Hazardous Materials Operations Refresher

Hazardous Materials Operations Refresher2013

Created by: John P. Makin

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Persons who, in the normal course of their duties, could be the first on scene of an emergency involving hazardous materials.Expected to recognize the presence of hazardous materials, protect themselves, call for trained personnel, and secure the area.Respond in a defensive fashion from a safe distanceIntroduction

DefinitionsHazardous Material

Any material that poses an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of persons and/or the environment if it is not properly controlled during handling, storage, manufacture, processing, packaging, use, disposal, or transportation.

HazMat Incident

A hazardous materials incident is one that involves a substance that has been released or is on fire. Because of this, the material poses an unreasonable risk to people, the environment, and property.

Definitions

Responder ClassificationsThe BTVFC currently recognizes two classifications of HazMat First Responder:

HazMat Awareness Level

HazMat Operations Level

HazMat Awareness Suspect or recognize the presence of hazardous materialsProtect themselvesCall for appropriate assistanceSecure the area

HazMat Operations

Responds as part of his/her normal duty in a defensive manner to releases, or potential releases, of hazardous materials.Expected to protect themselvesExpected to protect individualsExpected to protect the environmentExpected to protect property

HM First RespondersAll First Responders must be able to implement actions that:

Protect people

Protect environment

Protect property

HM First RespondersAll First Responders must have a basic knowledge of:

Pre-incident planning, recognition and incident controlCharacteristics of Hazardous MaterialsMethods of Transportation/StorageProper handling methodsAppropriate defensive actionsLocal, State, Federal rules & regulations

OSHA RegulationsHazardous materials operations are regulated by OSHA 1910.120

Requires employers whose personnel respond as First Responders to emergencies involving Hazardous Materials to be trained to the First Responder Operations Level at initial assignment of duties and each year thereafter.

Transportation &Storage

Transportation & Storage RoadwaysRailwaysWaterwaysAirwaysPipelines

Identifies:

Proper shipping name

Hazard class and division

Product identification number

STCC number

CAS number (chemicals social security #)Shipping Papers

Location of Shipping PapersHighway- Bill of LadingCab of vehicleDriverRail- Waybill/consistEngine or cabooseConductor or engineerWater- ManifestWheelhouse Captain or masterAir- Air BillCockpit/flight-deckpilot

Hazard CommunicationDOT requires shippers to communicate hazards by:

Shipping papers

Markings

Labels

Placards

PlacardsClass 1Explosives1.1-1.6

PlacardsClass 2Gases2.1-2.4

PlacardsClass 3Flammable Liquids

PlacardsClass 4Flammable solids, Spontaneously Combustible, Dangerous when Wet

PlacardsClass 5Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides

PlacardsClass 6Poisonous and Etiological Materials

PlacardsClass 7Radioactive 1,2, and 3

PlacardsClass 8Corrosives

PlacardsClass 9Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials

Common HazMat LocationsService stationsKwik Fil (South Park & Route 20)Hardware storesHome Depot (Milestrip Rd.)Medical officesQuest diagnostics (McKinley Pkwy.)School laboratoriesFrontier High School (Bayview Rd.)Agricultural co-ops/storesTractor Supply (Route 20)FarmsZittels (Route 20)Commercial/industrial facilitiesBFG Manufacturing (Jeffrey Blvd.)

Other Locations

Hazardous materials can be found in every community, work place, and residence.

Hazard Identification

Hazard IdentificationInformal methods of identification

Verbal reports

Visual/physical chemical indications

Hazard IdentificationFormal Identification MethodsDepartment of Transportation Emergency Response Guidebookprimarily a guide to aid first responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic hazards of the material(s) involved in the incident, and protecting themselves and the general public during the initial response phase of the incident. This is considered the first 15 to 20 minutes of an emergency involving Hazardous Materials.

Before an emergency become familiar with this guidebook!

