Hazardous Materials and Explosive Devices Law Enforcement II.
-
Upload
blaise-carter -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of Hazardous Materials and Explosive Devices Law Enforcement II.
Hazardous Materials and Explosive DevicesLaw Enforcement II
2Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Copyright and Terms of Service
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. These materials are copyrighted © and trademarked ™ as the property of the Texas Education Agency (TEA) and may not be reproduced without the express written permission of TEA, except under the following conditions:
1) Texas public school districts, charter schools, and Education Service Centers may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for the districts’ and schools’ educational use without obtaining permission from TEA.
2) Residents of the state of Texas may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for individual personal use only, without obtaining written permission of TEA.
3) Any portion reproduced must be reproduced in its entirety and remain unedited, unaltered and unchanged in any way.
4) No monetary charge can be made for the reproduced materials or any document containing them; however, a reasonable charge to cover only the cost of reproduction and distribution may be charged.
Private entities or persons located in Texas that are not Texas public school districts, Texas Education Service Centers, or Texas charter schools or any entity, whether public or private, educational or non-educational, located outside the state of Texas MUST obtain written approval from TEA and will be required to enter into a license agreement that may involve the payment of a licensing fee or a royalty.
Contact TEA Copyrights with any questions you may have.
3Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Classifications of Hazardous Materials
• Class 1: Explosives• Class 2: Gases• Class 3: Flammable Liquids• Class 4: Flammable Solids• Class 5: Oxidizing Substances; Organic Peroxides• Class 6: Poisonous (Toxic) and Infectious Substances• Class 7: Radioactive Materials • Class 8: Corrosives• Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods
4Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Classifications of Hazardous Materials(continued)
• Class 1: Explosives – any substance or article, including a device, which is designed to function by explosion (i.e., an extremely rapid release of gas and heat) or which, by chemical reaction within itself, is able to function in a similar manner even if not designed to function by explosion, unless the substance or article is otherwise classed under the provisions of subchapter 49 CFR §173.50
5Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Classifications of Hazardous Materials (continued)
• Class 1: Explosives (continued)–Division 1.1 – Mass explosion hazard–Division 1.2 – Projection hazard–Division 1.3 – Predominately a fire hazard–Division 1.4 – No significant blast hazard–Division 1.5 – Very insensitive–Division 1.6 – Extremely insensitive
6Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Classifications of Hazardous Materials (continued)
• Class 2: Gases (49 CFR § 173.115)– Division 2.1 – Flammable Gas– Division 2.2 – Non-Flammable/Non-Poisonous
Compressed Gas – Division 2.3 – Gas Poisonous by Inhalation
• Class 3: Flammable Liquids (49 CFR § 173.120)– Flammable liquid– Combustible liquid– Flash point
7Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Classifications of Hazardous Materials (continued)
• Class 4: Flammable Solids (49 CFR § 173.124)– Division 4.1 – Flammable Solids– Division 4.2 – Spontaneously Combustible Material – Division 4.3 – Dangerous When Wet
• Class 5: Oxidizing Substances; Organic Peroxides (49 CFR § 173.127 and § 173.128)– Division 5.1 – Oxidizers – Division 5.2 – Organic Peroxides
8Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Classifications of Hazardous Materials (continued)
• Class 6: Poisonous (Toxic) and Infectious Substances (49 CFR § 173.132 and § 173.134)– Division 6.1 – Poisonous (Toxic) Material– Division 6.2 – Infectious Substance
• Class 7: Radioactive Materials (49 CFR § 173.403)
• Class 8: Corrosives (49 CFR § 173.136)• Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods (
49 CFR § 173.140)
9
First Responders’ Arrival at the Bomb and/or
Explosion Scene
10Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Conduct Preliminary Evaluation of the Scene
• Take into account– The scope of the incident– Emergency services required– Safety concerns– Evidence-related concerns
• Secure all radios and cell phones– Radio and cell phone transmissions and radio
systems in cars can detonate explosives– Park at a distance
11Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Conduct Preliminary Evaluation of the Scene (continued)
• Treat suspicious items as explosive devices; do not touch them
• Establish a command post and implement an incident command system
• Request emergency services from– Bomb technicians– Firefighters– Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel– Law enforcement officers
12Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Conduct Preliminary Evaluation of the Scene (continued)
• Identify scene hazards, such as – Structural collapse– Bloodborne pathogens – Hazardous chemicals– Secondary explosive devices
