs arespecifically approved by the enforcing agency.408.1.6 Filter bank No. 2 and filter bank No. 3 mediashall be rigid or supported (noncollapsing type) andshall operate on the principles of impingement, straining,and diffusion.

408.2 Filters for Hospitals.408.2.1 All air-ventilation systems shall comply withcode requirements of this section and shall have filterbank efficiencies as listed in Table 4-B.408.2.2 Noncentral recirculating air systems providingcooling to high heat producing equipment located innonsensitive areas shall have a filter with 30 percentaverage efficiency based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007 or aminimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 8 basedon ASHRAE 52.2-2007.408.2.3 Noncentral air systems serving any areas notlisted in Table 4-B shall be provided with filter arrange-ment and efficiency specifically approved by theenforcing agency.408.2.4 Noncentral recirculating air handling systems,for example, through-the-wall units, fan coil units, andheat pumps may be utilized for single patient rooms ofone or more beds. Filtration for these units shall have aminimum weight arrestance value of 50 percent, basedon ASHRAE 52.2-2007 or a minimum efficiencyreporting value (MERV) of 1, based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007. The air ventilation system providing the minimumair changes of outdoor air shall comply with Table 4-B.

These units may be used as recirculating units only. Alloutdoor air requirements shall be met by a separatecentral air handling systems.

408.3 Filters for Skilled Nursing Facilities, IntermediateCare Facilities, and Correctional Treatment Centers.

408.3.1 The air ventilation systems shall comply withcode requirements of this section for skilled nursing facil-ities, intermediate care facilities and correctional treat-ment centers and shall have filter bank efficiencies aslisted in Table 4-C.408.3.2 Noncentral air systems serving single patientrooms of one or more beds shall comply with Table 4-C.408.3.3 Noncentral recirculating air-handling systems,i.e. through the wall units, may be utilized for eachpatient room with one or more beds. Filtration for theseunits shall have a minimum weight arrestance value of 50percent, based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007 or a minimum effi-ciency reporting value (MERV) of 1, based on ASHRAE52.2-2007. The air ventilation system providing theminimum air changes of outdoor air shall comply withTable 4-C. These units may be used as recirculating unitsonly. All outdoor air requirements shall be met by a sepa-rate central air handling system.408.3.4 Airborne infection isolation rooms, protectiveenvironment rooms, and sensitive areas in correctionaltreatment centers shall comply with Section 408.2.

408.4 Filters for Outpatient Facilities.408.4.1 The air ventilation systems shall comply withcode requirements of this section for outpatient facilitiesand shall have filter bank efficiencies as listed in Table4-B.408.4.2 Noncentral air systems serving individual roomsshall comply with Table 4-B.

409.0 Ducts. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]409.1Ducts which penetrate construction, intended for X-rayor other radiation protection, shall not impair the effective-ness of the protection.409.2 Duct linings and their use shall meet the requirementsof Chapter 6, California Mechanical Code.409.3 Insulation of Ducts. Cold air ducts shall be insulatedwherever necessary or to prevent condensation.409.4 The anchorage and supporting structural elements forairducts shall be designed to withstand the lateral forces asrequired by the California Building Code, Title 24, Part 2.

410.0 Laboratory Ventilating Systems and Hoods. [OSHPD1, 2, 3 & 4]410.1 Laboratory Ventilating Systems. Laboratory venti-lating systems shall comply with NFPA 99, as required bySection 1224.4.6.4 of the California Building Code.410.2 Exhaust Hoods and Safety Cabinets. Hoods and safetycabinets may be used for normal exhaust of a space provided


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minimum air change rates are maintained. If air change stan-dards in Table 4-A do not provide sufficient air for properoperation of exhaust hoods and safety cabinets (when in use),supplementary makeup air (filtered and preheated) shall beprovided around these units to maintain the required airflowdirection and exhaust velocity. Makeup systems for hoodsshall be arranged to minimize “short circuiting” of air and toavoid reduction in air velocity at the point of contaminantcapture.410.3 Laboratory Fume Hoods. Laboratory fume hoods shallmeet the following standards:

