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Hazard Risk Assessment Instrument

Developed by the UCLA Center

for Public Health and Disasters

First Edition January 2006


UCLA Center for Public Health and Disasters

Disclaimer The Hazard Risk Assessment Instrument (HRAI) workbook is intended to be used as a guide to enable state and local public health agencies to conduct a risk assessment of their com-munity. The tool is designed for use as a standard approach to hazard risk assessment that is adapted to the public health impacts of hazards. HRAI will allow public health agencies to assess the probability of hazards for a particular geographic area and the magnitude of im-pact given the local resources, allowing for prioritization of response and mitigation options. As such, this workbook will guide public health agencies in determining the likelihood of a hazard occurring, assessing their community’s vulnerabilities and current resources, and pri-oritizing resources in planning for disasters. This instrument is based on the expertise of the authors and incorporates disaster-related data in order to illustrate its systematic methodology. This workbook may not be inclusive of all the parameters pertinent to a specific jurisdiction. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the user to research local procedures and laws to ensure validity of the final product.



Public health agencies are playing an increasingly important and integral role in disaster re-sponse. As entities tasked with protecting the public’s health, these agencies have a unique per-spective on the planning process. The first step in a well-designed and comprehensive all-hazards disaster plan is a hazard risk assessment. While most communities have engaged in hazard risk assessment, the public health impacts may not have been considered. It is essential that public health agencies understand the potential impacts of the myriad of hazards that their communities face. The UCLA Center for Public Health and Disasters (CPHD) developed the Hazard Risk Assess-ment Instrument to allow public health agencies to identify the hazards most relevant to their com-munities in order to facilitate an effective planning process.

Preface

Kimberley I. Shoaf, DrPH Hope A. Seligson, MS

Samuel J. Stratton, MD, MPH Steven J. Rottman, MD, FACEP

Contributors:

Kim Harrison, MPH Michelle Kuba, MPH

Allison Kamerman, MS Aaron Kissler, MPH

Robert Miyashiro, MPH Lori Viveros, MPH

Graphic Design:

Susy Keely

Desktop Publishing: Michael Fiore

This workbook was supported by Cooperative Agreement Number

S1038-19/20 from ASPH/CDC. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not

necessarily represent the official views of ASPH or CDC.

This Page Intentionally Left Blank



Table of Contents

v

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1

Disasters and Public Health: An Overview ................................................................ 1

Planning for Disasters ............................................................................................... 2

Introduction to the Instrument ................................................................................... 3

INSTRUCTIONS AND SUPPLEMENTAL WORKSHEETS ................................................... 5

Step 1: Probability of Mishap ................................................................................... 5

Worksheet 1: Probability of Occurrence ....................................................... 7

Data Sources................................................................................................ 8

Step 2: Severity of Consequences............................................................................ 9

Baseline Data ............................................................................................. 10

Worksheet 2A: Baseline Health Indicators ................................................. 11

Hazard-Specific Data.................................................................................. 12

Worksheet 2B: Hazard-Specific Health Indicators...................................... 14

Step 3: Scoring the Consequences ........................................................................ 15

Scoring the Data: Human Impact ........................................................... 16

Scoring the Data: Interruption of Healthcare Services ........................... 21

Scoring the Data: Community Impact..................................................... 26

Scoring the Data: Impact on Public Health Agency Infrastructure ......... 31

Worksheet 3: Scoring the Consequences .................................................. 37

Step 4: Risk Analysis .............................................................................................. 38

Worksheet 4A: Assessment of Risk ........................................................... 38

Worksheet 4B: Summary of Risk Analysis ................................................. 38

Step 5: Translating Theory Into Practice................................................................. 41



vi

APPENDICES.......................................................................................................................43

Appendix I Hazard Risk Assessment Instrument (HRAI) Tool ....................................................45

Worksheet 1: Probability of Occurrence....................................................47

Worksheet 2A: Baseline Health Indicators ..................................................49

Worksheet 2B: Hazard-Specific Health Indicators.......................................51

Worksheet 3: Scoring the Consequences .................................................53

Worksheet 4A: Assessment of Risk.............................................................55

Worksheet 4B: Summary of Risk Analysis ..................................................55

Appendix II Generic Hazard Models.............................................................................................57

A: Earthquake: Northridge Earthquake..........................................................59

B: Flooding, Rainfall-Induced: Tropical Storm Allison....................................65

C: Flooding, Riverine: Grand Forks Flood .....................................................69

D: Hurricane: Hurricane Andrew....................................................................73

E: Terrorist Bombing: Murrah Federal Building Bombing ..............................77

F: Tornadoes: Oklahoma City Tornadoes of 1999.........................................81


1 Hazard Risk Assessment Instrument

Disasters and Public Health: An Overview What is a disaster? Often when we think of disasters, we assume that an earthquake or a hurri-cane in itself is a disaster. In fact, disasters are defined by the ability of a community to deal with hazards. A hazard is an act or condition posing the threat of harm, for example, an earthquake or a hurri-cane. A disaster is a “serious and possibly sudden event on such a scale that the stricken com-munity needs extraordinary efforts to cope with it, often with outside help”1 (e.g., federal aid, sur-rounding communities, etc.). Classifying an event as a disaster has to do with how a community is able to cope with its impact. An earthquake in an unpopulated area, for example, would not nec-essarily be a disaster. However, the same sized earthquake in an urban area might demand re-sources far beyond the community’s capacity, warranting this hazard to be classified as a disaster. Disasters are a threat to the public’s health because they cause:

• Abrupt increases in illness, injury, or death • Destruction of the healthcare infrastructure • Population displacement • Psychological stress • Changes in the environment

In a disaster, public health agencies and professionals:

• Evaluate health impacts on the community • Assess water safety and sanitation • Coordinate sheltering • Track disease, injuries, and fatalities

Introduction

1Noji EK, ed. The Public Health Consequences of Disasters. Oxford 1997.

2 Introduction


Planning for Disasters For public health agencies, planning for disasters requires a multi-faceted approach. The system-atic identification of potential hazards in the community is a valuable first step in the establishment of appropriate preparedness measures. Effective plans that utilize local resources to deal with po-tential disasters are necessary for the agency to determine realistic and appropriate measures to respond to these hazards. Training employees and exercising plans allow agencies to familiarize staff members with their roles in an emergency and to identify potential weaknesses in their plans. Because disasters by definition overwhelm local resources, contracts with surrounding communities may be made to provide additional resources such as staff, space, equipment, etc., during a disas-ter. All of these are measures that public health agencies take to prepare for disasters. The Hazard Risk Assessment Instrument (HRAI) focuses on the identification of potential hazards, vulnerabilities, and resources in the community. This provides the foundation for additional planning and specifies potential losses so that communities are able to prioritize funding and programming. Risk is defined as the expectation of loss. Disaster planning rests upon risk assessment, which in-cludes a determination of the propensity of things to be damaged (vulnerability) and an assessment of the community resources that will diminish impact. Thus, vulnerability to hazards and community resources work against each other.

Risk = Hazard * (Vulnerability – Resources) This idea is the foundation behind HRAI. This workbook will allow you to conduct a risk assessment of your community by assessing the likelihood of a hazard occurring and your community’s vulner-ability and current resources. Your agency will then be equipped to prioritize resources in planning for disasters.

3 Introduction


Introduction to the Instrument The Hazard Risk Assessment Instrument facilitates the assessment of hazards, completion of re-source and vulnerability analyses, and projections of likely hazard impacts. Key hazards are identi-fied and their potential consequences estimated. HRAI consists of four steps:

Step 1: Probability of Mishap This section provides a list of possible hazards, which are to be ranked according to the probability of occurrence in your community.

Step 2: Severity of Consequences This section is divided into four categories (indicators) in which the vulnerability of the target community and public health agency is assessed according to the severity of the impact of the hazard. The four indicators are: human impact, interruption of healthcare services, com-munity impact, and impact on public health agency infrastructure.

Step 3: Scoring the Consequences In this section, the consequences determined in the Severity of Consequences section are scored using a scale that measures the impact of disasters on the public’s health. The scores will provide a basis for the risk analysis to be undertaken in Step 4.

Step 4: Risk Analysis In this section, the information from the Probability of Mishap and Severity of Consequences sections are combined to provide a prioritization scheme for each specific hazard.


5 Hazard Risk Assessment Instrument

Step 1: Probability of Mishap

What is likely to happen in my community? The first step in assessing risk in a community is to conduct a hazard identification exercise. This process uses a scale to determine the probability of different hazards occurring in your community. First, select a length of time for the system lifecycle. You may want to use a period of 25 years, as this span is typically used when major organizations set up their planning objectives and timelines and gives sufficient time for rare events to be measured. However, if your organization consis-tently uses another pre-determined length, that time period should be employed. After the system lifecycle is determined, you should complete Worksheet 1: Probability of Oc-currence. Each hazard listed on the worksheet should be assessed and assigned a probability score relative to the system lifecycle. Probabilities are classified from 0 to 4 based on the follow-ing scale:

These classifications are based largely upon 1) the historic patterns of occurrence of the hazard in your community and 2) predictive models. When classifying hazards, it is important that you look at those that have the potential to become disasters, but not necessarily the “worst case scenario”. Therefore, you should identify those hazards that are large-scale and most likely to occur (based on the geographic, meteorological, and demographic conditions that exist in your community). You may also need to consider hazards that exist in surrounding areas that may have impacts on

Instructions and Supplemental Worksheets

0 = Improbable The probability of the occurrence of the hazard is zero.

1 = Remote The hazard is not likely to occur in the system lifecycle, but it is possible.

2 = Occasional The hazard is likely to occur at least once in the system lifecycle.

3 = Probable The hazard is likely to occur several times in the system lifecycle.

4 = Frequent The hazard is likely to occur cyclically or annu-ally in the system lifecycle.

6 Step 1: Probability of Mishap


your community. For example, although there are no volcanoes in Los Angeles County, a volcano exists approximately 300 miles away in Mammoth Mountain. An eruption would have a significant impact on the water supply for Los Angeles County, as noted in the example that follows. There-fore, potential hazards in surrounding communities need to be considered in the hazard assess-ment. After frequencies for each hazard have been determined and the probability for each has been en-tered into the worksheet, hazards that pose no credible risk to the region may be deleted. For in-stance, in the assessment example of Los Angeles County that follows, hazards such as ava-lanches and tropical cyclones reveal a score of 0 (improbable); thus, to save time and prevent re-dundancy, these hazards will be excluded from further analysis in this HRAI example.



Worksheet 1: Probability of Occurrence

Geographic Area: Los Angeles County, CA

Length of Life Cycle: 25 years

HAZARD

SCORE: (0-4) 0 = Improbable 1 = Remote 2 = Occasional 3 = Probable 4 = Frequent

Avalanche 0

Biological Terrorism 1

Chemical Terrorism 1

Civil Disorder 2

Coastal Erosion 3

Conventional Terrorism 1

Dam Failure 1

Drought 2

Earthquake 3

Extreme Summer Weather 3

Fires – Large-Scale, Urban 1

Flood 2

Hailstorm 1

Hazardous Materials Incident – Fixed Facility 1

Hazardous Materials Incident – Transportation 1 Land Subsidence 1 Landslide 2 Nuclear Attack 1 Power Failure 3 Radiological Incident – Fixed Facility 1

Radiological Incident – Transportation 1

Severe Winter Storm 1

Storm Surge 1

Thunderstorm and Lightning 1

Tornado 1

Transportation 3

Tropical Cyclone 0 Tsunami 1 Volcano 1

Wildfire 4

Windstorm 2



Data Sources Various possible resources exist from which to obtain historical and predictive information. For many counties, mapping tools are available. These maps allow the user to approximate where and how often specific hazards have occurred. Examples of mapping tools available on the Internet are:

• ESRI - www.esri.com/hazards/makemap.html • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) - www.fema.gov/maps • U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) - http://www.usgs.gov

Your state Geological Survey or Office of Emergency Services may have online resources as well. In California, for example, data are available online both from the Office of Emergency Services and Geological Survey.