• Identify witnesses, victims, and evidence• Preserve potentially transient physical evidence– Transient evidence – evidence which by its very nature or
the conditions at the scene will lose its evidentiary value if not preserved and protected (NIJ, 2009)
13Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Exercise Scene Safety• Identify and remove or mitigate safety hazards • Exercise due caution while performing emergency operations• After the preliminary evaluation of the scene– Request additional resources and personnel to mitigate
identified hazards– Use tools and personal protective equipment (PPE)
appropriate to the task during all operations– Request and/or conduct a safety sweep of the area by
personnel qualified to identify and evaluate additional hazards and safety concerns
– Mark hazard areas clearly and designate safety zones for victims and evacuees
14Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Administer Lifesaving Efforts
• This is a first responder’s primary responsibility
• Initiate/administer rescues of severely injured and/or trapped victims
• Evacuate ambulatory victims, perform triage, and treat life-threatening injuries
• Leave corpses and their surroundings undisturbed (removing dead bodies requires authorization)
• Avoid disturbing areas not directly involved in rescue activities
15Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Establish Security and Control
• Set up a security perimeter– Establish a perimeter that is a minimum of 1,000 feet
• The perimeter should be established based on the furthest evidence plus 50%
• The perimeter should be 100% larger than the crime scene in order to have a secure staging area
– Keep personnel behind cover to absorb fragments from an explosion
– Have the perimeter officers remain alert for secondary devices, suspicious onlookers, and other threats
16Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Establish Security and Control (continued)
• Evacuate if necessary; factors that should be weighed when considering evacuation include:– Economic liability– Type of facility– Intent of bomber (does the disruption of an evacuation play
into the threat?)
• Restrict access into and out of the scene through the security perimeter
• Establish staging areas to ensure that emergency vehicles have access into the area
• Document the scene as soon as the conditions permit
17
Investigator’s Evaluation of the Bomb and/or
Explosion Scene
18Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
The Investigator’s Role Prior to Entry
• Identify and introduce himself or herself to the incident commander
• Interview the incident commander and first responders to– Evaluate the situation– Assess safety concerns– Determine the level of investigative assistance
needed
19Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
The Investigator’s Role Prior to Entry (continued)
• Conduct a briefing with essential personnel to – Evaluate initial scene safety prior to entry– Make sure that a search for secondary devices has
been conducted– Confirm that the scene is secure, that a perimeter and
staging areas have been established, and that personnel work to prevent contamination of the scene
– Ensure that a chain of custody is initiated for previously collected evidence
• Assess legal considerations for scene access
20Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Ensure Scene Integrity
• Prior to evidence collection– Establish procedures to document personnel
entering and exiting the scene– Establish and document procedures to prevent
scene contamination– Establish and document procedures for evidence
collection, control, and chain of custody
21Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Conduct the Scene Walkthrough
• Reevaluate scene requirements• Establish an entry and exit route for personnel• Identify safety concerns and the locations of
physical evidence• Ensure the collection and preservation of
transient evidence• Attempt to locate the seat(s) of explosion(s)
22Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Secure the Required Resources
• After the walkthrough, meet with emergency responders and investigative personnel– Assess the nature and the scope of the investigation– Advise personnel of any secondary devices or safety
hazards– Compile one list of victims/witnesses and document
their stories including • Smoke color• Flash color• Sound description• Reports of suspicious people, vehicles, etc.
23Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Secure the Required Resources (continued)
• Make sure that the required evidence collection equipment and processing and storage facilities are available
• Secure the required equipment as determined by the crime scene conditions, such as light/heavy equipment, lights, etc.
• Ensure that sufficient utilities and support services are requested (i.e. food, electricity, security)
• Give emergency responders and the investigation team their assignments for scene documentation and processing
• Remind personnel that evidence can take many forms
24
Documenting the Scene
25Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Develop Written Documentation
• Document access to the scene• Document activities, including dates and times• Describe the overall scene and note the
physical and environmental conditions• Diagram and label scene features (i.e.