410.3.1 General Standard. Average face velocity shallbe at least 75 feet per minute (0.38 meters per second).Exhaust system shall be separate from the buildingexhaust system. Exhaust fan shall be located at thedischarge end of the system. Exhaust duct system shall beof noncombustible corrosion-resistant material asrequired to meet the planned usage of the hood.410.3.2 Special Standards for Use with StrongOxidants. Fume hoods and their associated equipmentin the air stream intended for use with perchloric acidand other strong oxidants shall be constructed of stain-less steel or other material consistent with special expo-sures. Hoods and equipment shall be provided with awater wash and drain system to permit periodic flushingof duct and hood. When perchloric acid or other strongoxidants are only transferred from one container toanother, standard laboratory fume hoods and the asso-ciated equipment may be used in lieu of stainless steelconstruction.410.3.3 Special Standards for Use with Infectious orRadioactive Materials. Each hood shall have a minimumface velocity of 90 to 110 feet per minute (0.45 to 0.56meters per second) with suitable pressure-independentair-modulating devices and alarms to alert staff of fanshutdown or loss of airflow. Each hood shall have filterswith a 99.97 percent efficiency (based on the DOP testmethod) in the exhaust stream and be designed andequipped to permit the safe removal, disposal, andreplacement of contaminated filters. Filters shall be asclose to the hood as practical to minimize duct contam-ination. Fume hoods intended for use with radioactiveisotopes shall be constructed of stainless steel or othermaterial suitable for the particular exposure.

411.0 Kitchen and Dining Areas. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]411.1 The air from dining areas may be used to ventilate thefood preparation areas only after it has passed through afilter with at least an 80 percent average efficiency based onASHRAE 52.2-2007 or a minimum efficiency reporting value(MERV) of 13, based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007.Exception: For skilled nursing facilities, intermediate carefacilities and correctional treatment centers, the air fromdining area may be used to ventilate food preparation areasonly after it has passed through a filter with a 50 percent

average efficiency based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007 or aminimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 10, based onASHRAE 52.2-2007.

412.0 Boiler, Mechanical, and Electrical Rooms. [OSHPD1, 2, 3 & 4]412.1 Boiler, heater and electrical equipment rooms shall beprovided with outdoor air so as to maintain combustion ratesof equipment and temperatures in the rooms and in adjoiningareas as rated in this chapter.412.2 Floor surfaces in occupied spaces above such roomsshould not exceed a temperature of 85°F (29.4°C), and suit-able insulation may be required.

413.0 Odorous Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4] 413.1 Rooms in areas where excessive heat or moisture isgenerated, where objectional odors or dust are present, orwhere flammable or toxic gases may accumulate, which areused by health facility personnel or patients, shall be providedwith exhaust ventilation to change the air a minimum of tentimes per hour.413.2 Kitchen, morgues and laundries located inside ahospital building or skilled nursing facility in which patientsare accommodated, or treated, shall be ventilated withexhaust systems which will provide a minimum of ten airchanges per hour and prevent odors from entering patientareas.

414.0 Airborne Infection Isolations Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3& 4]414.1 Exhaust Systems. A separate, dedicated exhaustsystem shall be provided for airborne infection isolationrooms. The dedicated system may serve more than oneairborne infection isolation room, adjoining toilet room andanteroom. The exhaust ducts shall be identified by appro-priate labeling with the words "Caution Airborne InfectionIsolation Rooms Exhaust" or similar terminology. Suchlabeling shall be in a manner which is not readily removableand shall appear on the exhaust duct at intervals of not morethan 20 feet (6096 mm) and at least once near each roomand each story traversed by the exhaust system. Exhaust fansshall comply with Section 407.1.2. The discharge fromexhaust fans shall be located above the roof and shall belocated a minimum of 25 feet (7620 mm) from areas that maybe occupied, doors, operable windows, outdoor air intakes,or other openings into the building. The exhaust fandischarge shall be labeled in a manner which readily iden-tifies the precautions which should be observed. To ensurethat the airborne contaminates do not reenter the building,one of the following shall be provided:

414.1.1 Exhaust discharge from fan shall extend at least7 feet (2134 mm) above the roof and discharge verticallyupward. Self-draining stacks or equivalent shall be usedfor rain protection. Rain caps which divert the exhausttoward the roof shall be prohibited.


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414.1.2 Exhaust shall discharge above roof level andthrough an accessible HEPA filter. The HEPA filter shallbe located upstream of the exhaust fan and have aminimum efficiency of 99.97 percent based on the DOPmethod in accordance with Mil-Std. 282 or a minimumefficiency reporting value (MERV) of 17, based onASHRAE 52.2-2007. Filter gage shall be installed acrossthe filter. For maintenance of air balance relationship,see Section 407.3.2. The 25-foot (7620 mm) dimensionrequired by Section 414.1 may be reduced when a 99.97percent HEPA filter or a minimum efficiency reportingvalue (MERV) of 17, based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007 isused and the reduced dimension is specifically approvedby the enforcing agency.