• Governor’s Office of Emergency Services - www.oes.ca.gov/ • California Geological Survey - gmw.consrv.ca.gov/shmp/index.htm

Community organizations and agencies are valuable sources of information as is your local emer-gency management organization. They may have already conducted a similar hazard assessment for your community and should be partners in your assessment. Your local American Red Cross chapter also may provide regional historic information including a listing of disasters. Additionally, information can be obtained from other sources. For instance, the National Oceanic and Atmos-pheric Administration (NOAA) can provide information on hurricanes and other wind events and lo-cal environmental health agencies or fire departments can provide information on hazardous materi-als incidents.

9 Step 2: Severity of Consequences


Step 2: Severity of Consequences

When something happens, how bad will it be? The first step of the hazard risk assessment provided you with a list of hazard probabilities affecting your area. You may initially choose to focus on three to five hazards that have been identified as having high probabilities of occurrence. However, a comprehensive analysis will require you to also study hazards that, while infrequent in occurrence, may have higher potential consequence on the public health infrastructure. In the Los Angeles County example presented in Step 1, the hazards chosen for further analysis were those identified as having the highest probability of occurring in the lifecycle. These hazards, which also happen to include those of high potential consequence to the system, are: As shown above, the hazards in your geographic area may all have scores of 3 or 4. Once the haz-ard probability has been determined, the vulnerability of your community for each of those hazards must be assessed. Vulnerability is assessed by four indicators: human impact, interruption of healthcare services, community impact, and impact on public health agency infrastructure. Estimations of the severity of consequences for each of the hazards you have determined to be of high probability in your jurisdiction can be made using Worksheet 2A: Baseline Health Indicators and Worksheet 2B: Hazard-Specific Health Indicators.

HAZARD


Wildfire 4

Coastal Erosion 3

Earthquake 3

Extreme Summer Weather 3

Transportation 3



Baseline Data In order to assess the possible severity of an incident, you must first determine baseline data for each indicator. Baseline data indicate measures of community health status on an average day. Determining the baseline will allow you to compare the impact of the hazards against your normal operations. In other words, it gives you a sense of how your community is capable of confronting a hazard with the resources you have. Complete Worksheet 2A. A sample Worksheet 2A reflecting the baseline figures representative of the public health vulnerability of the Los Angeles County area has been provided to illustrate the worksheet completion process. The following example provides many baseline measures at varying degrees of specificity. Data may exist in your community, but in a different format that needs to be standardized. For ex-ample, at the time of the Northridge Earthquake, there were roughly 225 advanced life support (ALS) units available for the approximately nine million people living in Los Angeles County. This calculates to a baseline of 2.5 ALS units for 100,000 people, which, in this case, was the standard-ized unit of measurement used. You may need to extrapolate from data available from communities similar to yours or you may need to use state or national data sources for those indicators which don’t exist at the local level.


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Hazard-Specific Data The next step is to generate hazard-specific data in order to compare them to the baselines from Worksheet 2A. The hazard-specific data indicate the amount of activity that resulted from the haz-ard. It is important to note that this data may or may not be higher than the baseline. For example, in the Northridge Earthquake, the number of fatalities was 0.35 (per 100,000 pop.) compared to a baseline of 1.7 (per 100,000 pop.). Complete Worksheet: 2B for each hazard that is being assessed. A sample Worksheet 2B reflect-ing the effects of the Northridge Earthquake on the public health agency infrastructure of Los Ange-les County has been included for your reference. Considerations for the process of completing this worksheet are addressed in the following segments. Capturing hazard-specific data.

The hazard-specific data should attempt to capture data that reflects the maximum credible event regardless of more typical consequences of the hazard. Since the purpose of HRAI is to assess the capacity of your agency to respond to various hazard scenarios, it is more use-ful to capture the effects of a larger and more rare disaster, such as the Northridge Earth-quake, rather than a typical magnitude 3 or 4 earthquake that the Los Angeles area might see dozens of times in a given year. However, if your jurisdiction has not recently dealt with the hazard in question in any great magnitude, data from a jurisdiction similar to yours may be substituted to provide these hazard-specific numbers.

Information sources for data collection.

One possible source for hazard-specific data is a modeling tool. Modeling allows you to esti-mate losses from natural hazards for a specific geographic area. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has created a model, HAZUS, which may be used to estimate losses from earthquakes, floods (both coastal and riverine), and hurricanes. More informa-tion on the program can be found at http://www.fema.gov/hazus/.

If the local public health agency does not have access to HAZUS or if this model does not cover the hazard being addressed, the agency will need to gather information on past haz-ardous events that have occurred within the community or in similar communities. This infor-mation may be found at the health agency, the city, county, or state governments, or at non-profit organizations such as the American Red Cross.

Difficulties in finding data.

Sources for baseline and hazard-specific data are often very hard to find. Some health im-pact measures, such as fatality rates or Emergency Medical Services (EMS) statistics, will be relatively easy to locate through various local and state agencies. Other measures may be difficult to find or even to extrapolate given the piecemeal data collection that occurs when compiling data from various reporting agencies. Moreover, estimates of presumed impacts on the health system may require data from two completely unrelated sources. For



example, news of a closure of a major hospital due to damage from a hazard may be com-bined with data on the number of Emergency Department beds at that particular hospital to estimate the number of Emergency Department beds which have been “interrupted”. Other data, such as outpatient and ancillary services, may be extrapolated using third party data such as a disaster’s effect on small businesses. The indicators used in this workbook were derived primarily for “injury-producing” events; however, they can be adapted for use with “illness-producing” events such as pandemic flu. For example, negative pressure isolation rooms may be used instead of operating rooms.

Using modeling to create estimates for use in HRAI.

Injury statistics for certain hazard scenarios may not be available. Theoretical injury models, such as the example presented below,2 are based on actual event statistics and may be used to estimate certain event-specific indicators, such as Emergency Department visits due to injuries.

What if the data does not exist?

Ideally, you should use information from sources within the analyzed jurisdiction. However, this may not always be possi-ble given inconsistencies in reporting and other issues. Several models for disasters have been attached in Appendix II to provide base-line and event information that may be used to fill in the gaps in your own data collection efforts. Geographic and severity discrepancies are two important aspects that should be taken into consideration when adapting the examples provided in this workbook into your assessment. For example, the Northridge Earthquake was a moderate (M 6.7) earthquake within a subur-ban residential neighborhood in the City of Los Angeles containing primarily wood-frame structures built to California earthquake building standards. An earthquake of a similar strength occurring in a less seismic area with a different building code history (e.g., the Mid-west) could expect to sustain significantly more damage due to the use of more vulnerable building materials and less stringent building standards. Similarly, larger earthquakes within California or earthquakes located under densely populated urban areas (e.g., Downtown Los Angeles) also have the potential to cause significantly more damage than the Northridge Earthquake.

2Shoaf KI, Seligson HA, Peek-Asa C, and Mahue-Giangreco M. Enhancement of casualty models for post-earthquake response and mitigation. Proceedings U.S.-Japan Joint Workshop and Third Grantees Meeting, U.S.-Japan Coopera-tive Research on Urban Earthquake Disaster Mitigation; 2001 Aug 15-16; University of Washington, Seattle, Washing-ton. 2001;547-556.

Figure 1. Injury pyramids may be used to estimate a number of health indicators for use in the HRAI. Source: Shoaf KI et al. 2001.

Injury Pyramid:

Northridge Earthquake

DOA

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15 Step 3: Scoring the Consequences


Step 3: Scoring the Consequences

When something happens, can we respond to it? After completing Worksheets 2A and 2B for each of the hazards you are focusing on in your assess-ment, you are ready to give each indicator a “score”. The score, a number between 0 and 4, is based on an assessment of your community’s capacity in dealing with the increase brought about by a particular hazard as reflected by the hazard-specific figures. After assigning a score to each indicator, complete Worksheet 3: Scoring the Consequences. The severity score is a qualitative comparison between the added impact of the hazard and your community’s ability to meet the needs generated. Your baseline indicator should be a reasonable expectation of your capacity. Also, consider the following equation when assigning a severity score to each health indicator:

Severity = Magnitude – Mitigation Your agency’s efforts toward minimizing the potential effect of a particular hazard should be taken into consideration when determining severity. While it is presumed that the findings of HRAI will provide a basic framework upon which to base your agency’s subsequent preparedness efforts, the steps already taken can also be evaluated based on their applicability to the hazard “reality” that exists in your jurisdiction. The following subcategories provide measurement parameters for all of the instrument’s required indicators. The example representing Los Angeles County’s response to the Northridge Earthquake will continue to be used to demonstrate HRAI’s function.



Scoring the Data: Human Impact This indicator is used to determine the human impact of a hazardous event. It is comprised of five subcategories: Fatalities, Injuries Requiring EMS Transport, Outpatient Injuries, Hospital Emer-gency Department Visits Due to Injuries, and Trauma Center (levels 1&2) Injuries.

Fatalities Fatalities used in this data set should be those that can be directly attributed to the disaster itself. Deaths with causes indirectly related to the disaster have not been included in the examples pro-vided in this workbook and should not be included in your measurement.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

BASELINE DATA HAZARD-SPECIFIC DATA

1.70 .35

Using the scale below, assess your agency’s current abilities to respond to the anticipated disaster impact.

SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Fatalities column on

Worksheet 3)

1

Number of fatalities per 100,000 population per day

0 = Baseline Added impact of disaster is negligible

1 = Minimal Cases are adequately handled by agency using existing resources

2 = Moderate Stretches capacity of existing resources; draws upon resources provided by mutual aid

3 = Severe Needs far exceed capacity of local authority and adjacent mutual providers

4 = Catastrophic Available resources are overwhelmed, requiring significant resources from outside affected area for response; recovery will be difficult, even with the help of mutual resources



Injuries Requiring EMS Transport

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


4.2 7.4


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Injuries Requiring EMS Transport column on

Worksheet 3)

2

Number of Emergency Medical Services transports per 100,000 population per day








Outpatient Injuries

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


12.44 172


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Outpatient Injuries column on

Worksheet 3)

3

Number of outpatient injuries per 100,000 population per day


1 = Minimal Cases are adequately handled by agency using ex-isting resources






Hospital ED Visits Due to Injuries

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


36.84 86


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Hospital ED Visits Due to Injuries column on

Worksheet 3)

3

Average number of Emergency Department visits due to injuries per 100,000 population per day








Trauma Center (levels 1&2) Injuries

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


1.5 0.1


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Trauma Center (levels 1&2) Injuries column

on Worksheet 3)

1

Number of trauma center (levels 1&2) injuries per 100,000 population per day








Scoring the Data: Interruption of Healthcare Services This indicator is utilized to determine the impact of a hazardous event on healthcare services. It will be used to determine if interruptions will occur and what the severity of those interruptions will be. This indicator is comprised of five subcategories: Interruption of Basic EMS, Interruption of Outpa-tient Services, Interruption of Hospital Emergency Department Services, Interruption of Trauma Units (levels 1&2), and Interruption of Ancillary Services.

