USS KITTY HAWK (CVA-63) FLEET POST OFFICE

SAN FRANCISCO, 96601

TO: -

C h i e f of Naval ope;ations (OP-05~2)

Subj: USS KITTY HAWK (CVA-63) Command H i s t o r y , 1970; forwarding of

Ref : (a) OPNAVINST 5 7 5 0 . 1 2 A (b) USS KITTY HAWK I N S T 5 7 5 0 . 1

E n c l : (1) USS KITTY HAWK (CVA-63) Command H i s t o r y , 1 9 7 0

1. I n accordance w i t h references (a) and closure (1) is submitted.

C o p y t o : CNO (OP-09B 9) CINCPACFLT COMNAVAIRPAC, C o d e 10

NARRATIVE OF EVEN'rS

(U) 1970 dawned on USS KITTY in Dry Dock 6 at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington as she was undergoing the most extensive overhaul she has had since her commissioning in 1961.

(U) Captain Earl F. Godfrey, USN commanded KITTY HAWK throughout 1970.

(U) Two systems were developed in overhaul for the efficient utilization of ship's material and manpawet. The Supply Overhaul Assistance Program (SOAP) processed, offloaded and inventoried ashore all line items under the cognizance of the Supply Department. The Ship's Force Overhaul Management System effected many of the overhaul requirements. KITTY HAWK is the first carrier to have utilized SFOMS in the Pacific and the first carrier in the Navy to have utilized the system in as large a scale. Both SOAP and SFOPE were successful beyond expectations.

(U) Two new divisions were formed during the overhaul. The Vents and Voids Division opened, cleaned, repaired, painted and resealed all the ship's vents and voids. The Habitability Division upgraded all of the ship's berthing compartments and staterooms to give the ship the best living conditions in the fleet. The results of the Habitability Division were so successful that the division has been actively retained to improve and repair material which affect the living of the crew.

(U) Phase I of the Improved Rearming Rate Package installed in KITTY HAWK during overhaul improved the ship's strikedown capability (rate at which the ship can place weapons in her magazines during UNREP) and her etrikeup capability (rate at which the ship can take weapons from the magazines and ready them to be hung on aircraft.

(U) The ship's closed circuit entertainment system was improved to include the installation of a live or replay closed circuit color TV system with over six hundred outlets including outlets in each berthing compartment, lounge and stateroom. The outlets also serve the ship" closed circuit FM radio system that broadcasts on four stations.

(U) A closed circuit color TV system was also installed in IOIC to present classified live or replay intelligence briefs and programs to all ready rooms, flag warroom, captain's at-sea cabin and CIC.

(U) A third closed circuit TV system (W) was installed in CIC to offer surface contact status board, NTDS surface search, and NTDS AAW presentations to the bridge, secondary conn, flag warroom and IOIC.

Enclosure (1)

(U) A l l s f the CCW systems have proven t o be highly successful.

(u) I n February, KITTY HAWK Supply Department was se lec ted a s " B e s t of Type" by COMNAVAIRPAC f o r 1968-69 competitive year.

(U) KITTY HAWK l e f t Dry Dock S i x on 8 March. Light-off from cold i r o n s t a t u s was conducted on 25 March. Dock trials were completed 28 Apri l . Sea t r i a l s were ca r r i ed ou t from 16 May t o 18 May.

(U) Upon completion of overhaul on 19 June, th ree weeks ahead of . schedule, KITTY HAWK got underway f o r San Diego Harbor, a r r i v i n g a t he r homeport, San Diego, on 22 June. The s h i p transported 350 depen- dents i n " f i r s t class accomodations'' including maternity p a t i e n t preparat ions by the medical department. Unfortunately, KITTY HAWK did not have the honor of a b i r t h a t sea.

(U) During one t o th ree week periods from 30 June u n t i l 9 October KITTY HAWK t r a ined a t sea by undergoing operat ions, exerc ises and inspect ions i n the Southern Cal i fornia Operating Area (SOCAL OP AREA) (See Calendar of Events).

(U) On 5 Ju ly 1970, t h e Marine Detachment provided an honor guard, f i r i n g squad, and pal lbearers f o r the Bur ia l a t Sea of a r e t i r e d Marine Corps Captain.