414.2 Air Distribution. The supply outlets and exhaust inletsshall be located to provide airflow patterns that prevent stag-nation of the air and eliminate short circuiting of the supplyto the exhaust, and minimize exposure of health care workersto airborne infectious particles. Supply-air outlets shall belocated at or near the ceiling and at the end of the airborneinfection isolation room which is opposite the head of the bed.Exhaust registers shall be located on the wall behind thepatient's head, or as close to that wall as practical and shallbe located not less than 3 inches (76 mm) nor more than 24inches (610 mm) above the finished floor.Exception: For correctional treatment centers, the locationand design of the supply outlets an exhaust or return inletsshall not compromise the safety, security and protection ofstaff, inmates and property.

415.0 Protective Environment Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]415.1 Air Distribution. The supply outlets and exhaust andreturn inlets shall be located to provide airflow patterns thatprevent stagnation of the air and eliminate short circuiting ofthe supply to the exhaust or return. Supply air shall be deliv-ered at or near the ceiling and near the patient's bed. Allexhaust or return registers shall be located near the entranceto the protective environment room and not less than 3 inches(76 mm) nor more than 8 inches (203 mm) above the finishedfloor.Exception: For correctional treatment centers, the locationand design of the supply outlets and exhaust or return inletsshall not compromise the safety, security, and protection ofstaff, inmates and property.

416.0 Alarms – Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms andProtective Environment Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]416.1 An alarm system which is based on static pressurecontrol, volumetric control, or directional flow measurementshall be provided for each isolation room. The alarm systemshall consist of a display monitor located on the corridor wallnear the door to the room and a visual and audible alarmwhich annunciates at the room and at a nurses' station orother suitable location that will provide responsible surveil-lance. A time delay shall be provided to allow for routineopenings of doors. The alarm shall annunciate when the

supply, return, or exhaust fans are interrupted and when oneof the following conditions is not being met during closeddoor conditions:(1) When the minimum air quantity difference of 75 cfm

(35.4 L/s) required by Table 4-A is not being maintained;or

(2) When a minimum pressure differential of 0.001 inch(0.003 kPa) of water and a minimum inward (outwardfor protective environment rooms) air velocity of 100 feetper minute (0.508 m/s) is not being maintained at the airtransfer opening required by Table 4-A.

416.2 Other acceptable alarm systems will be allowed whendesigns are specifically approved by the enforcing agency.416.3 [For OSHPD 4] For correctional treatment centers,the alarm system shall not create false alarms or securityhazards.416.4 Prior to acceptance of the rooms, the alarm systemshall be tested and operated to demonstrate to the owner ordesignated representative that the installation and perform-ance of the system conforms to design intent.

417.0 Testing and Balancing Airborne Infection IsolationRooms and Protective Environment Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2,3 & 4] Prior to acceptance of the rooms, all mechanicalsystems shall be tested, balanced, and operated to demon-strate to the owner or designated representative that theinstallation and performance of the systems conform todesign intent. All testing and balancing shall be performedby a qualified independent agency certified by the AssociatedAir Balance Council (AABC): the National EnvironmentalBalancing Bureau (NEBB); or the Testing, Adjusting andBalancing Bureau (TABB).

418.0 Design Requirements for Ethylene Oxide (ETO) Ster-ilization Areas. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4] 418.1 Air Changes. The ETO sterilization equipment roomshall be provided with minimum air changes per hour perTable 4-A and be maintained at a negative air balance.418.2 Exhaust Requirements.

418.2.1 All air from the ETO sterilizer equipment roomshall be exhausted to the outside by a dedicated systemor other approved method.418.2.2 The exhaust fan for the dedicated system shallbe located at the discharge point of the system and iden-tified as ETO Equipment Room Exhaust.418.2.3 Discharge Point. The discharge point shall be aminimum of 25 feet (7620 mm) away from any outsideintake, operable window or personnel passage.

418.3 Ventilation Requirements.418.3.1 Aeration Units. The aeration units shall be venti-lated through a nonrecirculating dedicated ventilationexhaust system.418.3.2 Capture Box. When the drain is not located inthe ETO sterilizer equipment room, ventilation isrequired by a capture box.


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418.3.3 Cylinder Change.When not located in the ETOsterilizer equipment room, exhaust during cylinderchange is required by installing a hood that is part of adedicated ventilation exhaust system, positioned no morethan 1 foot (305 mm) above or behind the point wherethe change of cylinders takes place.418.3.4 Sterilizer Relief Valve. The ventilation of steril-izer relief valve is required through a pipe connected tothe outlet of the relief valve exhausted directly to theoutdoors at a point high enough to be away from passersby, and not near any windows that open, nor near anyair-conditioning or ventilation air intakes.418.3.5 Ventilation of Sterilizer Door Area. The systemshall be designed to capture the ETO when the door isopened following the completion of the sterilizationprocess. A hood or canopy closed on each end should beinstalled over the sterilization door. A hood or canopyshall be connected to a dedicated exhaust ventilationsystem.