Interruption of Basic EMS

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


2.5 2.5


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Interruption of Basic EMS column on

Worksheet 3)

0

Number of advanced life support systems (ALS) per 100,000 population

0 = Baseline Negligible deviance from pre-event norms

1 = Minimal Disruption to services is minimal

2 = Moderate Level of service is reduced below pre-event norms; response is needed from local authorities and adja-cent mutual aid providers

3 = Severe Level of service, including service provided by local authorities and adjacent mutual aid providers, is critically reduced

4 = Catastrophic Services are near or at complete cessation; significant resources from outside affected area are required



Interruption of Outpatient Services

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


92.4 85.56


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Interruption of Outpatient Services column on

Worksheet 3)

2

Number of primary care providers (PCP) per 100,000 population

0 = Baseline Negligible deviance from pre-event norms 1 = Minimal Disruption to services is minimal 2 = Moderate Level of service is reduced below pre-event norms;

response is needed from local authorities and adja-cent mutual aid providers


4 = Catastrophic Services are near or at complete cessation; significant resources from outside affected area



Interruption of Hospital ED Services

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


17 15.74


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Interruption of Hospital ED Services column on

Worksheet 3)

2

Number of available Emergency Department beds per 100,000 population







Interruption of Trauma Units (levels 1&2)

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


18.38 15.55


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Interruption of Trauma Units (levels 1&2) column

on Worksheet 3)

1

Number of functioning trauma operating rooms per 100,000 population


1 = Minimal Disruption to services is minimal 2 = Moderate Level of service is reduced below pre-event norms;






Interruption of Ancillary Services

This measure is based on pharmacy/business interruption data.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


17.67 7.77


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Interruption of Ancillary Services column on

Worksheet 3)

3

Number of functioning pharmacies per 100,000 population







Scoring the Data: Community Impact This indicator is used to determine the impact of a hazardous event on the community. It is com-prised of five subcategories: Water Supply Contamination, Water Supply Availability, Population Displacement/Households Evacuated, Public Utilities Interruption, and Interruption of Transporta-tion.

Water Supply Contamination This measure is based on the length of a boil water order affecting at least 25% of the population. Because boil water orders are often issued to entire jurisdictions as a precautionary measure, the “percentage of households affected” would be moot to measure here.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


0 12

Using the scale below, score the length of the mandatory boil water order.

SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Water Supply Contamination column on

Worksheet 3)

4

Duration (in days) mandatory boil water order (affecting at least 25% of the population) enforced

0 = Baseline No boil water order issued or issued for <25% of population

1 = Minimal Boil water order issued for up to one day

2 = Moderate Boil water order issued for one to three days

3 = Severe Boil water order in place for three to seven days

4 = Catastrophic Boil water order in place for more than a week



Water Supply Availability Ideally, this is measured by the number of gallons of water that are available per person per day. However, because this data is usually unavailable, an alternative measure is to tally the number of days a widespread water outage (affecting at least 25% of the population) exists.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


0 ~ 1

Using the scale below, score the length of the water service outage.

SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Water Supply Availability column on

Worksheet 3)

1

Duration (in days) widespread water outage (affecting at least 25% of the population) exists

0 = Baseline Water services not disrupted or disrupted for <25% of population

1 = Minimal Water services disrupted for up to one day

2 = Moderate Water services disrupted for one to three days

3 = Severe Water services disrupted for three to seven days

4 = Catastrophic Water services disrupted for more than a week



Population Displacement/Households Evacuated Oftentimes, these numbers are compiled using shelter statistics provided by organizations such as the American Red Cross. However, it should be noted that these figures will underestimate the ex-tent of the human toll that a disaster has on a population, as it is presumed that a significant number of disaster victims will seek temporary shelters at the homes of friends and family members. Anec-dotal evidence, which is usually relied upon for the latter measure, but often unverifiable, may be a more accurate reflection of the gravity of any evacuation orders given.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


0 525

Using the scale below, score the number of evacuations.

SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Population Displacement/Households

Evacuated column on Worksheet 3)

1

Number of persons evacuated per 100,000 population

0 = Baseline No people evacuated

1 = Minimal <10% of population evacuated

2 = Moderate 10-25% of population evacuated

3 = Severe 25-50% of population evacuated

4 = Catastrophic 50+% of population evacuated



Public Utilities Interruption Public utilities interruption is based primarily on electric power disruptions. This measures the length of an electricity disruption post-event affecting at least 25% of the population. Furthermore, outages of electricity may also affect water supply and the availability of other resources, as they are also reliant on a dependable power source to deliver services to customers.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


0 <24

Using the scale below, score the length of public utilities interruption.

SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Public Utilities Interruption column on

Worksheet 3)

2

Duration (in hours) of widespread electricity disruption affecting at least 25% of the population

0 = Baseline Electric utilities not disrupted or disrupted for <25% of the population

1 = Minimal Widespread (25+% of population) disruption for up to 4 hours

2 = Moderate Widespread disruption for 4 to 24 hours

3 = Severe Widespread disruption for 24 to 72 hours

4 = Catastrophic Widespread disruption for more than 72 hours



Interruption of Transportation This measure is based on the length of time that major transportation thoroughfares (e.g., freeways, expressways, etc.) are closed immediately after a disaster.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


0 8+

Using the scale below, score the length of transportation interruption.

SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Interruption of Transportation column on

Worksheet 3)

4

Duration (in days) that at least ONE major transportation corridor is closed

0 = Baseline No transportation corridors disrupted

1 = Minimal At least one major transportation corridor disrupted for up to one day

2 = Moderate At least one major transportation corridor disrupted for one to three days

3 = Severe At least one major transportation corridor disrupted for four to seven days

4 = Catastrophic At least one major transportation corridor disrupted for eight days or more



Scoring the Data: Impact on Public Health Agency Infrastructure This indicator is used to determine the impact of a hazardous event on the public health agency in-frastructure. It is comprised of six subcategories: Personnel, Equipment Loss, Laboratory Services, Community Services, Internal Communications, and Interagency Communications. The parameters and their relative descriptive scores are detailed below, but baseline and hazard-specific data were not available for analysis in the Los Angeles County Northridge Earthquake example.

Personnel This measure is based on absenteeism. Factors to consider for percentage of staff absent include: damage, transportation disruption, injury/illness, etc.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


- -

Using the scale below, rate your agency’s capacity to operate based on the anticipated interruption of the disaster.

SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Personnel column on

Worksheet 3)

-

Percent of staff available per day immediately after the disaster strikes








Equipment Loss This is measured based on computers and other relevant equipment necessary for optimal function-ing lost in dollars.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


- -


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Equipment Loss column on

Worksheet 3)

-

Value (in dollars) of computer equipment lost








Laboratory Services This measure is based on the number of operational labs per 100,000 population. This information may be extrapolated from business interruption data that addresses the professional support sector of the economy.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


- -


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Laboratory Services column on

Worksheet 3)

-

Number of operational labs per 100,000 population








Community Services

This measure is optional and may be omitted if the county agency deems it unnecessary.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


- -


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Community Services column on

Worksheet 3)

-

Number of key community partners available to collaborate on a hazard-response








Internal Communications This measure is based on the number of staff you can reach on a 24 hour/7 day a week basis. Ad-ditionally, data regarding the methods of contact and dispatch may be useful to include in this sec-tion.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


- -


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Internal Communications column on

Worksheet 3)

-

Number of staff that can be reached on a 24/7 basis








Interagency Communications This measure is based on the ability to communicate between agencies using a common system throughout your jurisdiction. This should be an indication of the public health agency’s ability to communicate with other public health agencies, healthcare organizations, law enforcement agen-cies, public officials, and health care providers.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT


- -


SCORE (0-4)

(Enter this score into the Interagency Communications column on

Worksheet 3)

-

Number of agencies that the public health agency can communicate with during and immediately after the disaster strikes


1 = Minimal Disruption to services is minimal 2 = Moderate Level of service is reduced below pre-event norms;






orks

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38 Step 4: Risk Analysis


Step 4: Risk Analysis

Integrating Steps 1 & 2: Where does this assessment take me? The final step in your community risk assessment combines the probability information given in Step 1 (the likelihood of hazards occurring) with the severity data determined in Step 2 (how bad it will be if the hazard hits).

Worksheet 4A: Assessment of Risk

Worksheet 4A integrates the information from the previous steps.

This process leaves you with two numbers to compare for each hazard: a probability score and a severity score. In the Northridge Earthquake example, the probability score is 3 and the severity score is 2.0.

Worksheet 4B: Summary of Risk Analysis

The following represents the most probable hazards and their estimated severity to occur in Los Angeles County.

HAZARD PROBABILITY

SEVERITY

Human Impact

Interruption of Healthcare

Services Community

Impact

Impact on Public Health

Agency Infrastructure

Overall Average

(Average scores from Worksheet 3)

Northridge Earthquake 3 2.0 1.6 2.4 - 2.0

HAZARD PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE SEVERITY

Wildfires 4 2.5

Coastal Erosion 3 1

Earthquake 3 2.0

Extreme Summer Weather 3 1

Transportation 3 1.5



A spatial representation of these relationships, as depicted below, will serve as a prioritization tool, with severity on one axis and probability on the other.

The two scores for each hazard are plotted on an X-Y axis:

For prioritization purposes, the data plotted above are considered in relation to the following scheme:

Low probability, High severity

High probability, High severity

Low probability, Low severity

High probability, Low severity

Probability of Occurrence

Seve

rity

of

Con

sequ

ence

s

Risk Assessment of Top 5 (by probability) Hazards in Los Angeles County

0

1

2

3

4

0 1 2 3 4


Sev

erity

of C

onse

quen

ces Wildfires

Coastal Erosion

Earthquakes

Extreme SummerWeatherTransportation



When the scheme is superimposed on the graph, the following result emerges: This visual depiction of the HRAI analysis for Los Angeles County indicates that the Northridge Earthquake scenario should be prioritized as a hazard with high probability and high severity.

Risk Assessment of Top 5 (by probability) Hazards in Los Angeles County

0

1

2

3

4

0 1 2 3 4


Sev

erity

of C

onse

quen

ces Wildfires

Coastal Erosion

Earthquakes

Extreme SummerWeatherTransportation

Low probability, High severity

High probability, High severity

Low probability, Low severity

High probability, Low severity

41 Step 5: Translating Theory into Practice


Step 5: Translating Theory Into Practice

What’s Next? In summary, the goal of HRAI is to serve as a tool to help public health agencies plan for a hazard response by determining their community’s hazards, assessing the likelihood of occurrence, and quantifying their impact on the public’s health. Prioritizing efforts.

It follows from the final step of the analysis that those events with a high likelihood of occur-ring and a high level of impact should have the highest priority. You may also want to con-sider those events that, though rare, would have a severe impact were they to occur. For example, earthquakes in the central United States on the New Madrid fault system occur very infrequently, but previous incidents have caused large numbers of deaths and injuries. Preparing for the potential effects of these events should also help you prepare for more common but less extreme emergencies.

After analysis using HRAI, your community can apply the assessment to prioritize planning using community-specific criteria. On initial analyses, HRAI may reveal health infrastructure characteristics that are hazard-specific. These characteristics may be indicative of the ability of your health agency to respond to hazards in general.

The process may provide insight into inherent strengths and weaknesses present in your health system, regardless of the type of hazard. For instance, if one indicator consistently comes up with a better score across several hazards, less emphasis may need to be placed on improving that specific area. This will allow for resources to be allocated to areas where deficiencies have been identified.

Action steps.

After vulnerabilities and weaknesses have been identified, possible resolutions should be addressed. Suggested action steps include: • Changes in resources and financing • Establishment of mutual aid agreements • Training and education for staff and public Once changes are implemented, an on-going system for the evaluation of impact should be established. As changes occur in the community, new vulnerabilities may arise and new re-sources may be acquired to change the outcome of your community’s hazard risk assess-ment over time.