(U) On 9 Ju ly , KITTY HAWK received he r f i r s t UNREP s ince August 1969 from USS CAMDEN (AOE-2).

(U) The ANISPN-42 Automatie Carr ier Landing System (ACLS) was c e r t i f i e d aboard KITTY HAWK i n July. Tes t p f l o t s from Naval A i r Test Center, Patuxent Rfver, made one hundred f i f t e e n MODE I (hands o f f ) ACLS landings t o prove the system was sa t i s fac to ry .

(U) KITTY HAWK prec%sfon@d her emergency reac t ing a b i l i t i e s by developing f i r s t r a t e damage control and r e p a i r teams and crew pre- paredness through her r e f resher t r a in ing period, 27 Ju ly t o 14 August, under the opera t ional con t ro l of Comander, Training Forces, Paci f ic .

(u) KITTY HAWK'S ~ d m i n % s t r a t f v e / ~ t e r i a l Inspection w a s conducted by COMCARDIVNINE from 17 t o 21 August. The o v e r a l l grade f o r the sh ip was 93.47.

(U) The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Joseph H. Mobutu, included KITTY HAWK i n h i s and h i s family 's v i s i t t o Disneyland on 19 August. The s u r p r i s e c a l l gave one hour t o KITTY HAWK t o t r a n s l a t e and give i n French t h e command presenta t ion and tour of the ship. The President and par ty seemed impressed and pleased with t h e i r v i s i t .

F nc osure (1)

Q ~ ~ $ s I F ID

(U) During the CARQUAL period from 24 August to 28 August, KITTY HAWK utilized the patrol gunboat USS BEACON (PG-99) as her planeguard. This was the first time that a PG had been tasked as carrier plane guard. KITTY HAWK refueled BEACON in an UNREP during this period for a CVA-to-PG UNREP historical first.

(U) On 3 September, KITTY HAWK was the dress ship for President Nixon's meeting with President Diaz of Mexico in Coronado, California.

(U) On 5 September, KITTY HAWK hosted the change of command ceremony for Commander, Carefer Division NINE. RADMWilliam R. McClendon, USN, was relieved by RADM Darnon W, Cooper, USN.

(U) The first ZCITT?! HAWK JP-5 fueling UNMP to a destroyer=as made on 15 Septeniber to USS ALBERT WVID':(DE-1050). . . . e

(U) On 16 September LT of VF-213, piloting an F W , made the first MODE I landing within Air Wing ELEVEN utilizing the newly installed Automatic Carrier Landing System (ACLS). This was also the first ACLS landing aboard any West Coast carrier by an operational squadron aircraft.

(C) The largest naval exercise since the Korean War, ROPEVAL 4-70, was conducted from 23 September to 2 October and included KITTY HAWK with Airwing ELEVEN aboard as one of the three attack carriers. This intensive readiness and operational evaluation tasked KITTY HAWK with defense of the force from air, surface and sub-surface attack, conduct of Alpha strikes, sustained air to ground attacks and nuclear planning. New offensive and defensive tactics were employed as were the proven tactics. New equipment and capabilities incorporated in KITTY HAWK during her overhaul period were evaluated extensively.

(C) On 23 September, LCDR , USN, Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, was recovered in good condition by helo after his specially configured A7E rolled off the flight deck when his brakes failed during preparation for launch.

(C) A total of thirteen surface to air missiles were fired during SOCAL Operations. Range support provided KITTY HAWK by the Pacific Missile Range was outstanding. The operational experience gained through the conduct of unstaged live missile firings in a multi-ship, multi-threat, countermeasures environment during ROPEVAL 4-70 cannot be surpassed, short of the real thing. Of the 13 missiles fired during the period, six were successful, six were failures and one was undeter- mined.

3 w Enclosure (1)

(U) KITTY HAWK" Operat isnal Readiness Inspect ion (ORI) took place from 5 t o 9 October. GOMWRDITPNINE was chief observer. A f f n a l grade of "EXCELLENT"' was assigned.

(U) Af te r her POM period from 9 October t o 5 November, KITTY HAWK departed San Diego on 6 November f o r her seventh WESTPAC deployment and f i f t h combat c ru i se . Attack Car r i e s A i r Wing ELEVEN (CW-11) under Commander Jack F. O'Hara, USN, was embarked.