418.4 Gas Valves. Installation of gas line hand valves at theconnection to the supply cylinders are required to minimizeleakage during cylinder change.418.5 Alarm Systems. An Audible and visual alarm systemshall be installed to alert sterilizer operating personnel if theair flow falls below design cubic feet per minute (L/s).


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A B C D E F

AREA DESIGNATION

AIR BALANCERELATIONSHIP TO

ADJACENTAREAS8

MINIMUM AIRCHANGES IF

100% O.S.A.

CONDITIONED AIR NOT 100% O.S.A ALL AIR

EXHAUSTEDDIRECTLY TOOUTDOORS

MINIMUM AIRCHANGES OFOUTDOOR AIR PER HOUR

MINIMUM TOTALAIR CHANGESPER HOUR

Operating room, cardiac P7 12 5 20 ––catherization lab and cystoscopyPatient holding preparation1 NR 6 2 6 ––Delivery room, cesarean operating room P 12 5 20 ––Newborn/well baby nursery P 6 2 6 ––Post anesthesia care unit NR 6 2 6 YesIntensive care service spaces, P 6 2 6 ––acute respiratory - care service spaces,burn service spaces, coronary - care service spaces, pediatricintensive - care service spaces9

Newborn intensive care P 6 2 6 ––Emergency department1

Waiting area N 12 2 12 Yes 2

Operating room P 12 5 20 ––Treatment room NR 6 2 6 ––Trauma Room3 P 12 5 20 ––Triage N 12 2 12 Yes

Patient room NR 2 2 6 ––Dialysis treatment room NR 6 2 6 ––Dialyzer reprocessing room N –– –– 10 YesIV Prep. room P 6 2 6 ––Blood draw/phlebotomy NR 6 2 6 ––Infusion room P 6 2 6 ––Blood bank/tissue storage NR 6 2 6 ––Administrative NR 2 2 4 ––Patient area corridor NR 2 2 4 ––Labor/delivery/recovery room, NR 2 2 6 ––Labor/delivery/recovery/postpartum roomAirborne infection isolation room N4 12 2 12 Yes

Airborne infection isolation anteroom P4 10 2 10 Yes

Protective environment room P5 15 2 15 ––

Protective environment anteroom N6 15 2 15 ––

Treatment and examination rooms,Bloodborne infection isolation room NR 6 2 6 ––

Bronchoscopy and endoscopy N 12 2 12 Yes

Special purpose room (SNF & ICF only) NR 6 2 6 YesRadiological/Imaging:

Angiography room P 12 5 15 ––

TABLE 4-APRESSURE RELATIONSHIP AND VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERAL ACUTE CARE HOSPITALS, SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES, INTERMEDIATE CARE FACILITIES, CORRECTIONAL

TREATMENT CENTERS, OUTPATIENT FACILITIES, AND LICENSED CLINICS

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TABLE 4-A (continued)PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP AND VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERAL ACUTE CARE HOSPITALS, SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES, INTERMEDIATE CARE FACILITIES, CORRECTIONAL

TREATMENT CENTERS, OUTPATIENT FACILITIES, AND LICENSED CLINICSA B C D E F

AREA DESIGNATION


ADJACENTAREAS8


100% O.S.A.





X-ray (diagnostic and treatment) NR 6 2 6 ––CT Scan NR 6 2 6 ––MRI room NR 6 2 6 ––Fluoroscopy room N 6 2 6 YesDark room N 12 2 12 YesNegative-pressure x-ray room N 12 2 12 YesUltra sound room NR 6 2 6 ––Gamma camera NR 6 2 6 ––Waiting area N 12 2 12 YesNuclear Medicine N 6 2 6 Yes

Bedpan room N –– –– 10 YesBathroom N –– –– 10 YesJanitors’ closet, housekeeping room N –– –– 10 YesSterilizer equipment room N –– –– 10 YesSub sterile room NR 10 2 10 YesLinen and trash chute rooms N –– –– 10 YesFood preparation centers NR 10 2 10 YesDining room NR 10 2 10 ––Dishwashing room N –– –– 10 YesDietary day storage NR –– –– 2 ––Laundry, general (clean and dirty) NR 10 2 10 YesSoiled linen sorting and storage N –– –– 10 YesClean linen storage P 2 2 2 ––Anesthesia storage NR 8 –– 8 YesCentral medical and surgical supply:Soiled or decontamination room N 4 2 4 YesClean workroom P 4 2 4 ––Unsterile supply NR 2 2 2 ––Pharmacy/medicine room P 2 2 4 ––Laboratory