North American Emergency Response Guidebook 2012

Located on each piece of apparatus

Engine #1-

Engine #2-

Rescue #7-

Rescue #7-1-

Ambulance #8-ERG 2012

The main sections are:

Table of placards (pages 6-7Railcar and Road Trailer Identification charts (pages 8-9)YELLOW section (ID Numbers)BLUE section (names of materials)ORANGE section (guide pages)GREEN section (Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Highlighted SubstancesERG 2012

The NEW sections are:

TABLE 3- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Different Quantities of Six Common TIH Gases (pages 352-355)

BLEVE- Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (pages 364-367)

Improvised Explosive Device- IED (page 372)

TIH: Toxic Inhalation HazardERG 2012

Other ERG 2012 sections, not covered in this presentation, but suggested for reading:

Shipping Documents (inside front page cover)Safety Precautions (page 2)Hazard Classification System (page 4)Hazard Identification Numbers displayed on some Intermodal Containers (pages 10-13)Pipeline Transportation (pages 14-19)ERG 2012

Other ERG 2012 sections, not covered in this presentation, but suggested for reading:

Protective Actions (pages 287-288)Protective Clothing (pages 361-362Fire and Spill Control (pages 363-364)Criminal/Terrorist Use of Chemical/Biological/Radiological Agents (pages 368-371)Glossary (pages 374-382ERG 2012

The different placards used in the transport of hazardous materials are found on pages 6 and 7 of the ERG 2012

Each group of placards is associated to a 3-digit guide number (ORANGE section)

Caution: The recommended guides should be considered as a last resort if the material cannot be identified by any other means.Table of Placards

Pages 8 and 9 of the ERG 2012 depict the general shapes of railcars and road trailers used in the transportation of dangerous goods.

Each shape is associated to a 3-digit guide number (ORANGE section)

Caution: the recommended guides should be considered as a last resort if the material cannot be identified by any other means.Rail & Road ID Charts

In this section, the substances are listed in numerical order of their 4-digit ID numbers.

The ID number is followed by the 3-digit guide number (ORANGE section) to refer to, as well as the name of material.

Please note that some substances are highlighted in GREEN and should be treated specifically.YELLOW Section

In this section, the substances are listed in alphabetical order of material name.

The name of the material is followed by the 3-digit guide number (ORANGE section) to refer to, as well as the ID number.

Please note that some substances are highlighted in GREEN and thus will have to be treated specifically.BLUE Section

In the YELLOW and BLUE Sections:If the 3-digit guide number is supplemented with the letter P (ex. 116P), the material may undergo violent polymerization if subjected to heat or contamination.

Polymerization produces heat and pressure buildup in containers which may cause containers to fail or explode.Letter P

Polymerization of a Styrene Tanker

This section contains all the guides needed for the initial response phase of an incident involving hazardous materials.

Each guide covers a range of products, which present similar hazards;

36 ORANGE guides refer only to non-highlighted substances (non-TIH)21 ORANGE guides refer to both highlighted and non-highlighted substances (TIH and non-TIH)5 ORANGE guides refer only to highlighted substances (TIH)ORANGE Section

ORANGE SectionThe subsection Fire or Explosion or Health will appear first depending on the primary hazards of the type of substance.Guide 128Potential HazardsPublicSafetyEmergency ResponseFire or ExplosionHealthPrimary InformationProtective ClothingEvacuation- Spill - FireFireSpill orLeakFirst Aid

The Public Safety section provides:A suggested isolation area, as an immediate precautionary measure, regardless of the quantity involved.The Evacuation subsection provides:A suggested evacuation perimeter for a large spill or fire situations AND/ORThe reference to Table 1- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (GREEN section).ORANGE Section

In the YELLOW and BLUE sections, if the substance is not highlighted in GREEN:Use the distances suggested in the ORANGE section:Isolate the area in all directions, as an immediate precautionary measure, to the minimum distance suggested under Public Safety, and increase the zone if needed;Consider the evacuation distances suggested in the subsection Evacuation-Spill/Fire.Isolation Distances/Evacuation

In the YELLOW and BLUE sections, if the substance is highlighted in GREEN:IF THERE IS NO FIRE:Go directly to Table 1 (GREEN-bordered pages)Look up the ID number and name of materialIdentify initial isolation and protective action distancesIF THERE IA A FIRE or FIRE IS INVOLVED:Also consult the assigned ORANGE guideIf applicable, apply the evacuation information shown under the Public Safety section.Isolation Distances/Evacuation

GREEN SectionThis section contains the following tables:

TABLE 1- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances

TABLE 2- Water-Reactive Materials which Produce Toxic Gases

TABLE 3- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Different Quantities of Six Common TIH Gases

Table 1TABLE 1- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances suggests distances useful to protect people from vapors resulting from spills involving hazardous materials that are considered:Toxic by inhalation (TIH),Chemical warfare agents, andMaterials that produce toxic gases upon contact with water.In this table, the substances are presented in numerical order of their ID numbers. An asterisk (*) next to the ID number indicates to consult Table 3 for more information.

