Hazards Risks Disasters 2
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Hazards, Risks and Disasters II
David Alexander University College London
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Information and communication
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Wisdom: ability to take decisions on the basis of principles, experience and knowledge
Knowledge: understanding of how things function (or should function)
Information: description of physical and social situations
Data: basic facts and statistics
COMMUNICATION
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DRR
Knowledge of community vulerability
Knowledge of hazards and their impacts
Knowledge of coping
capacity and resilience
Disaster Risk
Reduction
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Shortage of information
Excess of information
Impact of disaster Time
Information critical but
lacking
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Some effects of the information
and communications technology revolution
• flattening of the chain of command
• IT support for disaster response
• overload of information delivery systems
• the emergency manager must study new ways to inform himself and others.
• artificiality and isolation from the reality on the ground
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data
input and consultation
Data banks
Predictive models of events
Display and analysis technology
Ability to analyse data
data analysis circuit
Disaster relief
Emergency manager
emergency management
circuit
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Old ideas...
• rigid structure • hierarchy • military doctrine • secrecy • cordon • command and control • security • civil defence.
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New ideas...
• planning • collaboration • flexible, adaptable management • limited "span of control" • information sharing • IT support • accredited journalists • involving the public • civil protection.
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Social factors
Plan
Message
Technology Response
Perception
Culture
Optimisation
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Lesson: emergency communication is a powerful but imprecise process that is undergoing a profound revolution.
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Perception
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Public perception
of disasters continues to be dominated by myths and inaccuracies
enthusiastically propagated by
the mass media.
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"Myth" no.1: Disasters are truly exceptional events.
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"Myth" no.2: Disasters kill people without respect for
social class or economic status.
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"Myth" no.3: When disaster strikes panic and irrational behaviour are
common reactions.
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"Myth" no.4: People will flee in large numbers from a disaster area.
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"Myth" no.5: After disaster has struck, survivors tend to be dazed and apathetic.
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"Myth" no.6: People can survive for many days when trapped under the rubble of a collapsed building.
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0.5 1 3 12 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15
Hours Days
Survival time
100
50
0
Perc
en
tag
e o
f p
eo
ple
bro
ug
ht
ou
t
ali
ve f
rom
un
der
co
llap
sed
bu
ilin
gs
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"Myth" no.7: After disaster people will not make rational decisions and will therefore inevitably tend to do the
wrong thing unless authority guides them.
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"Myth" no.8: Disasters usually give rise to widespread, spontaneous
manifestations of antisocial behaviour, including looting and violence.
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"Myth" no.9: The mass media create an accurate picture of the disasters on which they report.
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"Myth" no.10: Unburied dead bodies constitute a health hazard.
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"Myth" no.11: Disease epidemics are an almost inevitable result of the disruption
and poor health caused by major disasters.
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"Myth" no.12: Great quantities and assortments of medicines
should be sent to disaster areas.
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"Myth" no.13: Field hospitals are particularly useful for treating people injured by sudden impact disasters.
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"Myth" no.14: In the aftermath of disaster mass vaccination is an excellent way of stopping the spread of diseases.
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"Myth" no.15: Dead bodies, survivors, streets, rubble and other things
should be sprayed with disinfectant to stop the spread of disease.
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"Myth" no.16: Any kind of aid and relief is useful after disaster
providing it is supplied quickly enough.
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"Myth" no.17: Companies, corporations, associations and governments are
always very generous when invited to send aid and relief to disaster areas.
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"Myth" no.18: Emergency responders will not report to work in a disaster,
they will protect their families instead.
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"Myth" no.19: In disasters
there are heroes and villains.
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"Myth" no.20: Disasters always happen to someone else.
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"Myth" no.21: Disaster is always a negative experience.
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Our image of disasters is conditioned far too much by Hollywood!
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Mutual antipathy
or collaborative relationship?