sketches, floor plans, architectural drawings)• Describe and document the scene with
measuring devices
26Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Photograph and Videotape the Scene (Before Disturbing Any Items)
• Record overall views of the scene• Mute the audio portion of the video• Minimize the presence of personnel in the
photos/videos• Photograph/video the assembled crowd• Maintain photo and video logs
27Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Locate and Interview Victims and Witnesses• Identify and locate the witnesses, and prioritize interviews• Attempt to obtain all available identifying data regarding
victims/witnesses prior to their departure from the scene• Establish each witness' relationship to or association with the
scene and/or victim(s)• Establish the basis of the witness' knowledge: how does the
witness have knowledge of the incident?• Obtain statements from each witness• Document victims' injuries and correlate victims' locations at the
time of the incident with the seat(s) of the explosion(s)• Interview the medical examiner/coroner and hospital emergency
personnel regarding fatalities and injuries
28
Processing Evidence at the Scene
29Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Assemble the Evidence Processing Team
• Bomb disposal technician• Evidence custodian• Forensic specialist• Medical examiner• Photographer• Procurement specialist• Safety specialist (structural engineer)• Searchers/collectors• Sketch artists
30Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Organize Evidence Processing
• Before deploying the team– Review and reevaluate
• The boundaries of the scene• Safety concerns• Command post and staging locations• Evidence processing and storage locations• Personnel and equipment requirements• Legal and administrative considerations
– Identify the search procedure for the scene– Ensure that transient physical evidence has been preserved and
collected– Detect onsite explosives using qualified personnel– Brief the team and review assignments
31Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Control Scene Contamination
• Ensure that evidence processing personnel– Use clean protective outer garments and equipment
for each scene– Obtain control samples as needed – Package collected evidence in a manner that
prevents loss, degradation, or contamination– Package, store, and transport evidence from
different scenes or searches in separate external containers
32Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Identify, Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package, and Transport Evidence
• Prepare an evidence recovery log that documents– Item number– Description– Location found (grid number if used)– Collector's name– Markings (either directly on the item or indirectly on
the package)– Packaging method– Miscellaneous comments
33Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Identify, Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package, and Transport Evidence (continued)
• Identify evidence by– Assigning personnel to designated search areas– Initiating scene-specific search pattern(s) and procedures, including
examining immobile structures for possible evidence– Attempting to determine the method of bomb delivery– Establishing the seat(s) of the explosion(s)– Documenting blast effects (e.g., structural damage, bent signs,
thermal effects, and fragmentation)– Examining the crater, vehicles, structures, etc.– Documenting the victims’ location(s) before and after the explosion– Ensuring that victims are examined for bomb component
fragments. Autopsies should include full-body x-rays
34Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Identify, Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package, and Transport Evidence (continued)
• Collect evidence, including– Suspected bomb components and fragments, including
those recovered from victims– Suspected materials used to construct and transport the
explosive device(s)– Crater material– Residues and other trace evidence– Additional items of evidence (e.g., blood, hair, fiber,
fingerprints, tire tracks, weapons, documents, and tools)– Comparison samples of indigenous materials
35Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Identify, Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package, and Transport Evidence (continued)
• Make sure evidence is– Photographed– Packaged and preserved in containers– Labeled – Recorded in the evidence recovery log– Secured in the designated storage location
• Label, transport, and store evidence by– Placing evidence from different locations or searches in separate
external containers– Labeling evidence for storage and shipment, and identifying
hazards– Arranging to transport evidence
36
Completing and Recording the Scene Investigation
37Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Make Sure All of the Investigative Steps Are Documented• Verify that the following is completed/documented:– Major events and timelines– Personnel access log– Activity log– Interviews and events reviewed– Narrative description of scene– Photo and video logs– Diagrams, sketches, and evidence mapping– Evidence recovery log
38Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Ensure that Scene Processing is Complete• Conduct a critical review of the scene– Discuss preliminary findings and critical issues that arose– Ensure that all identified evidence is in custody– Collect and inventory all equipment– Decontaminate equipment and personnel– Photograph and/or video the final condition of the scene– Address legal considerations– Discuss postscene issues (i.e. forensic testing, insurance
inquiries)– Communicate and document postscene responsibilities
39Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Release the Scene
• Address public health and safety issues– Contact public utilities– Evaluate biological and chemical hazards– Evaluate structural integrity issues– Assess environmental issues
• Identify a receiving authority for the scene• Ensure disclosure of all known health and safety
issues to a receiving authority• Document the time and date of release, who the scene