Appendices

43

Appendix I


45

APPENDIX I

A blank version of the Hazard Risk Assessment Instrument has been provided.

• Worksheet 1: Probability of Occurrence • Worksheet 2A: Baseline Health Indicators • Worksheet 2B: Hazard-Specific Health Indicators • Worksheet 3: Scoring the Consequences • Worksheet 4A: Assessment of Risk • Worksheet 4B: Summary of Risk Analysis

Worksheet 1


47

Worksheet 1: Probability Of Occurrence

Geographic Area:

Length of Life Cycle:

HAZARD


Avalanche Biological Terrorism

Chemical Terrorism

Civil Disorder

Coastal Erosion

Conventional Terrorism

Dam Failure

Drought

Earthquake

Extreme Summer Weather

Fires – Large-Scale, Urban

Flood

Hailstorm

Hazardous Materials Incident – Fixed Facility

Hazardous Materials Incident – Transportation Land Subsidence Landslide Nuclear Attack Power Failure Radiological Incident – Fixed Facility

Radiological Incident – Transportation

Severe Winter Storm

Storm Surge

Thunderstorm and Lightning

Tornado

Transportation

Tropical Cyclone Tsunami Volcano

Wildfire

Windstorm

Worksheet 2A


49

Wor

kshe

et 2

A: B

asel

ine

Hea

lth In

dica

tors

HA

ZAR

D:

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n:

B

ASE

LIN

E

HEA

LTH

IND

ICA

TOR

M

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REM

ENT

BA

SELI

NE

BA

SELI

NE

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UR

CE

Hum

an Im

pact

Fata

litie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

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ries

Req

uirin

g E

MS

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nspo

rt 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

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patie

nt In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

Hos

pita

l ED

Vis

its D

ue to

Inju

ries

100,

000

pop.

/day

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ma

Cen

ter (

leve

ls 1

&2)

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Inte

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tion

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s

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000

pop.

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Ps/

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s/10

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(in d

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maj

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Impa

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blic

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fras

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Per

sonn

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Labo

rato

ry S

ervi

ces

Labs

/100

,000

pop

.

Com

mun

ity S

ervi

ces

Key

par

tner

s av

aila

ble

to re

spon

d

Inte

rnal

Com

mun

icat

ions

S

taff

that

can

be

avai

labl

e 24

/7

Inte

rage

ncy

Com

mun

icat

ions

A

genc

ies

PH

dep

t. ca

n co

mm

unic

ate

with

dur

ing

disa

ster

Pop

ulat

ion

Dis

plac

emen

t R

esid

ents

eva

cuat

ed/1

00,0

00 p

op.

Worksheet 2B


51

Wor

kshe

et 2

B: H

azar

d-Sp

ecifi

c H

ealth

Indi

cato

rs

HA

ZAR

D:

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n:

H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IND

ICA

TOR

M

EASU

REM

ENT

HA

ZAR

D-R

ELA

TED

A

DD

ITIO

NA

L C

OM

MEN

TS

HA

ZAR

D-S

OU

RC

E

Hum

an Im

pact

Fata

litie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

Inju

ries

Req

uirin

g E

MS

Tra

nspo

rt 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

Out

patie

nt In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

Hos

pita

l ED

Vis

its D

ue to

Inju

ries

100,

000

pop.

/day

Trau

ma

Cen

ter (

leve

ls 1

&2)

Inju

ries

100,

000

pop.

/day

Inte

rrup

tion

of H

ealth

care

Ser

vice

s

Bas

ic E

MS

A

LS s

yste

ms/

100,

000

pop.

Out

patie

nt S

ervi

ces

PC

Ps/

100,

000

pop.

Hos

pita

l ED

Ser

vice

s A

vaila

ble

ED

bed

s/10

0,00

0 po

p.

Trau

ma

Uni

ts (l

evel

s 1&

2)

OR

s fu

nctio

ning

/100

,000

pop

.

Anc

illar

y S

ervi

ces

Pha

rmac

ies/

100,

000

pop.

Com

mun

ity Im

pact

Wat

er S

uppl

y C

onta

min

atio

n D

urat

ion

(in d

ays)

of w

ides

prea

d bo

il w

ater

ord

er

Wat

er S

uppl

y A

vaila

bilit

y D

urat

ion

(in d

ays)

of w

ides

prea

d w

ater

ser

vice

dis

rupt

ion

Pub

lic U

tiliti

es

Dur

atio

n (in

hou

rs) o

f wid

espr

ead

elec

trici

ty d

isru

ptio

n

Tran

spor

tatio

n D

urat

ion

(in d

ays)

maj

or tr

ansp

orta

tion

corr

idor

s di

srup

ted

Impa

ct o

n Pu

blic

Hea

lth A

genc

y In

fras

truc

ture

Per

sonn

el

% p

erso

nnel

ava

ilabl

e/da

y

Equ

ipm

ent L

oss

Val

ue (i

n do

llars

) com

pute

r equ

ipm

ent l

ost

Labo

rato

ry S

ervi

ces

Labs

/100

,000

pop

.

Com

mun

ity S

ervi

ces

Key

par

tner

s av

aila

ble

to re

spon

d

Inte

rnal

Com

mun

icat

ions

S

taff

that

can

be

avai

labl

e 24

/7

Inte

rage

ncy

Com

mun

icat

ions

A

genc

ies

PH

dep

t. ca

n co

mm

unic

ate

with

dur

ing

disa

ster

Pop

ulat

ion

Dis

plac

emen

t R

esid

ents

eva

cuat

ed/1

00,0

00 p

op.

Worksheet 3


53

Wor

kshe

et 3

: Sco

ring

the

Con

sequ

ence

s H

AZA

RD

:

0 =

Bas

elin

e

1

= M

inim

al

SC

OR

E

2

= M

oder

ate

3 =

Sev

ere

4 =

Cat

astr

ophi

c

SEVE

RIT

Y =

(MA

GN

ITU

DE

- MIT

IGA

TIO

N)

HU

MA

N IM

PAC

T

Fata

litie

s In

jurie

s R

equi

ring

EM

S

Tran

spor

t O

utpa

tient

Inju

ries

Hos

pita

l ED

Vis

its

D

ue to

Inju

ries

Trau

ma

Cen

ter

(lev

els

1&2)

Inju

ries

INTE

RR

UPT

ION

OF

HEA

LTH

CA

RE

SER

VIC

ES

Inte

rrupt

ion

of B

asic

EM

S

Inte

rrupt

ion

of

Out

patie

nt S

ervi

ces

Inte

rrupt

ion

of H

ospi

tal

ED

Ser

vice

s In

terru

ptio

n of

Tra

uma

U

nits

(lev

els

1&2)

In

terru

ptio

n of

A

ncilla

ry S

ervi

ces

CO

MM

UN

ITY

IMPA

CT

Wat

er S

uppl

y

C

onta

min

atio

n W

ater

Sup

ply

Avai

labi

lity

Popu

latio

n D

ispl

acem

ent/

Hou

seho

lds

Evac

uate

d P

ublic

Util

ities

In

terru

ptio

n In

terru

ptio

n of

Tr

ansp

orta

tion

IMPA

CT

ON

PU

BLI

C H

EALT

H A

GEN

CY

INFR

AST

RU

CTU

RE

Pers

onne

l Eq

uipm

ent L

oss

Labo

rato

ry S

ervi

ces

Com

mun

ity

Ser

vice

s In

tern

al

C

omm

unic

atio

ns

Inte

rage

ncy

Com

mun

icat

ions

Worksheet 4A & 4B


55

Worksheet 4A: Assessment of Risk

HAZARD PROBABILITY

SEVERITY

Human Impact

Interruption of Healthcare

Services Community

Impact

Impact on Public Health

Agency Infrastructure

Overall Average

(Average scores from Worksheet 3)

Worksheet 4B: Summary of Risk Analysis

HAZARD PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE SEVERITY

Appendix II


57

APPENDIX II

The following examples have been provided for reference of the HRAI completion process.

Generic Hazard Models • A: Earthquake: Northridge Earthquake • B: Flooding, Rainfall-Induced: Tropical Storm Allison • C: Flooding, Riverine: Grand Forks Flood • D: Hurricane: Hurricane Andrew • E: Terrorist Bombing: Murrah Federal Building Bombing • F: Tornadoes: Oklahoma City Tornadoes of 1999

Hazard Model A: Northridge Earthquake


HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL A

HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL A

: E

arth

quak

e: N

orth

ridge

Ear

thqu

ake,

Jan

uary

17,

199

4

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: L

os A

ngel

es C

ount

y, C

A (in

clud

es c

omm

unity

of N

orth

ridge

in L

os A

ngel

es, C

A)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Hum

an Im

pact

Fata

litie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

1.70

C

A-D

HS

– V

ital

Sta

tistic

s 0.

35

Pee

k-A

sa C

, Kra

us J

F,

Bour

que

LB, V

imal

acha

ndra

D

, Yu

J, A

bram

s J.

Fat

al

and

hosp

italiz

ed in

jurie

s re

-su

lting

from

the

1994

Nor

th-

ridge

ear

thqu

ake.

Int

erna

-tio

nal J

ourn

al o

f Epi

dem

iol-

ogy

1998

;27:

459-

465.

Inju

ries

Req

uirin

g E

MS

Tra

nspo

rt 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

4.2

Los

Ang

eles

C

ount

y E

MS

7.

4 - I

ncre

ased

cal

l vol

ume

for

mon

th o

f Jan

uary

rela

tive

to

base

line

EM

S d

ata

prov

ided

by

Dr.

Sam

Stra

tton

Out

patie

nt In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

12.4

4 S

anta

Bar

bara

C

ount

y (C

A)

EM

S

172

Sel

igso

n H

A, S

hoaf

KI.

H

uman

Impa

cts

of

Ear

thqu

akes

. In

W. C

hen

and

C. S

caw

thor

n (E

ds.),

E

arth

quak

e E

ngin

eerin

g H

andb

ook.

Boc

a R

aton

, Fl

orid

a: C

RC

Pre

ss; 2

003.

Hos

pita

l ED

Vis

its

Due

to In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

36.8

4 C

DC

-NC

HS

86

- One

pro

vide

r nea

r the

N

orth

ridge

epi

cent

er a

rea

repo

rted

incr

ease

from

110

to

185

ED

vis

its d

ue to

in

jurie

s

Sel

igso

n &

Sho

af, 2

003

Trau

ma

Cen

ter

(leve

ls 1

&2)

Inju

ries

100,

000

pop.

/day

1.

5 U

CLA

CPH

D

0.1

P

eek

Asa

et a

l, 19

98

Inte

rrup

tion

of H

ealth

care

Ser

vice

s

Bas

ic E

MS

A

LS s

yste

ms/

10

0,00

0 po

p.

2.5

Los

Ang

eles

C

ount

y E

MS

2.

5 - N

o no

ticea

ble

effe

ct

obse

rved



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL A

: E

arth

quak

e: N

orth

ridge

Ear

thqu

ake,

Jan

uary

17,

199

4

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: L

os A

ngel

es C

ount

y, C

A (in

clud

es c

omm

unity

of N

orth

ridge

in L

os A

ngel

es, C

A)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Out

patie

nt

Ser

vice

s P

CP

s/10

0,00

0 po

p.

92.4

K

aise

r Fa

mily

Fo

unda

tion

85.5

6

Tier

ney

KJ.