(U) The squadrons in A i r Wing ELEVEN in 1970 were VF-114 Blacklions and W-213 Aardvarks f ly ing F U D s , VA-192 Golden Dragons and VA-195 Dambusters p i l o t i n g A7Ews, VA-52 Knightr iders f ly ing A6ABs and A6Bes, RMAH-6 FBeuss f l y i n g RA5Cns, VAQ-133 Golden Zappers f l y i n g EKA3BBs and KA3BDs, V'Ab#-114 Hornell 's con t ro l l ing from E2BUs and a detachment of HC-E hovering i n UH2CQs.

(U) Fourteen gues ts sf the Secre tary of the Navy were hosted on the f i r s t l e g of the t r a n s i t to Hawaii. A f t e r observing the carrier i n exerc ises o f f the Hawaiian I s l ands , the gues ts departed the s h i p upon a r r i v a l i n Pea r l Harbor 16 November.

(U) On 17 and 18 November, COMFAIRHAWAIP gave KITTY HAWK her Operational Readiness Exerctse.

(G) A t n ight , on 18 November, an F4.J from W-114 caught on f i r e a f t e r c a t a p u l t launch. The p i l o t , LT , and the RIO, LT

S, e j ec ted and w e r e picked up I n good condit ion by.h&lo, - .

(U) Af te r two aays i n p s r t Pea r l Harbor, KITTY HAWK got underway f o r WESTPAC on the morning of 21 November.

(U) On 27 November, the sh ip passed E ra opera t ional con t ro l of Commander, First F l e e t , t o Commander, Seventh F lee t , G a p t a h Ear l F, Godfrey, Cornanding 0fffcer9assumed Cornandele, Task Group Seventy Seven Point F ive (CTG 77.5).

(U) KITTY HAWK a r r ived i n Subic Bay on 3 December and moored a t Leyte P ie r . On 4 kcember, Commander Task Ferce Seventy ~ e v e n / C a r r i e r Division Five, V f c e A d ~ f r a l F reder i c A. Bardshar, USN, embarked KITTY HAWM with h i s s t a f f .

(U) On 5 December KITTY HAWK was again underway. The sh ip and a i r wing successfuf ly completed the NOREX requirements then took up heading f o r Yankee Station. The sh ip a r r ived i n the Gulf of Tonkin on 7 December.

4 - Enclosure (1)

((2) The f i r s t l i n e period cormnenced 8 Dese~ber and ended 29 December. No KITTY HAWK a i r c r a f t were Post or damaged during the f%rs% Pine perfod. 1320 s t r i k e s o r t i e s were f f m over Laos and 32 were flown over South Vietnam.

(U) On 8 Deicember an E2B from VAW-114 d r i f t e d l e f t of cen te r on approach, caught number one wire and continued l e f t i n t o t h e catwalk which resu l t ed i n s u b s t a n t i a l damage t o the a i r c r a f t . There were no personal i n j u r i e s incurred,

(U) A Vietnamese na t iona l was in ju red on board a Market Time U.S. minesweeper when a mine sweeping cable parted on 2 0 December. He was high l i n e d t o USS MAUNA KEA (AE-22). A KITTY HAWK medical o f f i c e r and corpsman were t r ans fe r red by he lo t o MAUNA KEA and a f t e r a b r i e f examination, the in ju red man was brought t o KITTY HAWK, The man was t r e a t e d for f r a c t u r e s , abrasions and contusions then t rans- f e r r e d t o the Army h o s p i t a l a t DaNang on 21 December.

(U) Af te r a very success fu l l ine period, KITTY HAWK departed Yankee S t a t i o n on 29 December and a r r ived i n Subic Bay on 31 December.

(U) The year 1990 ended with KITTY HAWK moored a t Leyte P ie r , NAS WBI POINT, Phi l ippine Is lands .