was released to, and who released it
40Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Submit Reports to Appropriate National Databases• Submit detailed technical reports on explosive
devices to national databases to help authorities identify serial bombers, explosives used, and the need for uniform procedures and further development of equipment– US Bomb Data Center (Bureau of Alcohol, Firearms and
Tobacco)– Uniform Crime Reports– National Incident-Based Reporting System– National Fire Incident Report System
41Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Submit Reports to Appropriate National Databases (continued)
• Intelligence gathering– Minor bombings are generally experimentation for larger
bombings– Minor investigations lead to arrests, which leads to early
intervention, therefore preventing more serious bombings– Minor investigations also help officers learn nuances, recognize
post blast evidence, and understand the effects of explosions– Seek out reports of large quantities of fertilizers, hydrogen
peroxide, and acetone purchases– Intelligence comes from the streets:
• Awareness of your beat• Close contact with a variety of citizens• Keeping up with the newest threat technology
42
Bomb Threats and Suspicious Objects
43Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
If a Bomb Threat is Received
• By phone– Remain calm– Keep the caller on the line for as long as possible. Do
not hang up, even if the caller does.– Listen carefully. Be polite and show interest– Try to keep the caller talking to learn more information– If possible, write a note to a colleague to call the
authorities or, as soon as the caller hangs up, immediately notify them yourself
44Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
If a Bomb Threat is Received (continued)
• By phone (continued)
– If your phone has a display, copy the number and/or letters on the window display
– Complete the Bomb Threat Checklist immediately. Write down as many details as you can remember. Try to use exact words
– Immediately, upon termination of the call, do not hang up, but from a different phone, contact Federal Protective Services (FPS) (1-877-437-7411) immediately with information, and await instructions
45Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
If a Bomb Threat is Received (continued)
• By handwritten note– Contact the appropriate authority (see Who to
Contact below)– Handle the note as minimally as possible
• By email– Contact the appropriate authority– Do not delete the message
46Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Signs of a Suspicious Package
• No return address• Excessive postage• Stains or strange odor(s)• Strange sounds• Unexpected delivery• Poorly handwritten• Misspelled words and incorrect titles• Foreign postage• Restrictive notes
47Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
General Information
• Do not– Use two-way radios or cellular phones; radio signals have the
potential to detonate a bomb– Evacuate the building until police arrive and evaluate the threat– Activate the fire alarm– Touch or move a suspicious package
• Who to Contact– Follow your local guidelines– FPS police 1-877-437-7411– 911
• All bomb threats should be taken seriously and reported to the police immediately
48
Most Common Categories of Explosive Incidents
49Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Juvenile/Experimentation
• The greatest number of bombers fall into this category
• Bomb types range from soda-bottle bombs to illegal pyrotechnics to target mailboxes, and range up to very powerful, homemade bombs made from directions on the Internet
• These type of bombers do not have evil intent
50Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Recovered Military Ordinance/Commercial Explosives• Lost, misplaced, and unsecured explosives are
most commonly traded among drug dealers or on the black market
• These explosives can be located in active or formerly active military training areas
• They are extremely sensitive and unstable
51Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Terrorists
• A trend that has existed since the late 1800’s• There are many different types of terrorists– Political activists– Eco-terrorists– Religious radicals– Suicide bombers
52Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Other Types
• Emotionally disturbed persons − generally very intelligent with unstable (disturbed) thought patterns; this combination makes them dangerous
• Criminals actions − usually greed-driven crimes, with the exception of murderous intent– Extortionists– Robbers– Perpetrators of fraud– Burglars– Murderers
53Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Resources• Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR §173.50)
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2011-title49-vol2/CFR-2011-title49-vol2-sec173-50/content-detail.html
• University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Division of Research Safety http://www.drs.illinois.edu/transportationandshipping/definitions.html
• National Institute of Justice (NIJ) • http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/investigations/crime-scene
/guides/explosion-bombing/arrive.htm• www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/topics/law-enforcement/investigations• Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
http://emilms.fema.gov/is906/assets/ocso-bomb_threat_samepage-brochure.pdf
• University of Arizona, Risk Management Services www.risk.arizona.edu/emergencyprocedures/bombthreat.shtml
• University of Northern Iowa www.uni.edu/policies/703
54Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.Images and other multimedia content used with permission.
Resources (continued)
• State of Montana, Department of Military Affairs www.dma.mt.gov
• North Carolina State University Environmental Health & Safety
• www.ncsu.edu/ehs/dot/classification.html• www.safety.ncsu.edu/bio_ship_cert/examples_Cat_A.pd
f• Do an Internet search for the following: • Oklahoma City Bombing rare footage video• Lawofficer tactics weapons bomb street cop• Lawofficer ATF illustration