General N 6 2 6 ––Biochemistry P 6 2 6 ––Cytology N 6 2 6 YesGlass washing N 10 2 10 YesHistology N 6 2 6 YesMicrobiology N 6 2 6 YesPathology N 6 2 6 YesSerology P 6 2 6 ––Sterilizing N 10 2 10 YesMedia transfer P 4 2 4 ––Infectious disease and virus N 6 2 6 YesBacteriology N 6 2 6 YesNuclear medicine N 6 2 6 YesNuclear medicine hot lab N –– –– 6 Yes

Airborne infection isolation treatment/exam room N 12 2 12 YesPhysical therapy and hydrotherapy N 6 2 6 ––

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TABLE 4-A (continued)PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP AND VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERAL ACUTE CARE HOSPITALS, SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES, INTERMEDIATE CARE FACILITIES, CORRECTIONAL

TREATMENT CENTERS, OUTPATIENT FACILITIES, AND LICENSED CLINICS

A B C D E F

AREA DESIGNATION


ADJACENTAREAS8


100% O.S.A.





Soiled workroom (utility room) N 4 2 10 YesClean workroom P 4 2 6 ––Autopsy N 12 2 12 YesToilet room N –– –– 10 YesShower room N –– –– 10 YesWaiting area primary care clinic N 10 2 10 Yes2

Staff sleep rooms NR 2 2 4 ––Morgues and autopsy rooms N 10 2 10 YesPediatric play area NR 6 2 6 ––Recreation/activity room NR 6 2 6 ––Multipurpose room NR 6 2 6 ––Lactation NR 2 2 6 ––

Observation/seclusion room NR 2 2 6 ––

Speech therapy/audiology room NR 2 2 6 ––

Occupational therapy NR 6 2 6 ––

Endoscope cleaning/processing N 10 2 10 YesP = Positive NR = No requirement for continuous directional control N = Negative

1 The pressure relationship of the entire emergency department shall be negative to other adjacent areas.2 Air may be recirculated if a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter with a minimum efficiency of 99.97 percent or a minimum efficiency reporting value

(MERV) of 17 is installed in the return air duct which serves the waiting area.3 The term “trauma room” as used here is the operating room space in the emergency department or other trauma reception area that is used for emergency

surgery. The first aid room and/pr “emergency room” used for initial treatment of accident victims may be ventilated as noted for the “treatment rooms.”4 The anteroom shall have positive air pressure in relation to the airborne infection isolation room. A door louver, transfer grille, or other acceptable means

shall be provided to allow for airflow from the anteroom to the airborne infection isolation room. The airborne infection isolation room shall have negativepressure in relation to the anteroom, and the adjoining toilet room shall have negative pressure in relation to the airborne infection isolation room. Nega-tive pressure shall be achieved by balancing the exhaust cfm to no less than 75 cfm (35.4 L/s) greater than the supply cfm for each airborne infection isola-tion room the anteroom serves. The overall area consisting of the anteroom, airborne infection isolation room, and adjoining toilet room shall have anequal air balance in relation to the corridor.Exception: For correctional treatment centers, the location and design of the air transfer device shall not compromise the safety, security and protection ofstaff, inmates, and property.

5 Positive-pressure shall be achieved by balancing the supply cfm to not less than 75 cfm (35.4 L/s) greater than the exhaust and return cfm for each protec-tive environment room the anteroom serves.

6 The anteroom shall have negative air pressure in relation to the protective environment room. A door louver, transfer grille, or other acceptable means shallbe provided to allow for airflow from the protective environment room to the anteroom. The protective environment room shall have positive-pressure in rela-tion to the anteroom and adjoining toilet room. Positive pressure shall be achieved by balancing the supply cfm to not less than 75 cfm (35.4 L/s) greaterthan the exhaust and return cfm. The overall area consisting of the anteroom, protective environment room, and adjoining toilet room shall have an equalair balance in relation to the corridor.Exception: For correctional treatment centers, the location and design of the air transfer device shall not compromise the safety, security, and protectionof staff, inmates, and property.