Im

pact

s of

R

ecen

t Dis

aste

rs o

n

Busi

ness

es: T

he 1

993

M

idw

est F

lood

s an

d th

e 19

94

Nor

thrid

ge E

arth

quak

e. I

n E

cono

mic

Con

sequ

ence

s of

E

arth

quak

es: P

repa

ring

for

the

Une

xpec

ted.

Bar

clay

G.

Jone

s (E

d.),

Buf

falo

, NY

: S

tate

Uni

vers

ity o

f New

Yor

k at

Buf

falo

, Nat

iona

l Cen

ter f

or

Earth

quak

e En

gine

erin

g

Res

earc

h. N

CE

ER

Rep

ort

No.

NC

EE

R-S

P-0

001,

199

7,

pp. 1

89-2

22.

Hos

pita

l ED

S

ervi

ces

Av

aila

ble

ED

beds

/100

,000

pop

. 17

Offi

ce o

f S

tate

wid

e H

ealth

P

lann

ing

&

Dev

elop

-m

ent

(OS

HP

D) –

C

A

15.7

4

- Six

of 8

1 Lo

s An

gele

s C

ount

y ac

ute

care

hos

pita

ls in

itiat

ed

evac

uatio

ns im

med

iate

ly a

fter

the

earth

quak

e - c

onfir

med

by

Los

Ang

eles

Fire

Dep

artm

ent

(LA

FD)

- B

ased

on

this

obs

erva

tion,

a

roun

d es

timat

e of

92.

6% (7

5/81

) ba

selin

e w

ill b

e us

ed to

refle

ct

even

t-spe

cific

ava

ilabi

lity

Sch

ultz

CH

, et a

l.

Impl

icat

ions

of H

ospi

tal

Eva

cuat

ion

afte

r the

N

orth

ridge

, Cal

iforn

ia,

Ear

thqu

ake.

N E

ngl J

Med

20

03;3

48:1

349-

1355

.

Avai

labl

e on

line

at:

http

://w

ww

.lafd

.org

.

Trau

ma

Uni

ts

(leve

ls 1

&2)

O

Rs

func

tioni

ng/

100,

000

pop.

18

.38

Nor

thrid

ge

Earth

quak

e Li

felin

e

Per

form

ance

an

d Po

st-

Earth

quak

e R

espo

nse

15.5

5

- Tw

o tra

uma

cent

ers

in th

e S

an

Fern

ando

Val

ley

(Oliv

e Vi

ew a

nd

Nor

thrid

ge) w

ere

clos

ed

imm

edia

tely

afte

r the

ear

thqu

ake

per L

AFD

; ge

nera

l est

imat

e of

84

.6%

(rep

rese

ntin

g 11

of 1

3 tra

uma

cent

ers

rem

aini

ng o

pen)

us

ed

LAFD

. Ava

ilabl

e on

line

at:

http

://w

ww

.lafd

.org

/.



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL A

: E

arth

quak

e: N

orth

ridge

Ear

thqu

ake,

Jan

uary

17,

199

4

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: L

os A

ngel

es C

ount

y, C

A (in

clud

es c

omm

unity

of N

orth

ridge

in L

os A

ngel

es, C

A)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Anci

llary

S

ervi

ces

P

harm

acie

s/

100,

000

pop.

17

.67

Sea

rch

for

phar

mac

ies

usin

g ye

llow

pa

ges

on

Yaho

o

7.77

- E

xtra

pola

ted

from

dat

a th

at

reve

aled

"56%

of f

irms

wer

e fo

rced

to c

lose

for s

ome

perio

d as

a re

sult

of th

e ea

rthqu

ake"

Dah

lham

er J

M &

KJ

Ti

erne

y. R

ebou

ndin

g fro

m

Dis

rupt

ive

Eve

nts:

Bus

ines

s R

ecov

ery

Follo

win

g th

e

Nor

thrid

ge E

arth

quak

e.

Soc

iolo

gica

l Spe

ctru

m

1998

;18:

121-

141.

Com

mun

ity Im

pact

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Con

tam

inat

ion

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d bo

il

wat

er o

rder

0

12

day

s

- Pip

elin

e da

mag

e sh

ut d

own

thre

e w

ater

trea

tmen

t pla

nts

and

resu

lted

in a

loss

of o

ver o

ne

billi

on g

allo

ns p

er d

ay o

f tre

atm

ent c

apac

ity

- Pre

caut

iona

ry b

oil w

ater

or

ders

wer

e is

sued

in L

os

Ang

eles

, San

ta C

larit

a an

d S

imi

Val

ley

-In th

e C

ity o

f Los

Ang

eles

, all

boil

wat

er o

rder

s w

ere

lifte

d on

Ja

nuar

y 29

, afte

r 12

days

Nor

thrid

ge E

arth

quak

e

Rec

onna

issa

nce

Rep

ort,

V

olum

e 1.

Ear

thqu

ake

S

pect

ra, S

uppl

emen

t C to

V

olum

e 11

, Oak

land

, C

alifo

rnia

, Ear

thqu

ake

Engi

-ne

erin

g R

esea

rch

Inst

itute

(E

ER

I), A

pril

1995

.



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL A

: E

arth

quak

e: N

orth

ridge

Ear

thqu

ake,

Jan

uary

17,

199

4

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: L

os A

ngel

es C

ount

y, C

A (in

clud

es c

omm

unity

of N

orth

ridge

in L

os A

ngel

es, C

A)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Pop

ulat

ion

D

ispl

acem

ent

Res

iden

ts

evac

uate

d/10

0,00

0 po

p.

0

525

- 50,

000

occu

pant

s di

spla

ced

- 30,

000

peop

le s

helte

red

in 4

5 A

mer

ican

Red

Cro

ss (A

RC

) sh

elte

rs

- AR

C s

erve

d 1.

5 m

illion

mea

ls

in th

e m

onth

afte

r the

EQ

-D

amag

ed: ~

24%

of t

he to

tal

num

ber o

f hou

sing

uni

ts in

the

City

of L

os A

ngel

es -

308,

846

units

in 6

5,30

0 bu

ildin

gs, w

ith

84%

of t

he d

amag

ed u

nits

in

mul

ti-fa

mily

hou

sing

- 3

50,0

00 a

pplic

atio

ns fo

r fe

dera

l dis

aste

r ass

ista

nce

EE

RI,

1995

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Avai

labi

lity

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d w

ater

se

rvic

e di

srup

tion

0

~1

day

- App

roxi

mat

ely

100,

000

Los

Ang

eles

Dep

artm

ent o

f Wat

er &

P

ower

(LA

DW

P) c

usto

mer

s (~

15%

of L

AD

WP

cus

tom

ers)

w

ere

with

out w

ater

imm

edia

tely

af

ter t

he e

arth

quak

e - W

ater

ser

vice

was

rest

ored

to

all b

ut a

few

thou

sand

cu

stom

ers

with

in 5

day

s; a

fter

10 d

ays,

few

er th

an 1

00

scat

tere

d cu

stom

ers

wer

e st

ill w

ithou

t ser

vice

“Pre

parin

g fo

r the

“Big

O

ne” -

- Sav

ing

Live

s Th

roug

h Ea

rthqu

ake

M

itiga

tion

in L

os

Ang

eles

, CA

.” S

ectio

n 5

– Li

felin

es, U

.S.

Dep

art-

men

t of H

ousi

ng a

nd U

r-ba

n D

evel

opm

ent (

HU

D),

HU

D U

SER

Pol

icy

D

evel

opm

ent a

nd

Res

earc

h In

form

atio

n S

ervi

ce.

Ava

ilabl

e

onlin

e at

: ht

tp://

ww

w.h

udus

er.o

rg/ .



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL A

: E

arth

quak

e: N

orth

ridge

Ear

thqu

ake,

Jan

uary

17,

199

4

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: L

os A

ngel

es C

ount

y, C

A (in

clud

es c

omm

unity

of N

orth

ridge

in L

os A

ngel

es, C

A)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Pub

lic U

tiliti

es

Dur

atio

n (in

hou

rs)

of w

ides

prea

d

elec

trici

ty

disr

uptio

n

0

<24

- Im

med

iate

ly a

fter t

he

earth

quak

e, th

e en

tire

City

of

Los

Ang

eles

was

with

out p

ower

(~

1.3

milli

on c

usto

mer

s);

pow

er

to th

e m

ajor

ity o

f the

LA

DW

P

serv

ice

area

(93%

) was

rest

ored

w

ithin

24

hour

s an

d po

wer

to

virtu

ally

all

of th

e se

rvic

e ar

ea

rest

ored

with

in 7

2 ho

urs

- S

o. C

alif.

Edi

son

(SC

E) l

ost

pow

er to

abo

ut 1

.1 m

illion

cu

stom

ers

(~25

% o

f its

4.2

m

illion

cus

tom

ers)

; ser

vice

was

re

stor

ed to

500

,000

SC

E

cust

omer

s w

ithin

30

seco

nds;

S

CE

’s s

ervi

ce te

rrito

ry w

est o

f P

arde

e re

mai

ned

with

out p

ower

, bu

t was

rest

ored

by

emer

genc

y re

pairs

at P

arde

e w

ithin

12

hour

s; th

e re

mai

nder

was

re

stor

ed w

ithin

20

hour

s

HU

D



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL A

: E

arth

quak

e: N

orth

ridge

Ear

thqu

ake,

Jan

uary

17,

199

4

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: L

os A

ngel

es C

ount

y, C

A (in

clud

es c

omm

unity

of N

orth

ridge

in L

os A

ngel

es, C

A)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Tran

spor

tatio

n

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s)

maj

or

trans

porta

tion

corri

dors

di

srup

ted

0

8+

- Cal

trans

est

imat

ed tr

avel

de

lays

: Ini

tial p

eak-

perio

d de

lays

for t

he I-

5 co

rrido

r ex

ceed

ed a

n ho

ur, d

elay

s on

th

e I-1

0 co

rrido

r exc

eede

d 20

m

inut

es, a

nd a

long

SR

-118

ra

nged

from

10-

35 m

inut

es

- Maj

or tr

ansp

orta

tion

rout

es

clos

ed fo

r sev

eral

mon

ths

for

repa

irs

EE

RI,

1995

Hazard Model B: Tropical Storm Allison


HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL B

H

AZA

RD

MO

DEL

B:

Floo

ding

, Rai

nfal

l-Ind

uced

: Tr

opic

al S

torm

Alli

son,

Jun

e 8-

10, 2

001

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: H

arris

Cou

nty,

TX

(incl

udes

Hou

ston

)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Hum

an Im

pact

Fata

litie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

1.53

Fe

dsta

ts.c

om

1.1

“Ser

vice

Ass

essm

ent:

Trop

ical

St

orm

Allis

on, H

eavy

Rai

ns a

nd

Floo

ds, T

exas

and

Lou

isia

na.”

Nat

iona

l Wea

ther

Ser

vice

, Jun

e 20

01.

Inju

ries

R

equi

ring

EMS

Tr

ansp

ort

100,

000

pop.

/day

14

.29

JEM

S 2

004

Pla

tinum

R

esou

rce

Gui

de

.33

Out

patie

nt

Inju

ries

100,

000

pop.

/day

8.

33

CD

C-N

CH

S–

Fast

ats

n/

a

Hos

pita

l ED

V

isits

Due

to

Inju

ries

100,

000

pop.

/day

83

.29

Kai

ser F

amily

Fo

unda

tion

n/

a

Trau

ma

Cen

ter

(leve

ls 1

&2)

In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

0.19

Te

xas

Dep

t. of

S

tate

Hea

lth

Ser

vice

s

.95

Trop

ical

Sto

rm A

llison

, Jun

e 20

01.

RM

S E

vent

Rep

ort,

N

ewar

k, C

A, R

MS

Inc.