1 J A N

19 JLTN

22 J U N

30 J U N

2 JUL

6 JUL

10 JUL

13 JUL

a7 JUL

20 JUL

24 JUL

29 JUL

31 JUL

3 AUG

7 AUG

10 AUG

1 4 AUG

24 AUG

28 AUG

31 AUG

2 SEP

19 J U N

22 J U N

30 JUN

2 JUL

6 JUL

10 JUL

13 JUL

17 JUL

20 rn

24 JUL

29 JUL

31 JUL

3 AUG

7 AUG

10 AUG

14 AUG

24 AUG

28 AUG

31 AUG

2 SEP

8 SEP

CALENWR OF EVENTS (C) 1 JAN 70 THROUGH 31 DEC 70

Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington - Overhaul

Enroute San Diego Harbor

Inpor t NAS North I s l and (Homeport)

ISE, SOWL OP Area

I n p o r t NAS North I s l a n d

ISE SOCAL OP Area

Inpor t NAS North I s l a n d

TYT, SOCAL OP Area

Inpor t NAS North I s l a n d

TYT, SOeAL OP Area

I n p o r t NAS North I s l and

RFT, SOUL OP Area

RFT, Inpor t NAS North I s l and

RFT, SOUL OP Area

RFT, Inpor t NAS North IsPand

RFT, SOCAL OP Area

UPK, Inpor t NAS North IsPand ADMAT INSP 17-21 AUG

CARQUALS, SOWL OP Area

I n p o r t NAS North I s l a n d

TYT, SOUL OP Area

I n p o r t NAS North I s l a n d

8 SEP 18 SEP

18 SEP 23 SEP

23 SEP 2OCT

2 om 5 O C T

5 OCT 9 m

9 OeT 6 NOV

6 NOV

6 NOV 16 NOV

16 NOV 17 NOV

17 NOV 19 NOV

19 NOV 21 NOV

21 NOV 3 DEC

3 DEC 5 DEC

5 DEC 7 DEC

8 DEC 29 DEC

29 DEC 31 DEC

31 DEC

TYT, SOCAL OP Area

I n p o r t NAS North I s l a n d

ROPEVAL 4-70, SOCAL OP Area

I n p o r t NAS North I s l a n d

ORI, SOCAL OP Area

POM, Inpor t NAS North I s l and

Deploy f o r Seventh WESTPAC Cruise, F i f t h Combat Cruise

Enroute Hawaii

Inpor t P e a r l Harbor

ORE, Hawaiian OP Area

Inpor t P e a r l Harbor

Enroute Naval A i r S t a t i o n Cubi Poin t , Ph i l i pp ine I s l a n d s (Chop t o Seventh F l e e t 27 NOV)

Inpor t Naval A i r S t a t i o n k b i Po in t , P h i l i ppine I s l a n d s (Embarked '@IT. .Z;&ICXD 5 4 DEC)

Enroute Yankee S t a t i o n

Yankee S t a t i o n Operat ions ( F i r s t Lipe Period)

Enroute Naval A i r S t a t i o n Cubi Poin t , Ph i l i pp ine I s l a n d s

Inpor t Naval A i r S t a t i o n Gubi Poin t , Ph i l i pp ine I s l a n d s

Enclosure v

ROSTER OF IU3Y PERSONNEL (U)

Commande r A t t a c k C a r r i e r S t r iking Force SEVENTH F lee t (CTF 77) and Commande r C a r r i e r D i v i s i o n FIVE (CCD 5)

VADM Frederic A. BARDSHAR, USN ( E m b a r k e d 4 DEC - 31 IaEC)

C h i e f of Staff , 77 and CCD 5

C a p t a i n ,Herbert "R" POORMAN, USN ( E m b a r k e d 4 DEC - 31 DEC)

A t t a c k C a r r i e r A i r W i n g ELEVEN (m-11)

Jack F , OsHARA, USN ( E m b a r k e d 29 AUG - 31 DEC)

C o r n a n d i n g O f f i c e r (80)

C a p t a i n E a r l F. GODFREY, USN

E x e c u t i v e O f f i ser (01)

C a p t a i n H. F, BRYANT, USN C a p t a i n A l e x a n d e r Go B. GROSVENOR, USN

Ship 's S e c r e t a r y (11)

CW02 , USN (302 ., USN

A d r n 5 n i s t r a t f v e O f f i c e r (011)

L f eutenent , USN L i e u t e n a n t USN

O p e r a t i o n s O f f i c e r (03)

Commande r , USN Commande r , USN

S t r i k e O p e r a t i o n s (03A)