Table 1This table provides, for small and large spills, the distances for:The Initial Isolation Zone, andThe suggested Protective Action Zone, downwind, for day and night.The distances show the areas likely to be affected during the first 30 minutes after the materials are spilled, and this distance could increase with time.The responders must choose a protective action: evacuation, shelter-in-place or a combination of both (see page 288 or the ERG 2012)

Table 1The definitions are as follows:Small spill: a spill that involves quantities that are less than 55 U. S. gallons for liquids and less than 660 pounds for solids. Generally involves a single small package, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package.Large spill: a spill that involves quantities that are greater than 55 U. S. gallons for liquids and greater than 660 pounds for solids. Generally involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.For any intermediate quantity, the distances would need to be estimated between the distances provided for small and large spills.

Initial Isolation ZoneDefines an area SURROUNDING the incident in which persons may be exposed to dangerous (upwind) and life threatening (downwind) concentrations of material.

Wind direction is not the primary consideration for this zone

Protective Action ZoneDefines an area DOWNWIND from the incident in which persons may become incapacitated and unable to take protective action and/or incur serious or irreversible health effects.

For practical purposes, the Protective Action Zone is a square, whose length and width are the same as the downwind distance shown in Table 1 (see diagram on the following page);

Protective Action ZoneThe shape of the area in which protective actions should be taken (the PAZ) is shown in the figure below:

Protective Action ZoneIt is important to note that Protective Action Zones do not only depend on the mere presence of gases/vapours but mainly on its concentration in the air :During the day, there is an increase of the atmospheric disturbances creating a greater dispersion (dilution) of the gases/vapours, which results in a weaker toxic concentration in the air and thus requires a smaller Protective Action Zone than at night.During the night, the gases/vapours will calmly dissipate. This will result in a higher toxic concentration in the air and consequently, necessitate a greater Protective Action Zone

Table 2TABLE 2- Water-Reactive Materials which Produce Toxic Gases contains:A list of materials which produce large amounts of Toxic Inhalation Hazard (TIH) gases when spilled in water and identifies the TIH gases produced.The substances are presented in numerical order of their ID numbers.These Water-Reactive materials are easily identified in Table 1 as their name is immediately followed by (when spilled in water)

Table 2Important:Some Water-Reactive materials are also TIH materials themselves (e.g. Bromine trifluoride {ID No. 1746}). In these instances, two entries are provided in Table 1:One for when spilled on land, andThe other for when spilled in water.If the Water-Reactive material is NOT a TIH and this material is NOT spilled in water, Table 1 and Table 2 do not apply and safety distances will be found within the appropriate ORANGE guide.

Table 3TABLE 3- Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Different Quantities of Six Common TIH Gases contains:A list of Toxic Inhalation Hazard materials that may be more commonly encountered.The materials are:Ammonia, anhydrous (UN1005)Chlorine (UN1017)Ethylene Oxide (1040)Hydrogen Chloride, anhydrous (UN 1050) and Hydrogen Chloride, refrigerated liquid (UN 2186)Hydrogen Fluoride, anhydrous (UN1052)Sulfer Dioxide/Sulphur Dioxide (UN 1079)

Table 3Important:

The materials are presented in alphabetical order and provide initial isolation and protective action distances for large spills (more than 55 U. S. gallons) involving different container types (therefore different volume capacities) for day time and night time situations and different wind speeds.

BLEVEDefinition:

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor ExplosionA BLEVE happens if a container holding a pressurized liquefied gas fails catastrophically. Catastrophic failure of the vessel is followed by the explosive release of boiling liquid and expanding vapor.

NOTE: A BLEVE can occur even if the material is non-flammable.

BLEVEWhen confronted with a possible BLEVE involving liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), important safety related information can be found on page 367 of the ERG 2012:LPGs (UN1075) include the following flammable gases: Butane, UN 1011 Propylene, UN 1077 Butylene, UN 1012 Isobutane, UN 1969 Isobutylene, UN 1055 Propane, UN 1978The main hazards from a LPG BLEVE areFireThermal radiation from fireBlastProjectiles

BLEVEThe following table gives a summary of tank properties, critical times, critical distances and cooling water flow rates for various tank sizes that may be involved in a BLEVE.