7 Cystoscopy may have no requirement for continuous directional control when approved by Authority Having Jurisdiction.8 For operating rooms, cardiac catheterization labs, angiography rooms, cystoscopy rooms, delivery rooms, cesarean operating rooms, newborn intensive

care, intensive care units, and nurseries provide approximately 15% excess supply air to the room or a sufficient quantity of excess supply air to maintainan appropriate positive air balance based on the room tightness and number of doors. For all rooms not listed in this footnote or not listed in Table 325.0requiring either a positive or negative air balance, provide approximately 10% differential cfm between supply and return/exhaust airflow but not less than25 cfm differential shall be provided regardless of room size. Room function, size, and tightness may be considered when determining the differential airflowrequired. Where continuous directional control is not required, variations between supply cfm and return or exhaust cfm shall be minimized.

9 Intensive care patient rooms that contain a modular toilet/sink combination unit within the room shall be provided with a minimum of 75 cfm of exhaustdirectly over the modular toilet/sink combination unit.

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TABLE 4-BFILTER EFFICIENCIES FOR CENTRAL VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL ACUTE CARE HOSPITALS, ACUTE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS, OUTPATIENT FACILITIES, AND LICENSED CLINICS1

AREA DESIGNATION MINIMUM NUMBER OF FILTER BANKS

FILTER EFFICIENCY % FILTER BANK(MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REPORTING VALUE MERV)5

NO. 11 NO. 21 NO. 31Orthopedic operating room, bone marrow transplantoperating room, organ transplantoperating room

330% 90% 99.97%3

(8) (14) (17)

Protective environment rooms 3 30% 90% 99.97%4

(8) (14) (17)Angiography; cardiac catheterizationlabs; operating rooms; delivery roomsnurseries; patient care, treatment,cystoscopy, cesarean operating room,diagnostic, and related areas; airborneinfection isolation rooms; areasproviding direct patient service or cleansupplies such as sterile and cleanprocesses

2

30% 90% ––

(8) (14) ––

Laboratories 2 30% 80% ––(8) (13) ––

Administrative, med staff support areas,bulk storage, soiled holding areas,food preparation areas, public cafeterias, and laundries

130% –– ––

(8) –– ––

1 Based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007.2 Based on DOP test in accordance with MIL-STD-282 or based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007.3 HEPA filters at air outlet or other locations when approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.4 HEPA filter located in the supply duct which serves the positive-pressure isolation room or rooms may serve more than one supply outlet and more than

one positive-pressure isolation room. HEPA filter or a filter with minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 17 installation shall be designed andequipped to permit safe removal, disposal and replacement of filters.

5 The numbers in parentheses represent MERV rating based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007.

1 Based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007.2 Filters are not required for evaporative coolers serving laundries and food preparation areas.3 The numbers in parentheses represent MERV rating based on ASHRAE 52.2-2007.

TABLE 4-CFILTER EFFICIENCIES FOR CENTRAL VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS IN SKILLED

NURSING FACILITIES AND INTERMEDIATE CARE FACILITIES AND CORRECTIONAL TREATMENT CENTERS.1

AREA DESIGNATION MINIMUM NUMBER OF FILTER BANKS

FILTER EFFICIENCY % FILTER BANK(MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REPORTING VALUE MERV)3

NO. 11 NO. 21All areas for inpatient care, treatmentand/or diagnosis, and those areasproviding direct service or cleaning supplies)

230% 80%

(8) (13)

Administrative, bulk storage, soiledholding, laundries and food prep areas 1

30%2 ––(8) ––

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TABLE 402.1MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN BREATHING ZONE1, 2

[ASHRAE 62.1: TABLE 6-1]

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY4PEOPLE OUTDOOR

Air Rate RP (cfm/person)

AREA OUTDOORAir Rate RA(cfm/ft2)