Commande r , USN

01 JAN 3 1 D E C

01 JAN 27 J U L 27 JUL 31 DEC

01 JAN 2 4 FEB 2 4 FEB 31 DEC

0% JAN 27 JUL 27 JUL 31 DEC

I E n c l o s u r e (1)

C o m m n d e r , USN C o m m a n d e r , USN

L i e u t e n a n t C o m m a n d e r , USN L i e u t e n a n t C o m m a n d e r . , USN

t20~1ande-a : , USN

N a v i g a t s r (02)

C o m a n d e r , USN C o m a n d e r , USN

01 J A N 30 APR 0 2 A U G 3 1 D E C

01 J A N 29 JUL 29 JUL 31 DEC

09 MAR 31 DEC

O f J A N 30 APR 30 APR 31 DEC

C o m m u n i c a t i o n s O f f i c e r (36)

L i e u t e n a n t b m a n d e r , USN 01 J A N 18 J U N L i e u t e n a n t C o m m a n d e r , USN 18 JUN 31 DEC

A i r O f f i c e r (04)

C s m a n d e r , USN

A s s i s t a n t A i r O f f i c e r

C o m m a n d e r , USN

A i r c r a f t I m m e d i a t e Maintenance O f f i c e r ( 2 0 )

C o m m a n d e r , USN

W e a p o n s O f f i c e r (05)

C s m a n d e r , USN C s m a n d e r , USN

D e c k D e p a r t m e n t O f f i c e r (10)

L i e u t e n a n t C o m a n d e r , USN L i e u t e n a n t C o m a n d e r , USN

11 FEB 31 DEC

01 JAN 29 OCT 29 OCT 31 DEC

01 J A N 27 AUG 27 AUG 31 DEC

E n g i n e e r f ng O f fixer (06)

C o m m a n d e r , USN

Supply O f f i c e r (07)

C o m m a n d e r , SC, USN C o m m a n d e r , S C , USN

Safe ty O f f % c e r (OIB)

C o m m a n d e r , USN

Medical O f f i c e r (08)

C a p t a i n G e o r g e E. BALYEAT, MC, USN C o m m a n d e r , MC,USN

D e n t a l O f f i c e r (09)

C o m m a n d e r , DC, USN C o m m a n d e r , DC, USN

P r o t e s t a n t C h a p l a i n

C o m a n d e r , CHC, USN C o r n d a n d e r , CHC, USN

C a t h o l i c C h a p l a i n

L i e u t e n a n t C o m m a n d e r , CHC, USN L i e u t e n a n t C o m m a n d e r , GHC, USN

Marine D e t a c h m e n t C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r

C a p t a i n W i l l i a m E . HUDSON, USMC C a p t a i n N i c h o l a s F. CARLUCCI, Jr,, USMC

01 J A N 31 DEC

01 J A N 04 J U N 04 J U N 31 DEC

09 J A N 31 DEC

01 J A N 0 7 AUG 07 AUG 31 DEC

01 J A N 08 AUG 08 AUG 31 DEC

01 J A N 15 AUG 1 5 A U G 3 1 D E C

01 JAN 05 J U L 05 JUL 31 DEC

01 J A N 2 0 NOV 20 NOV 31 DEC

DECLASSIFIED.

E n c l o s u r e (1)

SELECTED LIST OF MIDIF ICATIONS IEQUIPM~NT ADDED TO KITTY HAWK I N 1970 (C)

Engineering:

New Dial Telephone System. Numbers Nine and Ten C h i l l Water Plant . 100,000 Gallon Per Day Evaporator.

Supply:

Card Reader Punch I n t e r p r e t e r Mod "B"

Weapons:

Improved Reaming Rate Package Phase One including I n s t a l l a t i o n of Number Three Lower Stage Weapons Elevator .

Increased A i r c r a f t Servic ing Capab i l i t i e s , by add i t ion of seven 400 cycle power o u t l e t s on F l i g h t ~ e c k l ~ a n g a r Deck.

Communications :

Three KW-7 Crypto equipments. One KWR-37 erypto rece iver . Two URC-35 HF t ransceivers . Addition of q u a l i t y con t ro l system, Consolidation of UHF equipment already on board and equipment added.

Navigation:

SRN-9 S a t e l l i t e Navigation System SHIPQs INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM (SINS).