, Dec

. 17,

20

01.

Inte

rrup

tion

of H

ealth

care

Ser

vice

s

Bas

ic E

MS

A

LS s

yste

ms/

10

0,00

0 po

p.

2.5

Los

Ang

eles

C

ount

y E

MS

n/

a

Out

patie

nt

Ser

vice

s P

CP

s/10

0,00

0 po

p.

92.4

K

aise

r Fam

ily

Foun

datio

n 53

.31

- Est

imat

es b

ased

on

data

fro

m a

diff

eren

t flo

odin

g ev

ent

Tier

ney,

199

7



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL B

: Fl

oodi

ng, R

ainf

all-I

nduc

ed:

Trop

ical

Sto

rm A

lliso

n, J

une

8-10

, 200

1

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Har

ris C

ount

y, T

X (in

clud

es H

oust

on)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Hos

pita

l ED

S

ervi

ces

Av

aila

ble

ED

beds

/100

,000

pop

. 17

O

ffice

of S

tate

wid

e H

ealth

Pla

nnin

g &

D

evel

opm

ent

(OS

HP

D) –

CA

12.9

2

RM

S, 2

001

Trau

ma

Uni

ts

(leve

ls 1

&2)

O

Rs

func

tioni

ng/

100,

000

pop.

13

.82

Ext

rapo

latio

n fro

m

repo

rt by

Har

ris

Cou

nty

Judg

e E

ckel

s

6.91

- Thr

ee h

ospi

tals

clo

sed

te

mpo

raril

y; o

f tw

o le

vel-o

ne

traum

a ce

nter

s, o

ne w

as c

lose

d w

hile

the

othe

r was

unr

each

able

at

tim

es d

ue to

floo

ding

RM

S, 2

001

Anci

llary

S

ervi

ces

Pha

rmac

ies/

100,

000

pop.

27

.23

Sea

rch

for

phar

mac

ies

usin

g ye

llow

pag

es o

n

Yaho

o

15.7

7 - E

stim

ates

bas

ed o

n da

ta fr

om a

di

ffere

nt fl

oodi

ng e

vent

Ti

erne

y, 1

997

Com

mun

ity Im

pact

Wat

er S

uppl

y C

onta

min

atio

n

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d bo

il w

ater

or

der

0

<7

- Hou

ston

: out

age

was

lim

ited

to

500

of 4

30,0

00 c

usto

mer

s fo

r w

hom

a b

oil w

ater

ord

er w

as

issu

ed

- With

in H

arris

Cou

nty,

24

m

unic

ipal

wat

er s

uppl

y

syst

ems

wer

e flo

oded

, ne

cess

itatin

g “b

oil w

ater

” or

ders

- I

n ot

her p

arts

of s

outh

east

Te

xas,

nin

e w

ater

sys

tem

s

suffe

red

outa

ges;

four

of t

he n

ine

wer

e st

ill un

der b

oil w

ater

ord

ers

a w

eek

afte

r the

sto

rm

Texa

s

Com

mis

sion

on

Env

ironm

enta

l Q

ualit

y.

Avai

labl

e on

line

at:

http

:/w

ww

.tceq

.sta

te.tx

.us/

.

Wat

er S

uppl

y Av

aila

bilit

y

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d w

ater

se

rvic

e di

srup

tion

0

n/a

- No

data

on

wat

er s

uppl

y

avai

labi

lity

in th

e re

conn

aiss

ance

lit

erat

ure

- No

deta

iled

outa

ge d

ata



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL B

: Fl

oodi

ng, R

ainf

all-I

nduc

ed:

Trop

ical

Sto

rm A

lliso

n, J

une

8-10

, 200

1

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Har

ris C

ount

y, T

X (in

clud

es H

oust

on)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Pop

ulat

ion

D

ispl

acem

ent

Res

iden

ts

evac

uate

d/10

0,00

0 po

p.

0

882.

20

- 30,

000

Hou

ston

are

a re

side

nts

shel

tere

d in

51

shel

ters

- A

RC

ser

ved

1,83

3,27

5 m

eals

- 7

3,00

0 re

side

nces

dam

aged

in

clud

ing

59,0

00 h

omes

, 11,

500

apar

tmen

ts a

nd 2

,500

mob

ile

hom

es in

Har

ris C

ount

y - 2

,744

hom

es d

estro

yed

in

Har

ris C

ount

y - 1

20,0

00 a

pplic

ants

for f

eder

al

disa

ster

ass

ista

nce

Trop

ical

Sto

rm

Allis

on R

ecov

ery

Pro

ject

.

Avai

labl

e on

line

at:

http

://w

ww

.tsar

p.or

g/ts

a_ov

er/in

dex.

htm

l.

Pub

lic U

tiliti

es

Dur

atio

n (in

hou

rs) o

f w

ides

prea

d el

ectri

city

di

srup

tion

0

26

4 ho

urs

(11

days

)

- 8,5

00 c

usto

mer

s; 2

/3 o

f do

wnt

own

Hou

ston

incl

udin

g Te

xas

Med

ical

Cen

ter a

ll po

wer

re

stor

ed b

y Ju

ne 1

5 (1

1 da

ys);

tota

l res

tora

tion

took

3 w

eeks

RM

S, 2

001

Tran

spor

tatio

n

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s)

maj

or tr

ansp

orta

tion

corri

dors

dis

rupt

ed

0

7 da

ys

- Maj

or tr

ansp

orta

tion

rout

es

clos

ed u

ntil

June

11

(one

wee

k)

RM

S, 2

001

Hazard Model C: Grand Forks Flood


HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL C

HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL C

: Fl

oodi

ng, R

iver

ine:

Gra

nd F

orks

Flo

od, A

pril

1997

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: G

rand

For

ks C

ount

y, N

D (i

nclu

des

Gra

nd F

orks

, ND

)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Hum

an Im

pact

Fata

litie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

1.78

N

orth

Dak

ota

D

ivis

ion

of V

ital

Rec

ords

0

G

rand

For

ks F

lood

.

Avai

labl

e on

line

at:

ww

w.g

rand

fork

sflo

od.c

om.

Inju

ries

Req

uirin

g E

MS

Tra

nspo

rt 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

12.6

3 JE

MS

200

4

Pla

tinum

Res

ourc

e G

uide

n/

a

Out

patie

nt In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

8.33

C

DC

-NC

HS

–

Fast

ats

n/

a

Hos

pita

l ED

Vis

its

Due

to In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

111.

78

Kai

ser F

amily

Fo

unda

tion

n/

a

Trau

ma

Cen

ter

(leve

ls 1

&2)

In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

0.61

N

orth

Dak

ota

Hea

lth D

epar

tmen

t, Tr

aum

a S

yste

m

n/a



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL C

: Fl

oodi

ng, R

iver

ine:

Gra

nd F

orks

Flo

od, A

pril

1997

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: G

rand

For

ks C

ount

y, N

D (i

nclu

des

Gra

nd F

orks

, ND

)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Inte

rrup

tion

of H

ealth

care

Ser

vice

s

Bas

ic E

MS

A

LS s

yste

ms/

10

0,00

0 po

p.

2.5

Los

Ang

eles

C

ount

y E

MS

n/

a

- Uni

ted

Hos

pita

l (on

ly

hosp

ital i

n to

wn

and

only

Le

vel 2

trau

ma

cent

er in

NE

N

orth

Dak

ota

and

NW

Min

-ne

sota

) was

clo

sed

durin

g th

e flo

od

Out

patie

nt

Ser

vice

s P

CP

s/10

0,00

0 po

p.

92.4

K

aise

r Fa

mily

Fo

unda

tion

n/a

- Clo

sure

of U

nite

d H

ospi

tal

durin

g flo

od -

repr

esen

ts

100%

impa

ct o

n bo

th E

D

and

traum

a se

rvic

es

- Num

ber o

f ava

ilabl

e be

ds

and

avai

labl

e O

Rs

equa

ls 0

Hos

pita

l ED

S

ervi

ces

Av

aila

ble

ED

beds

/100

,000

pop

. 17

Offi

ce o

f S

tate

wid

e H

ealth

P

lann

ing

&

Dev

elom

ent

(OS

HP

D) –

CA

0

Trau

ma

Uni

ts

(leve

ls 1

&2)

O

Rs

func

tioni

ng/

100,

000/

pop.

n/

a

0

Anc

illary

Ser

vice

s P

harm

acie

s/10

0,00

0 po

p.

21.3

4

Sea

rch

for

phar

mac

ies

usin

g ye

llow

pa

ges

on

Yaho

o

11.6

7

- Ext

rapo

late

d fro

m D

es

Moi

nes

Floo

d of

199

3 da

ta

that

sho

wed

that

42.

5% o

f "w

hole

sale

and

bus

ines

s tra

de" b

usin

esse

s w

ere

clos

ed a

med

ian

of 7

2 ho

urs

post

eve

nt

Tier

ney

KJ,

et a

l. T

he

Impa

ct o

f 199

3 M

idw

est

Floo

ds: B

usin

ess

Vu

lner

abilit

y an

d

Dis

rupt

ion

in D

es

Moi

nes.

Dis

aste

r M

anag

emen

t in

the

U.S

. an

d C

anad

a. C

harle

s C

. Th

omas

, Ric

hard

Syl

ves,

W

illiam

T. W

arig

h (E

ds.),

S

prin

gfie

ld, I

L, 1

996,

pp.

21

4-23

3.

Min

neso

ta P

ublic

Rad

io.

The

Gre

at F

lood

of 1

997.

Av

aila

ble

onlin

e at

:

http

://ne

ws.

min

neso

ta.p

ublic

radi

o.or

g/fe

a-tu

res/

1997

04/0

4_ne

wsr

oom

_flo

od/.



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL C

: Fl

oodi

ng, R

iver

ine:

Gra

nd F

orks

Flo

od, A

pril

1997

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: G

rand

For

ks C

ount

y, N

D (i

nclu

des

Gra

nd F

orks

, ND

)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Con

tam

inat

ion

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d bo

il

wat

er o

rder

0

23

- Dam

age

to th

e po

tabl

e w

ater

dis

tribu

tion

syst

em,

incl

udin

g da

mag

e to

the

w

ater

trea

tmen

t pla

nt (t

he

city

’s m

ain

sour

ce o

f wat

er,

whi

ch s

uffe

red

$6.5

mill

ion

in

dam

age)

, pip

elin

es a

nd

rese

rvoi

rs, l

eft G

rand

For

ks

resi

dent

s w

ithou

t run

ning

w

ater

for 1

3 da

ys a

nd

with

out “

drin

kabl

e” w

ater

for

23 d

ays

“The

Red

Riv

er F

lood

of

1997

: A

n A

sses

smen

t of

Dam

age

and

Long

Ter

m

Eco

nom

ic R

ecov

ery”

, 19

99.

Pre

pare

d by

EQ

E

Inte

rnat

iona

l for

May

or

Pat

Ow

ens

and

the

Gra

nd F

orks

City

C

ounc

il.

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Avai

labi

lity

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d w

ater

se

rvic

e di

srup

tion

0

13

Pop

ulat

ion

D

ispl

acem

ent

Res

iden

ts

evac

uate

d/10

0,00

0 po

p.

0

95,0

00

- By

Apr

il 27

(10

days

afte

r flo

odin

g be

gan)

, the

AR

C

repo

rtedl

y ha

d 30

she

lters

op

en, h

ad s

helte

red

5,49

5 pe

ople

and

ser

ved

108,

845

mea

ls

- 47,

500

of th

e 50

,000

resi

-de

nts

of G

rand

For

ks w

ere

evac

uate

d

- 90

% o

f the

city

was

dam

-ag

ed

- 28

,770

app

lican

ts fo

r fe

dera

l dis

aste

r ass

ista

nce

in

Gra

nd F

orks

ND

and

Eas

t G

rand

For

ks M

N

FEM

A (1

998)

. “Th

e G

rand

For

ks F

lood

s –

One

Yea

r Lat

er.”