Improvised Explosive Device (IED)An improvised explosive device is a bomb that is manufactured from commercial, military, or homemade explosives.

A Safe Standoff Distance Chart for various threats when improvised explosive devices are involved is found on page 372 of the ERG 2012

Who to call duringan incident?To obtain more detailed information on the substance involved, the safety precautions and risk mitigation procedures:Dial the emergency telephone number listed on the shipping document, or;Contact the appropriate emergency response agency as soon as possible (numbers are listed on the inside back cover of the ERG 2012)

Who to call during an incident?CHEMTREC- 1-800-424-9300

CHEMTEL- 1-888-255-3924

INFOTRAC- 1-800-535-5053

3E Company- 1-800-451-8346

These 2 companies provide MSDS forms to industries for a fee but have agreed to provide the information to Emergency Responders at no cost.

ERG 2012How to use the ERG (STEP 1)Identify the material by finding any one of the following information:(A) The 4-digit ID Number on a placard or orange panel:

or

ERG 2012

How to use the ERG (STEP 1)(B) The 4-digit ID Number (following UN or NA) on a shipping document or package:

ERG 2012How to use the ERG (STEP 1)(C) The name of the material on a shipping document or package:

or

ERG 2012How to use the ERG (STEP 2)Look up the materials 3-digit guide number in either:The ID Number Index (YELLOW-bordered pages)The Name of Material Index (BLUE-bordered pages)As a last resort, if the ID number or the name of material are not available, use the Table of Placards and/or the Rail Car and Road Trailer Identification Charts.

Note if the substance is highlighted in GREEN.

ERG 2012How to use the ERG (STEP 3)Turn to the numbered guide (ORANGE-bordered pages):Read carefully all the information provided in the ORANGE guide and use jointly the GREEN section if the substance is highlighted.

It is important to verify if the substance found in the YELLOW or BLUE-bordered pages is highlighted in GREEN, in order to use the relevant distances from the ORANGE and/or GREEN sections.

ERG 2012How to use the ERG Caution:If a reference to a guide cannot be found and the incident is believed to involve hazardous materials:

Turn to GUIDE 111 and use it until additional information becomes available.If the incident involves explosives:

Use GUIDE 112 for all explosives, except;For Class 1.4 and 1.6 explosives, use GUIDE 114

MSDS SheetsGeneral information, UN Hazard Class #Hazardous ingredientsPhysical/Chemical characteristicsFire and explosion hazardReactivity dataHealth hazard dataHandling/use precautionsControl measures

NFPA 704Fixed facility identification of fire hazardsRed- flammability, 0-4Blue- health hazard, 0-4Yellow- reactivity hazard, 0-4White- special hazards, symbol

Properties of Hazardous Materials

Properties ofHazardous MaterialsStates of matter:

GasesNo independent size or volumeExpand indefinitely once releasedMore difficult to containIgnite more easilyLiquidsNo independent shape, have specific volumeFlow according to laws of gravityAssume shape of containerCan mix with other liquidsSolidsSpecific shape and volumePose the least threat

Material CharacteristicsFlash PointThe minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface. (Will flash, but will not burn)

Flammable (Explosive) RangeThe percentage of the gas or vapor concentration in the air that will burn if ignited.Below LEL= too leanAbove UEL= too rich

Material CharacteristicsSpecific GravityThe weight of a substance compared to the weight of an equivalent amount of water.Water= 1.0Below 1.0= lighter than water- will float on surfaceAbove 1.0= heavier than water- will sink

Vapor DensityThe weight of a gas compared to the weight of air.Air= 1.0Above 1.0= heavier than air- will settle and accumulateBelow 1.0= lighter than air- will rise & disperse

Material CharacteristicsWater SolubilityThe ability of a liquid to mix with waterWater soluble (polar solvent)Non-water soluble (hydrocarbons)

ReactivityThe ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction with another substance.

Hypergolic MaterialsSubstances that ignite when coming into contact with each other.

Material CharacteristicsPyrophoric MaterialsMaterials that ignite and react on contact with air.

Water Reactive MaterialsMaterials that react when coming into contact with water or humidity in the air.

Health Hazards

Health HazardsThe health and safety of responders and civilians is the primary consideration.