DEFAULT OCCUPANTDensity3

(people/1000 ft2)CORRECTIONAL FACILITIESBooking/waiting 7.5 0.06 50Cell 5 0.12 25Day room 5 0.06 30Guard stations 5 0.06 15EDUCATIONAL FACILITIESArt classroom 10 0.18 20Classrooms (ages 5-8) 10 0.12 25Classrooms (age 9 plus) 10 0.12 35Computer lab 10 0.12 25Day care (through age 4) 10 0.18 25Day care sickroom 10 0.18 25Lecture classroom 7.5 0.06 65Lecture hall (fixed seats) 7.5 0.06 150Media centera 10 0.12 25Music/theater/dance 10 0.06 35Multi-use assembly 7.5 0.06 100Science laboratoriese 10 0.18 25University/college laboratories 10 0.18 25Wood/metal shop 10 0.18 20FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICE Bars, cocktail lounges 7.5 0.18 100Cafeteria/fast food dining 7.5 0.18 100Kitchen (cooking) 7.5 0.12 20Restaurant dining rooms 7.5 0.18 70GENERALBreak rooms 5 0.06 25Coffee stations 5 0.06 20Conference/meeting 5 0.06 50Corridors – 0.06 –Occupiable storage rooms for liquids or gelsb 5 0.12 2HOTELS, MOTELS, RESORTS, DORMITORIESBedroom/living room 5 0.06 10Barracks sleeping areas 5 0.06 20Laundry rooms, central 5 0.12 10Laundry rooms within dwelling units 5 0.12 10Lobbies/pre-function 7.5 0.06 30Multipurpose assembly 5 0.06 120OFFICE BUILDINGSBreakrooms 5 0.12 50Occupiable storage rooms for dry materials 5 0.06 2Office space 5 0.06 5Main entry lobbies 5 0.06 10Reception areas 5 0.06 30Telephone/data entry 5 0.06 60MISCELLANEOUS SPACESBank or bank lobbies 7.5 0.06 15Bank vaults/safe deposit 5 0.06 5Computer (not printing) 5 0.06 4General manufacturing (excludes heavy industrial andprocesses using chemicals) 10 0.18 7

Pharmacy (prep. area) 5 0.18 10Photo studios 5 0.12 10

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TABLE 402.1 (continued)MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN BREATHING ZONE1, 2


OCCUPANCY CATEGORY4PEOPLE OUTDOOR

Air Rate RP (cfm/person)

AREA OUTDOORAir Rate RA(cfm/ft2)

DEFAULT OCCUPANTDensity3

(people/1000 ft2)Shipping/receivingb 10 0.12 2Sorting, packing, light assembly 7.5 0.12 7Transportation waiting 7.5 0.06 100Warehousesb 10 0.06 –PUBLIC ASSEMBLY SPACESAuditorium seating area 5 0.06 150Courtrooms 5 0.06 70Legislative chambers 5 0.06 50Libraries 5 0.12 10Lobbies 5 0.06 150Museums (children’s) 7.5 0.12 40Museums/galleries 7.5 0.06 40Places of religious worship 5 0.06 120RESIDENTIALCommon corridors – 0.06 –Dwelling unitf, g 5 0.06 See footnote fRETAILSales (except as below) 7.5 0.12 15Barber shop 7.5 0.06 25Beauty and nail salons 20 0.12 25Coin-operated laundries 7.5 0.12 20Mall common areas 7.5 0.06 40Pet shops (animal areas) 7.5 0.18 10Supermarket 7.5 0.06 8SPORTS AND ENTERTAINMENTBowling alley (seating) 10 0.12 40Disco/dance floors 20 0.06 100Gambling casinos 7.5 0.18 120Game arcades 7.5 0.18 20Gym, stadium (play area) – 0.30 30Health club/aerobics room 20 0.06 40Health club/weight rooms 20 0.06 10Sports arena (play area) – 0.30 –Spectator areas 7.5 0.06 150Stages, studiosd 10 0.06 70Swimming (pool & deck)c – 0.48 –For SI units: 1 cubic foot per minute = 0.0283 m3/min, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2

Notes:1 This table applies to no-smoking areas. Rates for smoking-permitted spaces must be determined using other methods.2 Volumetric airflow rates are based on an air density of 0.075 pounds of dry air per cubic foot (lbda/ft3) (1.201 kgda/m3), which corresponds to dry air at a

barometric pressure of 1 atm (101 kPa) and an air temperature of 70°F (21°C). Rates shall be permitted to be adjusted for actual density but such adjust-ment is not required for compliance with this chapter.

3 The default occupant density shall be used where actual occupant density is not known.4 Where the occupancy category for a proposed space or zone is not listed, the requirements for the listed occupancy category that is most similar in terms of

occupant density, activities, and building construction shall be used.

ITEM-SPECIFIC NOTES FOR TABLE 402.1a For high school and college libraries, use values shown for Public Spaces – Library.b Rate is capable of not being sufficient where stored materials include those having potentially harmful emissions.c Rate does not allow for humidity control. Additional ventilation or dehumidification shall be permitted to be required to remove moisture.d Rate does not include special exhaust for stage effects, (e.g., dry ice vapors, smoke).e No class of air has been established for this occupancy category.f Default occupancy for dwelling units shall be two persons for studio and one-bedroom units, with one additional person for each additional bedroom.g Air from one residential dwelling shall not be recirculated or transferred to other space outside of that dwelling.