Representatives of the mass
media
Editorial independence and freedom
Sales and ratings;
reputation; revenue from advertising
Emergency and disaster managers
Obligation to inform the public
Public information centres; warnings
and alerts; informing the
relatives of victims
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Civil protection service
The general public
The mass media
Call centre
Feedback
Feedback
Direct communication
Press conferences, communiques
Consumer relations
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SUPPLY
DEMAND
NEEDS POTENTIAL TO
BE EXPLOITED
CREATE A NEW
CULTURE OF
CIVIL
PROTECTION
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Organised
Spontaneous
Established
Kinship groups
Individual citizens
Disaster subcultures
Emergent groups
Citizens' organisations Charitable
NGOs
Some public stakeholders in disaster
Schools
Workplace groups
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INSTRUMENTS OF DISSEMINATION
• mass media • targeted campaign • social networks
• internet
Augmentation
MASS EDUCATION PROGRAMME
SOCIAL CAPITAL
HABIT
CULTURE
The creation of a culture of civil protection
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Lesson: perception is a vital component of emergency planning and response, but it is also difficult to manage.
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Education
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Broad professional training in emergency management
Professional experience and training
Disciplinary training (e.g. bachelor's degree)
Common culture
Common language
Common objectives
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HAZARD,
RISK &
DISASTER
STUDIES
SEVEN SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
Criminal justice
and forensic
science
and perhaps an eighth...
Sociology
Psychology
& psychiatry
Economic &
financial studies
Development
studies
Disaster medicine
& epidemiology
Physical &
construction
sciences
Geography &
anthropology:
cultural (human)
anthropology
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Ecology
Geology
(& Geomorphology)
Geophysics
(inc. Seismology)
Vulcanology Climatology
Hydraulics
Hydrology
Meteorology
Architecture
Civil engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Structural engineering
Mechanical &
electrical engineering Information &
communication
technology (ICT)
Computer technology
Remote sensing
Risk analysis (inc.
risk identification,
estimation,
management &
communication)
Cartography
Development studies
Economics
Geography, History
Jurisprudence & legal stds
Urban & regional planning
Mass media studies
Psychology
Sociology
Nursing
Nutrition
Pharmacology
General medicine
Surgery &
emergency medicine
Public health, hygiene
& epidemiology
Veterinary sciences Health sciences
Social & spatial sciences
Computational
& analytical
sciences
Construction sciences
Atmospheric & water sciences
Earth & environmental sciences
HAZARD,
RISK &
DISASTER
CONSTITUENT DISCIPLINES
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Emergency management training and education
B A
S IC
C ONC EP
T S
HA
ZA
RD
AN
ALY
SIS
EMERGENCYPLANNING
EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
DIS
AS
TE
R
SO
CIO
LO
GY
AN
D
PS
YC
HO
LO
GY
RECOVERY AND
RECONSTRUCTION
PLANNING
PU
BL
ICIN
FO
RM
AT
ION
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
METHODS OF
RISK MITIGATION
FIE
LD
EX
ER
CIS
ES
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Recognition and an institutional role for the
professional figure
Certification of competence
Training programmes
Emerging professional
figure
Policies and legislation
Research Experience
Organi- sation
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Lesson: education is the key to better disaster risk reduction.
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Conclusions
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FUTUROLOGY
• at the world scale, one or more great events will cause a drastic reorganisation disaster preparedness
• the catalyst event may be a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, or a biological or radioactive incident.
• losses in disaster will continue to increase steeply
• poverty and vulnerability will define ever more closely the areas of greatest susceptibility to disasters
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• the job of the emergency manager will become more and more complex
• emergency planning will have to tackle new kinds of event
• emergency management will very slowly become a profession
• the level of international participation in disasters will rise.
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The"Military Cross"
WAR AND CONFLICT
NATURAL DISASTERS
INSECURITY POVERTY
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE M
ILITARY A
SSISTANCE
VULNERABILITY AND
MARGINAL- ISATION
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Justice Impartiality
Humanitarianism
Hijacking of assistance
Relief
Robbery and rape of victims
Total war
Politicisation of relief suppies
What future?
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Integration through emergency planning
and training
Links
Mitigation and reduction
of risks
Preparations and
warning
Emergency relief actions
Recovery and
reconstruction
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