Health DangersThermal, mechanical, poisons, corrosives, simple or chemical asphyxiants, radioactives, etiological & others.Others include irritants, sensitizers, allergens, convulsants, and chronic health hazards.

Health HazardsRoutes of Entry

Inhalation

Ingestion

Absorption

Symptoms of Exposure

Confusion, anxiety, dizziness, blurred vision, skin color change, cough, chest pain, numbness of extremities, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, etc

Incident Priorities

Incident AssessmentAssess the following variables:

Risk to rescuersProbability of victim survivalDifficulty of rescueCapabilities of resourcesPossibility of escalationEscape routes, safe work areasConstraints of time and distance

MitigationMitigationThose actions taken to lessen the harm or hostile nature of an incident

The first step in mitigating is recognizing that a hazardous material is present.

Immediate ConcernsCarried out by the First ResponderMinimal or no risk to the responderAccomplished quickly and easilyWill aid in stabilizing scene, will diminish or control potential effects of an incident, and will lower anxiety over an event.Increases life safetyPrevents incident from escalating by: isolating, denying access, evacuating, sheltering in place, diking, diverting, eliminating ignition sources, cooling tanks

Primary ObjectiveThe Primary Objective is the operational goal at the incident:

Generally requires more than first responders

Extinguishing fires

Control of toxic clouds

Stopping leaks

Diking and damming large volume spills

Factors to Incident ControlLocation and severity

Properties of involved materials

Size and extent of the incident

Damage to containers

Availability of resources

Limitations of first responders

Accuracy of tactics applied

Container IntegrityIntegrity of containers is important, Failure of the containers may cause the incident to become unstable, escalate or produce a catastrophic impact on events.

Strategic ObjectivesRescueExposure ProtectionFire ExtinguishmentContainmentConfinement

Based on:The ability to be achievedThe ability to prevent further injuries/deathsAbility to minimize environmental and property damage

StrategiesThree possible strategies:

DefensiveActions taken to confine the incident to an area

OffensiveActions to control the incident

Non-InterventionAllowing the incident to run its own course

Personal Protective EquipmentLevel ATotally encapsulated protective suit with SCBA

Level BProtective garment with SCBA

Level CProtective garment with respirator

Level DMinimal skin protection, no respiratory protection

PPEStructural firefighting clothing provides minimal protection against hazardous materials.

Susceptible to corrosivesDo not prevent vapors from penetrating the skinBegins to degrade over timeSCBA should provide adequate respiratory protection

Command & Control Issues

IC DecisionsIdentify the nature of the problem

Formulate objectives based on available information

Select desired alternatives

Take appropriate actions

Analyze outcomes continually

SARA Title IIITitle III requires fire departments to:

Utilize the Incident Command System at hazardous materials responses

Utilize a Safety Officer

Hazard Assessment (Size-up)

Strategic GoalsLife SafetySafety of yourself, your crew, bystanders, and victims

Environmental ProtectionConsider effects of your actions on the environment prior to implementation

Property ConservationProperty conservation is a bonus, but is the least of our concerns

NO PROPERTY IS WORTH A LIFE!

Scene ControlHot ZoneEntry team(s)Personnel doing mitigation and intervention proceduresWarm ZoneSupport PersonnelDeconCold ZoneStaging, EMS, Command Post, Media, Etc.

**Single, controlled entry/exit corridor which exits through decontamination**

Scene Control

Summary

SummaryHazardous MaterialAny material that poses an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of persons and/or the environment if it is not properly controlled during handling, manufacture, processing, packaging, use, disposal, or transportationHazMat OperationsFirst Responder Operations LevelResponds as part of his/her normal duty in a defensive manner to releases, or potential releases, of hazardous materialsExpected to protect themselvesExpected to protect individualsExpected to protect the environmentExpected to protect property

SummaryEmergency Response Guidebook (ERG) 2012New sections

YELLOW section- numerical order

BLUE section- name of material order

ORANGE- guides

GREEN- Initial Isolation Zones

SummaryIncident AssessmentAssess the following variables:Risk to rescuersProbability of victim survivalDifficulty of rescueCapabilities of resourcesPossibility of escalationEscape routes, safe work areasConstraints od time and distanceIncident Command DecisionsIdentify the nature of the problemFormulate objectives based on available informationSelect desired alternativesTake appropriate actionsAnalyze outcomes continually

Importance of Training