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Notes:1 “Max Zpz” refers to the largest value of Zpz, calculated using Equation 403.5.1, among all the zones served

by the system. 2 Interpolating between table values is permitted.3 The values of Ev in this table are based on a 0.15 average outdoor air fraction for the system (e.g., the ratio of

the uncorrected outdoor air intake Vou to the total zone primary airflow for all the zones served by the airhandler). For systems with higher values of the average outdoor air fraction, this table is capable of resultingin unrealistically low values of Ev and the use of Section 404.0 will yield more practical results.

MAX (ZPz) Ev≤ 0.15 1.0≤ 0.25 0.9≤ 0.35 0.8≤ 0.45 0.7≤ 0.55 0.6> 0.55 Use Section 404.0

AIR DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION EzCeiling supply of cool air 1.0Ceiling supply of warm air and floor return 1.0Ceiling supply of warm air at least 15°F above space temperature and ceiling return. 0.8Ceiling supply of warm air less than 15°F above space temperature and ceiling return provided that the 150 feetper minute (fpm) supply air jet reaches to within 4.5 feet of floor level.

1.0

Floor supply of cool air and ceiling return provided that the 150 fpm supply jet reaches at least 4.5 feet above thefloor.

1.0

Floor supply of cool air and ceiling return, provided low velocity displacement ventilation achieves unidirec-tional flow and thermal stratification.

1.2

Floor supply of warm air and floor return 1.0Floor supply of warm air and ceiling return 0.7Makeup supply drawn in on the opposite side of the room from the exhaust or return. 0.8

Makeup supply drawn in near to the exhaust or return location 0.5

TABLE 403.2.2ZONE AIR DISTRIBUTION EFFECTIVENESS1, 2, 3, 4, 5


For SI units: °C = (°F-32)/1.8, 1 foot per minute = 0.005 m/s, 1 foot = 304.8 mmNotes:1 “Cool air” is air cooler than space temperature.2 “Warm air” is air warmer than space temperature.3 “Ceiling” includes any point above the breathing zone.4 “Floor” includes any point below the breathing zone.5 As an alternative to using the above values, determine Ez in accordance with ASHRAE 129 for all air distribution configurations except unidirectional

flow.

TABLE 403.5.2SYSTEM VENTILATION EFFICIENCY1, 2, 3


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TABLE 403.7MINIMUM EXHAUST RATES[ASHRAE 62.1: TABLE 6-4]

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY6 EXHAUST RATE(cfm/unit)

EXHAUST RATE(cfm/ft2)

Arenas2 – 0.50Art classrooms – 0.70Auto repair rooms1 – 1.50Barber shops – 0.50Bathroom9, 10 20/50 –Beauty and nail salons – 0.60Cells with toilet – 1.00Copy, printing rooms – 0.50Darkrooms – 1.00Educational science laboratories – 1.00Janitor closets, trash rooms, recycling – 1.00Kitchens – commercial – 0.70Kitchenettes – 0.30Locker rooms – 0.50Locker/dressing rooms – 0.25Parking garages3, 7 – 0.75Pet shops (animal areas) – 0.90Residential – kitchens8 50/100 –Soiled laundry storage rooms – 1.00Storage rooms, chemical – 1.50Toilets – private5 25/50 –Toilets – public4 50/70 –Woodwork shop/classrooms – 0.50

For SI units: 1 cubic foot per minute = 0.0283 m3⁄min, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2

Notes:1 Stands where engines are run shall have exhaust systems that directly connect to the engine exhaust and prevent escape of fumes.2 The rates do not include exhaust from vehicles or equipment with internal combustion engines.3 Exhaust rate is not required for open parking garages as defined in accordance with the building code.4 Rate is per water closet or urinal. Provide the higher rate where periods of heavy use are expected to occur, e.g., toilets in theatres, schools, and sports facil-

ities.5 Rate is for a toilet room intended to be occupied by one person at a time. For continuous system operation during normal hours of use, the lower rate shall

be used. Otherwise use the higher rate.6 For unlisted occupancies for a proposed space not listed in the table, the requirements for the listed occupancy that is most similar in terms of occupant density

and occupancy type shall be used. 7 Exhaust rate is not required for enclosed parking garages having a floor area of 1000 square feet (92.9 m2) or less and used for the storage of five or less

motorized vehicles.8 For continuous system operation, the lower rates shall be permitted. Otherwise the higher rate shall be used.9 [HCD 1 & HCD 2]A bathroom is any room containing a bathtub, a shower, a spa, or a similar source of moisture.10 [HCD 1 & HCD 2]ASHRAE 62.2: Tables 5.1 and 5.2.

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78 2013 CALIFORNIA MECHANICAL CODE

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