Operations:

CIC-Closed C i r c u i t TV-Surface, A i r NTDS presenta t ion t o Bridge, I O I C , Flag Warroom.

OC - AUTOMATIC CARRIER JANDING SYSTEM (ACLS)

I O I C - NIPS Change FIVE NIPS Change Ten. Closed Ci rcu i t Color TV System secure t o ready rooms, Captain 's a t Sea Cabin, C I C and Flag Warroom.

Executive:

PA0 - Closed c i r c u i t co lo r TV entertainment system,

DATE - 9 JUL 21 JUL 22 JUL 30 JUL 11 AUG 26 AUG 2 SEP 11 SEP 15 SEP

24 SEP 24 SEP 29 SEP 7 OCT 25 NOB 25 NOV 27 NOV 7 DEC 7 DEC 8 DEC 12 DEC 13 DEC 16 DEC 17 DEC 19 DEC 20 DEC 21 DEC 22 DEC 23 DEC 25 DEC 26 DEC 27 DEC 28 DEC

UNDERWAY REPLENISHMENT SCHEDULE - CALEBW4 YEAR 1970 (U)

SHIP USS CAMDEN (AOE-2)

REMRKS First KITTY HAWK UNREP since AUG 69

USS MISPILLION (AO-105) USS HALEAKALA (AE-25) USS MISPILLION (AO-105) USS MANATEE (AO-58) USS BEACON (PG-99) First CVA/PG UNREP USS PYRO (AE-24) USS DETROIT (AOE-4) USS ALBERT DAVID (DE-1050) First t h e KITTY HAWK transferred JP-5

to an escorting destroyer USS PYRO (AE-24) USS PASSUMPSIC (AO-107) USS PASSUMPSIC (AO-107) USS MOUNT KATMAI (AE-16) USS DEHAVEN (DD-727) USS SOMERS (DDG-34) USS NAVASOTA (AO-106) USS DEHAVEN (DD-727) USS SOMERS (DDG-34) USS WICHITA (AOR-1) USS WICHITA (AOR-1) USS WICHITA (AOR-1) USS HALEAKALA (AE-25) USS MISPILLION (AO-105) USS PYRO (AE-24) USS MISPILLION (AO-105) USS MARS (AFS-1) USS MAUNA KEA (AE-22) USS MISPILLION (AO-105) USS MAUNA KEA (AE-22) USS MISPILLION (AO-105) USS MAUNA KEA (AE -22) USS KAWISHIWI (8'0-146)

, ;-&i i&J a& tr

0 AIRGRAFT CATAPULT SHOTS AND ARRESTMEWS 1970 (U )

Catapult #I 2753

Catapult j12 248%

Catapult 83 129%

Catapult #4 916

Arresting Gear #1

Arresting Gear #2

Arresting Gear $13

Arresting Gear 1%

Barricade Engine

Total afrcraft catapult shots

Total aircragt arrestments

Enclosure (1)

AWARDS EARNED BY SHIP'S COMPANY PERSONNEL (U)

.................................. Distinguished Flying Cross 1

Bronze Star..... ...O.........OO................O.OO......... 9

Air Medaf.o.ooOOOO. ..................O..O....O..O.........O. 4

Strike Flight Air Wdal.. ...............O.................. Navy Commendation Wdal o . e ~ ~ ~ o . ~ o o . . ~ ~ e ~ ~ e O o O O o O ~ D o a ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ o ~ 275

Navy Achievement Medal ......O.............OO.O.O.OO..OO..... 172

Purple Heart.. ........O...............O.O..OO.O.........O... 1

............................ GINCPACHT Letter of Commendation 1

........................ SEVENTH FLEET Letter of Commendation 204

Enclosure (1)

FIRST LINE PERIOD STATISTICS (C) 8 December - 29 December, 1970

Combat and Combat Support:

Laos Strike Sorties 1329 Laos Combat Support Sorties 542 South Vietnam Strike Sorites 32

Bomb Damage Assessment:

Trucks Destroyed Damaged

Secondary Expf osions 257 Residual Fires 137 Road Interdictions 291 POL Storage Areas Destroyed 4

Damaged :. 16

Open Storage Areas Damaged 4 Bunkers Destroyed 4 Buildings Destroyed 3 AAA Sites Silenced/~estroyed 4 Bridges Destroyed 1