Av

aila

ble

onlin

e at

: ht

tp://

ww

w.fe

ma.

gov/

nwz9

8/gf

420.

shtm

.

Com

mun

ity Im

pact



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL C

: Fl

oodi

ng, R

iver

ine:

Gra

nd F

orks

Flo

od, A

pril

1997

A

sses

smen

t Loc

atio

n: G

rand

For

ks C

ount

y, N

D (i

nclu

des

Gra

nd F

orks

, ND

)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Pub

lic U

tiliti

es

Dur

atio

n (in

hou

rs) o

f w

ides

prea

d

elec

trici

ty

disr

uptio

n

0

336

hour

s (2

wee

ks)

- For

saf

ety

reas

ons,

Nor

ther

n S

tate

s P

ower

dis

conn

ecte

d el

ectri

c se

rvic

e to

the

man

da-

tory

eva

cuat

ion

area

s of

the

city

(90%

of G

rand

For

k's

50,0

00 re

side

nts

wer

e to

ld to

ev

acua

te)

- I

n al

l, ap

prox

imat

ely

12,0

00

met

ers

wer

e de

-ene

rgiz

ed a

nd

late

r re-

ener

gize

d; s

ervi

ce

rest

orat

ion

proc

eede

d sl

owly

, w

ith e

ssen

tially

no

serv

ice

with

in th

e fir

st 2

wee

ks,

appr

oxim

atel

y 50

% re

stor

ed in

th

e th

ird w

eek,

app

roxi

mat

ely

80%

by

the

four

th w

eek,

and

al

l cus

tom

ers

read

y to

acc

ept

pow

er e

nerg

ized

by

May

23,

36

day

s af

ter t

he o

nset

of

flood

ing

EQ

E, 1

999

Tran

spor

tatio

n

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s)

maj

or

trans

porta

tion

co

rrido

rs

disr

upte

d

0

8+

- Flo

od w

ater

s in

unda

ted

man

y tra

nspo

rtatio

n ro

utes

(e.g

., m

ore

than

one

wee

k)

EQ

E, 1

999

Hazard Model D: Hurricane Andrew


HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL D

HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL D

: H

urric

ane:

Hur

rican

e A

ndre

w, A

ugus

t 24,

199

2

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Dad

e C

ount

y, F

L (in

clud

es C

ity o

f Mia

mi,

FL)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Hum

an Im

pact

Fata

litie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

2.23

Fe

dsta

ts.g

ov

1.6

- 33

fata

litie

s in

Dad

e C

ount

y,

FL

MM

WR

, Apr

il 09

, 19

93/4

2(13

);242

-24

3,25

0-25

1.

Avai

labl

e on

line

at:

http

://w

ww

.cdc

.gov

/m

mw

r/pre

view

/m

mw

rhtm

l/000

2013

9.h

tm.

Inju

ries

Req

uirin

g E

MS

Tra

nspo

rt 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

6.48

M

iam

i-Dad

e Fi

re

Res

cue

MIS

B

urea

u

n/a

Out

patie

nt In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

12.4

4 S

anta

Bar

bara

C

ount

y (C

A) E

MS

3.

40

M

MW

R, 1

993

Hos

pita

l ED

Vis

its

Due

to In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

98.3

6 K

aise

r Fam

ily

Foun

datio

n

172

- Thr

ee p

aris

hes

in L

A --

St.

Mar

y's,

St.

John

's, a

nd Ib

eria

--

had

hurri

cane

-rel

ated

inju

ry

rate

s hi

gher

than

200

per

10

0,00

0 po

pula

tion

- Inj

urie

s ac

coun

ted

for 8

6%,

illnes

ses

acco

unte

d fo

r 14%

MM

WR

, 199

3

Trau

ma

Cen

ter

(leve

ls 1

&2)

In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

0.43

Ja

ckso

n M

emor

ial

Hos

pita

l web

site

n/

a

Inte

rrup

tion

of H

ealth

care

Ser

vice

s

Bas

ic E

MS

A

LS s

yste

ms/

10

0,00

0 po

p.

2.5

Los

Ang

eles

C

ount

y E

MS

n/

a - B

aptis

t Hos

pita

l in

K

enda

ll w

as s

outh

ernm

ost

hosp

ital o

pen

durin

g an

d

imm

edia

tely

afte

r sto

rm

Med

ical

New

s

Rep

ort,

10/9

2



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL D

: H

urric

ane:

Hur

rican

e A

ndre

w, A

ugus

t 24,

199

2

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Dad

e C

ount

y, F

L (in

clud

es C

ity o

f Mia

mi,

FL)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Out

patie

nt S

ervi

ces

PC

Ps/

100,

000

pop.

92

.4

Offi

ce o

f S

tate

wid

e H

ealth

P

lann

ing

&

Dev

elop

men

t (O

SH

PD

) – C

A

n/a

Hos

pita

l ED

Ser

vice

s Av

aila

ble

ED

beds

/100

,000

pop

. 17

O

SH

PD

– C

A

n/a

Trau

ma

Uni

ts (l

evel

s 1&

2)

OR

s fu

nctio

ning

/ 10

0,00

0 po

p.

1.60

Ja

ckso

n

Mem

oria

l H

ospi

tal

Web

site

1.60

- J

acks

on M

emor

ial H

ospi

tal

(onl

y Tr

aum

a 1

cent

er in

are

a)

was

far e

noug

h fro

m s

torm

dire

ct

path

to b

e sp

ared

Med

ical

New

s

Rep

ort,

10/9

2

Anc

illary

Ser

vice

s P

harm

acie

s/10

0,00

0 po

p.

69.5

2

Sea

rch

for

phar

mac

ies

us

ing

yello

w

page

s on

Ya

hoo

n/a

Com

mun

ity Im

pact

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Con

tam

inat

ion

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d bo

il

wat

er o

rder

0

<3

- Wat

er a

nd w

aste

wat

er s

ervi

ce

is p

rovi

ded

prim

arily

by

the

Met

ro

Dad

e W

ater

and

Sew

er A

genc

y (W

AS

A),

whi

ch is

sued

a b

oil

wat

er o

rder

imm

edia

tely

afte

r the

st

orm

; mos

t wat

er s

ervi

ce w

as

rest

ored

with

in 7

2 ho

urs

FEM

A

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Avai

labi

lity

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d w

ater

se

rvic

e di

srup

tion

0

<3

- No

data

on

wat

er s

uppl

y

avai

labi

lity

in th

e re

conn

aiss

ance

lit

erat

ure

- Mos

t wat

er s

ervi

ce w

as

rest

ored

with

in 7

2 ho

urs



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL D

: H

urric

ane:

Hur

rican

e A

ndre

w, A

ugus

t 24,

199

2

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Dad

e C

ount

y, F

L (in

clud

es C

ity o

f Mia

mi,

FL)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Pop

ulat

ion

D

ispl

acem

ent

Res

iden

ts

evac

uate

d/10

0,00

0 po

p.

0

17,4

50

- 85,

000

peop

le s

helte

red

in

230

ARC

she

lters

- 3

50,0

00 p

eopl

e di

spla

ced

or

tem

pora

rily

hom

eles

s

- AR

C s

erve

d m

ore

than

4.7

m

illion

mea

ls/s

nack

s - 1

26,0

00 h

omes

des

troye

d,

90%

(9,0

00) o

f Sou

th D

ade’

s m

obile

hom

es a

nd 1

0,71

9 ap

artm

ent u

nits

-

185,

000

appl

ican

ts fo

r fed

eral

di

sast

er a

ssis

tanc

e

Pub

lic U

tiliti

es

Dur

atio

n (in

hou

rs)

of w

ides

prea

d

elec

trici

ty d

isru

ptio

n

0

72

- 1.4

milli

on F

lorid

a P

ower

&

Ligh

t cus

tom

ers

(43%

of t

heir

cust

omer

bas

e) in

six

cou

ntie

s w

ere

left

with

out p

ower

; alm

ost

half

of th

e cu

stom

ers

had

se

rvic

e re

stor

ed th

e fir

st d

ay

and

with

in 7

2 ho

urs

elec

trici

ty

was

rest

ored

to m

ost o

f the

af

fect

ed a

rea

Tran

spor

tatio

n

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s)

maj

or tr

ansp

orta

tion

corri

dors

dis

rupt

ed

0

3 - A

ll Fl

orid

a D

ept.

of

Tran

spor

tatio

n hi

ghw

ays

sy

stem

s w

ere

clea

r and

ope

n af

ter t

hree

day

s

Hazard Model E: Murrah Federal Building Bombing


HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL E

HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL E

: Te

rroris

t Bom

bing

: M

urra

h Fe

dera

l Bui

ldin

g B

ombi

ng, A

pril

19, 1

995

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Okl

ahom

a C

ount

y, O

K (i

nclu

des

Okl

ahom

a C

ity)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MEN

TS

HA

ZAR

D-S

OU

RC

E

Hum

an Im

pact

Fata

litie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

2.60

Fe

dsta

ts.g

ov

33.0

0 - 1

67 fa

talit

ies

“Inve

stig

atio

n of

Phy

si-

cal I

njur

ies

Dire

ctly

A

ssoc

iate

d w

ith th

e O

klah

oma

City

Bom

b-in

g.”

Inju

ry P

reve

ntio

n S

ervi

ce, O

klah

oma

Sta

te D

epar

tmen

t of

Hea

lth.

Ava

ilabl

e on

line

at:

ww

w.h

ealth

.sta

te.o

k.us

/pr

ogra

m/in

jury

.

Inju

ries

Req

uirin

g E

MS

Tra

nspo

rt 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

17.8

6 JE

MS

200

4

Pla

tinum

Res

ourc

e G

uide

17

.78

- 90

inju

ries

tra

nspo

rted

by E

MS

Hog

an, D

, et a

l.

Em

erge

ncy

Dep

artm

ent

Impa

ct o

f the

Okl

a-ho

ma

City

Ter

roris

t B

ombi

ng.

Ann

als

of

Em

erge

ncy

Med

icin

e Au

g 19

99; 3

4:16

0-8.

Out

patie

nt In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

8.33

C

DC

-NC

HS

–

Fast

ats

46

.04

- 233

pat

ient

s tre

ated

in

priv

ate

phys

icia

ns o

ffice

s

OK

Sta

te D

ept.

of

Hea

lth

Hos

pita

l ED

Vis

its

Due

to In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

96.9

7 K

aise

r Fam

ily

Foun

datio

n

70.9

3 - 3

59 p

atie

nts

treat

ed (&

re

leas

ed) i

n E

Rs

O

K S

tate

Dep

t. of

H

ealth

Trau

ma

Cen

ter

(leve

ls 1

&2)

Inju

ries

100,

000

pop.

/day

1.

98

Inju

ry P

reve

ntio

n S

ervi

ce, O

K D

oH

16.4

0 - 8

3 su

rviv

ors

ho

spita

lized

O

K S

tate

Dep

t. of

H

ealth

Inte

rrup

tion

of H

ealth

care

Ser

vice

s

Bas

ic E

MS

A

LS s

yste

ms/

100,

000

pop.

2.

5 Lo

s A

ngel

es

Cou

nty

EM

S

2.5

- No

inte

rrupt

ion



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL E

: Te

rroris

t Bom

bing

: M

urra

h Fe

dera

l Bui

ldin

g B

ombi

ng, A

pril

19, 1

995

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Okl

ahom

a C

ount

y, O

K (i

nclu

des

Okl

ahom

a C

ity)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Trau

ma

Uni

ts (l

evel

s 1&

2)

OR

s fu

nctio

ning

/ 10

0,00

0 po

p.

n/a

n/

a - N

o in

terru

ptio

n

Anc

illary

Ser

vice

s P

harm

acie

s/10

0,00

0 po

p.

21.3

4 S

earc

h fo

r ph

arm

acie

s us

ing

yello

w p

ages

on

Yaho

o

21.3

4 - N

o in

terru

ptio

n

Com

mun

ity Im

pact

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Con

tam

inat

ion

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d bo

il

wat

er o

rder

0

0

- No

repo

rts o

f boi

l wat

er

orde

rs fo

und

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Avai

labi

lity

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d w

ater

se

rvic

e di

srup

tion

0

0 - L

ocal

ized

dam

age

and

outa

ge o

nly

Hos

pita

l ED

Ser

vice

s

Avai

labl

e ED

be

ds/1

00,0

00 p

op.

17

OS

HP

D –

CA

17

- N

o in

terru

ptio

n

Out

patie

nt S

ervi

ces

PC

Ps/

100,

000

pop.

92

.4

Offi

ce o

f Sta

tew

ide

Hea

lth P

lann

ing

&

Dev

elop

men

t (O

SH

PD

) – C

A

92.4

- N

o in

terru

ptio

n



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL E

: Te

rroris

t Bom

bing

: M

urra

h Fe

dera

l Bui

ldin

g B

ombi

ng, A

pril

19, 1

995

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Okl

ahom

a C

ount

y, O

K (i

nclu

des

Okl

ahom

a C

ity)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Pop

ulat

ion

D

ispl

acem

ent

Res

iden

ts

evac

uate

d/10

0,00

0 po

p.

0

79.0

3

- 400

peo

ple

in 2

60 o

ccup

ied

units

at t

he R

egen

cy T

ower

A

partm

ents

dis

plac

ed

- AR

C p

rovi

ded

vouc

hers

for

food

and

lodg

ing

- R

esid

ents

wer

e fin

ally

al

low

ed to

re-o

ccup

y th

eir

dwel

lings

6 m

onth

s af

ter t

he

bom

bing

-

AR

C a

lso

oper

ated

a

shel

ter a

t St.

Luke

’s

Met

hodi

st C

hurc

h fo

r 10

days

-

Mor

e th

an 1

88,0

00 m

eals

w

ere

serv

ed b

y th

e A

RC

, the

O

RA

, and

oth

er v

olun

teer

gr

oups

- 1

,242

app

licat

ions

for

fede

ral d

isas

ter a

ssis

tanc

e

“Afte

r Act

ion

Rep

ort:

Alfr

ed P

. Mur

rah

Fede

ral B

uild

ing

Bom

bing

, 19

Apr

il 19

95, O

klah

oma

City

, Okl

ahom

a.”

Okl

ahom

a D

epar

t-m

ent o

f Civ

il E

mer

-ge

ncy

Man

agem

ent

(OD

CE

M),

1995

.

Avai

labl

e on

line

at:

http

://w

ww

.ok.

gov/

oem

/.

Pub

lic U

tiliti

es

Dur

atio

n (in

hou

rs)

of w

ides

prea

d

elec

trici

ty d

isru

ptio

n

0

0 - L

ocal

ized

dam

age

and

ou

tage

onl

y



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL E

: Te

rroris

t Bom

bing

: M

urra

h Fe

dera

l Bui

ldin

g B

ombi

ng, A

pril

19, 1

995

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Okl

ahom

a C

ount

y, O

K (i

nclu

des

Okl

ahom

a C

ity)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Tran

spor

tatio

n D

urat

ion

(in d

ays)

m

ajor

tran

spor

tatio

n co

rrido

rs d

isru

pted

0

0

- Ini

tially

, 9 s

quar

e bl

ocks

in

the

imm

edia

te v

icin

ity o

f the

M

urra

h B

uild

ing

wer

e

cord

oned

off,

but

the

size

of

the

area

was

redu

ced

to th

e bl

ock

cont

aini

ng th

e M

urra

h B

uild

ing

as th

e ot

her

stru

ctur

es w

ere

exam

ined

an

d cl

eare

d by

the

FBI

- An

oute

r sec

urity

per

imet

er

was

als

o es

tabl

ishe

d,

cont

aini

ng 1

8 sq

uare

blo

cks

- O

ther

than

the

cont

rolle

d ac

cess

are

a, th

ere

was

no

inte

rrupt

ion

to tr

ansp

orta

tion

rout

es

OD

CE

M, 1

995

Hazard Model F: Oklahoma City Tornadoes of 1999

UCLA Center for Public Health and Disasters H

AZA

RD

MO

DEL

F

HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL F

: To

rnad

oes:

Okl

ahom

a C

ity T

orna

does

of 1

999,

May

3, 1

999

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Okl

ahom

a C

ount

y, O

K (i

nclu

des

Okl

ahom

a C

ity)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Hum

an Im

pact

Fata

litie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

2.60

Fe

dsta

ts.g

ov

4.15

- 4

5 fa

talit

ies

“Inve

stig

atio

n of

D

eath

s an

d In

jurie

s R

esul

ting

from

the

May

3,

199

9 To

rnad

oes.

” In

jury

Pre

vent

ion

Ser

-vi

ce, O

klah

oma

Sta

te

Dep

artm

ent o

f Hea

lth.

Inju

ry U

pdat

e, J

uly

21,

2000

. Av

aila

ble

on

line

at:

ww

w.h

ealth

.sta

te.o

k.us

/pro

gram

/inju

ry.

Inju

ries

Req

uirin

g E

MS

Tra

nspo

rt 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

17.8

6 JE

MS

200

4 P

latin

um

Res

ourc

e G

uide

n/a

O

K D

ept.

of H

ealth

Out

patie

nt In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

8.33

C

DC

-NC

HS

–

Fast

ats

n/

a

Hos

pita

l ED

Vis

its

Due

to In

jurie

s 10

0,00

0 po

p./d

ay

96.9

7 K

aise

r Fam

ily

Foun

datio

n

42.4

6 - 4

60 E

D v

isits

O

K D

ept.

of H

ealth

Trau

ma

Cen

ter (

leve

ls

1&2)

Inju

ries

100,

000

pop.

/day

1.

98

OK

DoH

, In

jury

Pr

even

tion

Ser

vice

12.6

5 - 1

37 h

ospi

taliz

ed

OK

Dep

t. of

Hea

lth

Inte

rrup

tion

of H

ealth

care

Ser

vice

s

Bas

ic E

MS

A

LS s

yste

ms/

10

0,00

0 po

p.

2.5

Los

Ang

eles

C

ount

y E

MS

n/

a

Out

patie

nt S

ervi

ces

PC

Ps/

100,

000

pop.

92

.4

Kai

ser F

amily

Fo

unda

tion

n/

a



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL F

: To

rnad

oes:

Okl

ahom

a C

ity T

orna

does

of 1

999,

May

3, 1

999

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Okl

ahom

a C

ount

y, O

K (i

nclu

des

Okl

ahom

a C

ity)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Trau

ma

Uni

ts

(leve

ls 1

&2)

O

Rs

func

tioni

ng/ 1

00,0

00

pop.

n/

a

n/a

Anc

illary

Ser

vice

s P

harm

acie

s/10

0,00

0 po

p.

21.3

4

Sea

rch

for

phar

mac

ies

usin

g ye

llow

pa

ges

on

Yaho

o

n/a

Com

mun

ity Im

pact

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Con

tam

inat

ion

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d bo

il

wat

er o

rder

0

0

- No

repo

rts o

f boi

l wat

er

orde

rs fo

und

Wat

er S

uppl

y

Avai

labi

lity

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) o

f w

ides

prea

d w

ater

ser

vice

di

srup

tion

0

<3

- Rep

orts

of p

hysi

cal

dam

age

to w

ater

sys

tem

s w

ere

limite

d, a

lthou

gh w

ater

su

pply

con

tinui

ty w

as

impa

cted

in a

reas

of p

ower

ou

tage

; mos

t im

pact

ed

syst

ems

wer

e fu

nctio

nal

with

in a

bout

3 d

ays

Hos

pita

l ED

S

ervi

ces

Av

aila

ble

ED

beds

/100

,000

pop

. 17

Offi

ce o

f S

tate

wid

e H

ealth

P

lann

ing

&

Dev

elop

-m

ent

(OS

HP

D) –

C

A

n/a

“S

torm

Dam

age

Sta

tus

Rep

ort –

May

5, 1

999.

” O

klah

oma

Dep

artm

ent

of E

nviro

nmen

tal Q

ual-

ity, 1

999.

Ava

ilabl

e on

line

at:

http

://w

ww

.deq

.sta

te.o

k.us

.



HA

ZAR

D M

OD

EL F

: To

rnad

oes:

Okl

ahom

a C

ity T

orna

does

of 1

999,

May

3, 1

999

Ass

essm

ent L

ocat

ion:

Okl

ahom

a C

ount

y, O

K (i

nclu

des

Okl

ahom

a C

ity)

B

ASE

LIN

E H

AZA

RD

-SPE

CIF

IC

HEA

LTH

IN

DIC

ATO

R

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T B

ASE

LIN

E B

ASE

LIN

E-SO

UR

CE

HA

ZAR

D-

REL

ATE

D

AD

DIT

ION

AL

CO

MM

ENTS

H

AZA

RD

-SO

UR

CE

Pop

ulat

ion

D

ispl

acem

ent

Res

iden

ts

evac

uate

d/10

0,00

0 po

p.

0

147.

7

- In

OK

- 89

9 st

ruct

ures

wer

e de

stro

yed,

474

with

maj

or

dam

age

and

1072

with

m

inor

dam

age

- A

RC

ope

rate

d 10

she

lters

, ho

usin

g 1,

600

peop

le a

t the

he

ight

of t

he s

torm

- 9

,415

app

lican

ts fo

r fed

eral

di

sast

er a

ssis

tanc

e

Am

eric

an R

ed C

ross

C

hapt

er In

form

atio

n B

ulle

tin

Pub

lic U

tiliti

es

Dur

atio

n (in

hou

rs) o

f w

ides

prea

d el

ectri

city

di

srup

tion

0

19

2 ho

urs

(8

day

s)

- Mor

e th

an 1

67,0

00 O

G&

E

cust

omer

s w

ere

with

out e

lec-

trici

ty a

t the

pea

k of

the

stor

ms

(of 7

00,0

00 O

G&

E

cust

omer

s in

Okl

ahom

a an

d W

este

rn A

rkan

sas)

- P

ower

was

rest

ored

to a

ll cu

stom

ers

able

to ta

ke

pow

er w

ithin

8 d

ays

“OG

&E

Win

s N

atio

nal

Aw

ard

for M

ay 3

Tor

-na

do R

ecov

ery.

” Okl

a-ho

ma

Gas

& E

lect

ric

(OG

&E

) New

s R

elea

se,

Janu

ary

13, 2

000.

Av

aila

ble

onlin

e at

: ht

tp://

ww

w.o

ge.c

om/

abou

t-us/

new

s-de

tail.

asp?

id=4

9.

Tran

spor

tatio

n

Dur

atio

n (in

day

s) m

ajor

tra

nspo

rtatio

n co

rrido

rs

disr

upte

d

0

0 - N

o re

ports

of s

igni

fican

t im

pact

s to

the

trans

porta

tion

syst

em w

ere

foun

d

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